Why did the ancients like to forge ancient books?

If we want to know the mistakes made in the circulation of ancient books, we must first understand the forms of the circulation of ancient books, so that we can easily analyze the possible mistakes: 1. A book that records ancient documents by introducing ancient books. Shuowen: "Ancient books are also called old books, old books and recorded books. Ancient documents were first found in Oracle Bone Inscriptions and the inscription, "Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Bamboo slips and silk books with documents recorded on bamboo slips, bamboo books such as Mu Nianbiao and Zhuan unearthed from Wei Xiangwang's tomb in the second year of Jin Taikang (AD 280), bamboo books such as Sun Tzu's Art of War and Sun Bin's Art of War unearthed from Yinqueshan Han Tomb in Linyi, Shandong Province 1972, and/kloc. Papers in the Han Dynasty were written by hand, written in the Tang Dynasty and engraved in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. According to the regulations of the State Council Ancient Books Sorting Group, the Revolution of 1911 (1965438+) was called ancient books. According to the incomplete statistics of the ancient books catalogue "Comprehensive Records of China Series", "Comprehensive Records of China Local Records" and "Records of Booksellers and Couples", as well as the records of Buddhism, Taoism, popular novels, singing literature and epigraphy, there are about 65,438+ten thousand kinds of ancient books in China. Scholars read more Korean, but the edition is wrong, but Yu Ben has repeatedly corrected it, and it is a rare edition. "Also, precious and rare old woodblock printing, exquisite manuscripts, exquisite revised manuscripts, old rubbings, etc. Also commonly referred to as "rare version". Unique edition: a book with only one copy. One of the books. Can be called an orphan. Blueprint: refers to an old book in which books are written or published. Juyilu: "Today's compilation of unified records seems to be based on the old. "Any reprint or collation must be based on the best books. Engraving: Also known as "manuscript" and "publication", it is a book printed with engraving. In China, block printing began in. In terms of regional differences, there are block printing in Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Jiangsu, Anhui, Sichuan and other places; There are official engravings, private engravings, square engravings and so on. In terms of format, there are nine-line, ten-line, eighteen-character books, four-column books, left and right double-column books, bamboo-column books, white-mouth books, black-mouth books, two-paragraph books, pocket books, towel box books and so on. According to the font, there are large printing plate, small printing plate, Songti printing plate, soft printing plate (also called writing seal script plate), seal script plate, Sanskrit version, Manchu version, Manchu-Chinese joint engraving plate and so on. According to the color of ink, there are ink printing, multi-color overprint and so on. According to the difference of paper, there are leather paper, hemp paper, cotton paper, bamboo paper, open paper (also known as peach paper), rice paper, wool paper, wool paper, ribbed paper, historical paper and so on. According to the binding shape, there are folding (also called Van Gogh folder) books, whirlwind books, butterfly books, Bao Beizhuang books, thread-bound books, wool books, gold-inlaid jade books and so on. There are original engraving, duplicate engraving, imitation engraving, initial printing and post-printing. According to different contents and values, there are full edition, incomplete edition, extended edition, abridged edition, duplicate edition, simplified edition, batch edition, trial edition, single sparse edition, centralized edition, repetition of words and meanings, compilation of pictures and mutual notes, Xiu Xiang edition and other ancestor editions: the original edition of a book. A book is often engraved with a variety of books in different periods, and it is inevitable to make mistakes, but the ancestral edition. Therefore, people attach great importance to it. Original book: a book written or carved for the first time. For the purpose of updating, revising, reprinting and revising, there are often many differences between the original manuscript and the original engraving, which can be used to check the development process of a book. Final edition: The final edition of a book. Refers to the works sorted or compiled by predecessors and sorted and finalized in a certain period of time. A forthcoming book. Copy: A copy of the same book. For a rare book once obtained by original, public and private book collectors, it is rewritten according to the sample and kept as a copy. Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi: "When Emperor Yang ascended the throne, the third cabinet minister was limited to fifty volumes". Today, it also refers to copies of officially signed internal or external documents of the country. For reference and notice, another copy: another copy of the same book. Liu Biography: "I wrote another copy and sealed it to the East Palace. "Another copy of the same book, also called" another copy ",has different contents because of different sources. For example, the book includes "Re-copying the Sixteen Countries in the Spring and Autumn Period". People who are good at calligraphy often go to the first edition, and the woodcut printing is exquisite. The carved books in Ming and Qing Dynasties are often copied, so they are called "imitation Song edition" and "imitation Yuan edition". Photocopy book: A book printed according to the original layout. Precious ancient books, in order to preserve the face of the original book to meet the needs of research, are often spread by photocopying books. For example, "Shi Li Huang Ju Series" inscribed in Huangpi was also photographed and carved with the original book. After engraving, it is similar to the original engraving, so Seiko is difficult to identify it. Since photocopying, fewer and fewer books have been engraved. Codex: also known as "manuscript". It used to be called "calligraphy" before the Tang Dynasty, and it used to be called "codex" after the Tang Dynasty. After the Song Dynasty, although seal cutting was popular, the manuscripts kept pace, such as in the Ming Dynasty. Some specialized or not widely needed works are still circulated in the form of manuscripts, some of which are famous bibliophiles or scholars. Besides the contents in the book, its handwriting is also worth cherishing. Therefore, people have always attached importance to manuscripts, and bibliophiles compare exquisite manuscripts with Song and Yuan editions. For manuscripts with unknown dates, those before Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty are generally called "old manuscripts", those in the late Qing Dynasty are called "recent manuscripts" and those after the Revolution of 1911 are called "new manuscripts". Those identified as Ming or Qing manuscripts, but the date cannot be stated, are collectively referred to as "Qing manuscripts" or "Qing manuscripts". Zhu Mo two-color overprint. Lingzhi Tu and Jing Zhu, which were carved in Zifu Temple in Jiangling, Hubei Province in the 6th year of Yuan Dynasty (1340), were overprinted in Zhu Mo. From the late Ming Dynasty, Xing Wu (. Notes and punctuation of vermilion printing. Rare edition: refers to rare and precious writing or engraving with historical, artistic and scientific value. First print: A book printed for the first time after engraving. Because its calligraphy and painting are clear and pleasing to the eye, it is valued by collectors and readers. Printed version: a book that has been reprinted all the time. Its handwriting is scrawled, the version is out of frame, and the ink color is dim. So people don't like it. Reprint: A reprinted book. Compared with the original, not only the font layout is different from the original, but also the text content is often modified, which is often explained in the preface. Collection of books: books carved according to Taoist scriptures. Similarly, Buddhist scriptures are also called "Zhasha Collection" and "Jiaxing Collection". Paper books: scrolls. Roll into a bundle. Ming Hu Yinglin's "Shao's Mountain House Pen Collection": "All the books in the Tang Dynasty are long scrolls, such as hand scrolls, which collectors call paper books. "Patchou: A complete book consisting of hundreds of different versions of the remaining volumes and pages." Patchou "is called patchwork, such as photocopying by the Commercial Press. Known as the "Three Dynasties Edition". In the Southern Song Dynasty, there were many incomplete versions of imperial academy. In the Yuan Dynasty, these editions were transferred to Xihu Academy for repair and printing. In the eighth year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty, the edition was moved to imperial academy, Nanjing, where it was reprinted. Later people called it "Three Dynasties Edition". Movable type book: A book printed with movable type. Movable type printing was invented by Bi Sheng in Song Renzong violet (1041-1048). Its method is to carve words with clay, put them on the fire, and then print them with typesetting. This is a great creation of China, which is earlier than movable type printing in Europe. Photocopy: a book printed according to the original book by photographic plate-making method. There are offset printing, lithographic printing, offset printing (that is, glass printing), copper printing and so on. Rare books, rare books and materials are often copied from the original works and widely circulated for the needs of research. Shi Yinben: A book written with medicinal ink on special medicinal paper and printed with lithograph. Photolithography. Known as the "big stone print". Movable type book: A book printed with movable type. As different versions, books printed with movable type are usually called movable type books, while other books printed with movable type are called clay type books, copper type books, wood type books and so on. The rubbings are the copies and extensions of the inscriptions on Jinshiyi. More precious. Manuscript: The author's original manuscript. What the author personally wrote was called "draft", and what was sorted was called "clear draft". Shadow manuscript: a book made by covering the original book with paper. Its stippling is based on the original work. Generally speaking, it refers to the rare books written by shadows in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, such as the Golden Hair written by Changshu in the late Ming Dynasty and the Ancient Pavilion written according to Song Ying, which are very exquisite. School-based: according to. Collect one or several different books, check them with relevant information, and if any mistakes are found, they will be noted in the original book. If you just copy someone else's school, it's called "super-recording school-based" Neifu Book: The palace books of Ming and Qing