Say: what are the characteristics of the three generations of enamel porcelain in Qing dynasty and how to identify them?

Porcelain embryo painting enamel is the official name of enamel colored porcelain. It is a kind of exquisite painted porcelain specially designed for the Qing court, and some products are also used to reward heroes. According to the documents and archives of the Qing Palace Construction Institute, it was a new variety of porcelain created at the instigation of Emperor Kangxi. The enamel craftsmen of the Construction Institute successfully transplanted the technique of painting enamel on copper tires to porcelain tires. Enamel color flourished in Yongzheng and Qianlong years, and it is a craft treasure monopolized by the court. The required white porcelain tires are specially made by Jingdezhen Imperial Kiln Factory. After being transported to Beijing, it was painted and burned in the Qing Palace. The required drawings were drafted by Ruyi Pavilion, the manufacturer, decided by the emperor, and painted on porcelain by court painters. Enamel porcelain was created and fired in the late Kangxi period and prevailed in Yongzheng and Qianlong periods. There was still a small amount of firing in the late Qing Dynasty, but the firing place was no longer in the Qing Palace but moved to Jingdezhen. In the early stage, the unglazed part of the carcass was painted with enamel and then painted with flowers. Flowers without birds is a feature. The enamel porcelain of Kangxi dynasty was painted in blue, yellow, purple, turquoise and other colors, and various flower patterns were painted with various enamel materials, with the same color, painting method and style as the bronze tire painting enamel at that time.

Enamel-colored porcelain does not have a large object shape, and most of them are plates, bowls, cups, bottles, boxes and pots, among which bowls and plates are the most, but each variety has different changes. In addition, there are all kinds of Yixing purple sand pottery painted with enamel, which are rare. Enamel porcelain is very particular about the production of fetal quality. The tire wall is extremely thin, uniform and regular, and closely combined. In this kind of embryo, the glaze color is extremely fine, the glaze color is extremely white, and the glaze luster is not orange peel glaze, loose glaze, and there is no brown eye phenomenon, which is called flawless white jade.

Enamel colored porcelain is characterized by exquisite porcelain, dignified color materials, bright colors and exquisite painters. Making enamel porcelain is extremely labor-intensive, and when it is dry, it will be gone. Most of Kangxi's enamel porcelain is painted with passion fruit and bound peony, which is monotonous with flowers but no birds. Yongzheng is dominated by floral patterns, as well as landscapes and figures. At that time, it was particularly prominent that the pictures were accompanied by corresponding poems. During the Yongzheng period, the calligraphy of these poems was excellent. At the beginning and end of the poems, there were rouge water or red seal from Zhu Wen and Bai Wen, and the printed words often matched the picture and the content of the poems, such as bamboo painting and gentleman seal. Painting landscapes has mountains and long water chapters; Plum blossoms are painted with spring stamps. Enamel-colored porcelain can be said to have inherited all kinds of advantages since the development of China ceramics in history, and it is almost the most exquisite in embryo drawing, molding, painting, materials, glazing, color and firing technology. Many excellent ceramic works appeared in Qianlong period, but enamel color is incomparable to many other varieties in production procedures and materials. Painters are not ordinary kiln workers, but the top professional painters in the palace, so these artifacts can represent the highest artistic level and the highest technological level at that time.