Dynasties are all excellent works of collation and engraving. The Qing Dynasty's Miscellaneous Notes on the Continuation of Xiaoting contains a catalogue of the inscribed books of Neifu. You can refer to it Francisco block-printed edition: a book carved by vassal kings in different parts of the Ming Dynasty. Because some princes, descendants and their parties are quite knowledgeable, and most of the printed editions are rare books given by the emperors of Song and Yuan Dynasties, their editions are of high value. Books printed with movable type in Qing Dynasty. In the thirty-ninth year of Qing Qianlong (1774), Sikuquanshu was engraved. Renamed as "Juzhen Edition". Every printed book has ten poems written by Gao Zong, and the words "Juying Edition Wuyingtang" are written under the first line of the first page of each book. Internationally known as the Juying version of Wuyingtang. In the forty-first year of Qianlong (1776), Juzhen Edition was given to the southeast provinces and allowed to pass through the wood where it was located. Has been commissioned to carve. The Juzhen edition of Wuyingtang is called "Cohesive Treasure" to show the difference. Later, Zhonghua Book Company created a font that imitated Song Dynasty, which was called "Juzhen Imitation Song Edition". Fujian Edition: During the Wanli period and the Apocalypse period of the Ming Dynasty, Xing Wu Min Qiji and Ling Mengchu used books printed by Zhu Mo and five-color overprint. They choose books used by scholars from classics, history, books and collections, and their picture books are all approved by predecessors. Later people called it "Min Edition". Its characteristics are clear meaning, clear context, wide lines and dazzling. It is near Xiang Tao, Wujin, and compiled the Fujian edition bibliography of Xing Wu in Ming Dynasty. Mashaben: a book carved by Masha Town Bookstore in Jianyang County, Fujian Province in the Southern Song Dynasty. Because of its rich banyan trees, soft wood, easy carving and concentrated bookstores, it played an important role in the circulation of books at that time. Take Hangzhou as the top, Shu as the bottom, and Fujian as the bottom. " Shu Ben: the general name of Sichuan carved books. Meishan was the center of Sichuan book engraving in Song Dynasty. Most of the engraved books are in Yan Zhenqing style, so they are also called Meishan edition and Shu Da Zi edition. Zhejiang Ben: Zhejiang Engraving Book. It is also divided into Hangzhou Ben, Wuzhou Ben, Quzhou Ben and Taizhou Ben. In Song Dynasty, Zhejiang was mostly square font. That is, Fujian engraved books are divided into Jianning edition, Jianyang edition and Masha edition. Song Edition: Books carved in the Song Dynasty. Book engraving flourished in the Song Dynasty, and Hangzhou, Jianyang and Meishan were all book centers at that time. They are carved by public and private, with supervisors, schools and workshops. Their style was simple in the Northern Song Dynasty and beautiful in the Southern Song Dynasty. Imitate the fonts of Ou Yangxun, Yan Zhenqing and Liu Gongquan; Most of them are white mouths, and thin black mouths appeared in the middle and late Southern Song Dynasty. This is a strict taboo. Many printed copies, careful collation and exquisite engraving are often the basis of later editions, which are valued by scholars. Gold Edition: A book engraved in the Jin Dynasty. The engraving and printing center of Jin Dynasty was Pingyang (also known as Pingshui, now Linfen, Shanxi), with abundant real estate paper and numerous bookstores and management publishing institutions. Famous engravings include Liu Zhiyuan Zhu Gong Tune and Xiao County Old Ren Ming Xiuji. The Tibetan scriptures carved in Yuncheng, Shanxi Province, and the books on Confucian classics and phonology carved in Hebei Province are also quite famous. Benyuan: an engraving of the Yuan Dynasty. The lettering centers of the Yuan Dynasty were in Hangzhou, Jianyang and Pingshui. No matter collating or engraving, there are many fine works, which are comparable to Song edition. Its style and font mostly imitate Zhao Mengfu's calligraphy, flat Fiona Fang style, commonly used simplified characters and Darkmouth. Fishtail is often engraved on the titles of catalogs and articles. Ming edition: A book engraved in the Ming Dynasty. The popularity of block printing in Ming Dynasty is unprecedented. Printmaking art, copper movable type and color overprint are brilliant achievements in the development of carving technology in Ming Dynasty. However, some engraved books are not well proofread, abridged improperly, and even changed their titles and forged ancient books, which are criticized by future generations. The books carved in the early Ming Dynasty are still in the style of Yuan Dynasty, Darkmouth. Some family prints and workshop prints have softer characters and look better. Koryo Edition: Also called "Korean Edition", it refers to China ancient books carved by North Korea. China's printing was introduced to North Korea long ago, and many books carved by North Korea also flowed into China. Engraving and movable type are both soft Chinese characters, with fine printing on leather paper and wide writing, which attracts attention. Oriental edition: also known as "Japanese edition", that is, books carved in Japan. Minos paper is used for fine printing, which is similar to the Korean version, but not as good as the Korean version in font and binding. Some books are marked with hiragana or katakana between the lines, which is easier to identify. Vietnamese edition: Vietnamese printed books. Vietnamese printing was also introduced from China, so the printing style and binding form are basically the same as those in China. Most of the books that flowed into China were printed during the Xianfeng period of Qing Daoguang. No earlier printed version was found. Official block printing: books carved by various official institutions in past dynasties. For example, the secretary of the Song Dynasty carved books, the communications department, the tea and salt department, the minister's library, the county museum, the county school, imperial academy of the Yuan Dynasty, various schools of Confucianism, Fu Xue of the Xingwen Department, Jingchang of the Ming Dynasty, imperial academy of South Beijing, Wuying Hall of the Qing Dynasty and so on. All belong to official prints. Engraving printing and sales. After that, he printed books in imperial academy, focusing on classics and history. In the Ming Dynasty, imperial academy was set up in South Beijing to engrave books, so it was called South Simplified Edition and North Simplified Edition. Home engraving: private engraving, also known as "home-school edition". Private book engraving has been an important part of book engraving since the Song Dynasty, and because it is not for profit, it is well collated and engraved, and the edition value is quite large. Among them, the Annotations to the Analects of Confucius and Yin Wenzi, an ancient engraving of Liang Zhai in Pingyang County in Yuan Dynasty; In the Ming Dynasty, Jiong Yuan Jiaxutang block-printed Shi Shuo Xin Yu; Huang Pilie carved the "Shiliju Series" in Qing Dynasty. Fangben: referred to as Fangben for short, refers to the books engraved by the bookstore. For profit, engraving is generally not as fine as official engraving, and collating is not as good as family heirloom. However, it also varies from place to place. For example, Chen's Bookstore in Lin 'an in the Song Dynasty was highly praised for its exquisite proofreading. There are many mistakes in Fujian Martha's edition, and many people are not expensive. Because Fang's engraving is open to the outside world, there are many medical books and folk documents circulating, so it is very popular. 3. Major mistakes (omissions): Because ancient books appeared in the form of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bamboo slips, stone carvings and silk books. In some cases, they will be damaged, resulting in missing sentences or even incomplete volumes. The lost edition will almost certainly have errors, omissions and misunderstandings. The lost version may be the biggest reason for the spread of ancient books. Sometimes what is missing is not the whole paragraph, but one word is missing and one word is copied, which is often called "missing words". Miscellaneous words (other words): the negligence, misreading and misunderstanding of the ancients in the process of copying, copying and typesetting. It may even cause future generations to misunderstand a historical event. For example, Kuang Zhouyi mentioned in Volume IV of "Hui Feng Hua Sting": "It is very wrong to call Zhu Ci, who came to choose a family in the Southern Song Dynasty, a niece of Wen Gong, or to think that she was a Yuan person. His wife, Wei Shi, is a poet. Ceng Bu was rich, after Ding Yuan and before Chong Ning, and died in the first year of Daguan. Shu Zhen is a friend of Bu's wife, but it is. Pure in the Northern Song Dynasty, Yi 'an's brushwork was almost profound and his artistic conception was far-reaching, which led to the atmosphere of the Southern Song Dynasty. If it's not what he thinks, sometimes he will do it. Chi Bei occasionally said that Shu Zhen wrote a painting, which was written three years later. It should be considered the fault of having fewer children. It has been nearly the last year of the Southern Song Dynasty to change the yuan dynasty. Zhejiang has long been in a pivotal position. Remember clouds. The error is thousands of miles. This is also the main reason for the mistakes in ancient Chinese characters. The meaning of China has changed greatly for thousands of years, and the early ancient prose is very concise, which will cause future generations to draw different understanding conclusions when reading. If there are defects in the circulation carrier at the same time, future generations will add their own understanding when sorting out, which will lead to great misunderstanding. Zhang Guan Dai Li: In the same volume of HSBC Thorn mentioned above. It is pointed out that Ouyang Xiu's sentence was mistakenly transmitted to Zhu Ji: there are few ancient scholars and few writers. When an expert writes a wrong conclusion in a book, few people doubt its correctness, and later generations cite this theory, which leads to the spread of typos. Punctuation error: There is no punctuation in ancient books, and later generations will add their own understanding in the process of punctuation, which may not necessarily be the wishes of the ancients, and may even have the opposite meaning. Phonetic error: Pronunciation is also one of the work contents, and the proofreader's different understanding of the original phonetic notation will also lead to certain errors. Chronological error: misunderstanding of the appearance and arrangement of ancient books or the age of the author's life The above are several big mistakes, and since I am not an expert in this field, I am just a "fan" who is interested in it. The answer can't be taken as a professional, and it is for reference only. Thank you!