Lu Shen is the first scene of the Ming Tombs, which consists of stone archway, Dahongmen, stele building, stone statue, dragon and phoenix gate, etc.
Lu Shen
Stone archway is the first building in front of the mausoleum area, which was built at 1540 (the 19th year of Jiajing). The archway structure is five elements, six columns and eleven floors, all carved from white marble. The forehead and pillars are carved with dragon, moire and unicorn, lion and other reliefs. These patterns used to be decorated with various colors of paint, but they have been completely eroded because of their age. The whole archway is magnificent in structure and exquisitely carved, which embodies the excellent level of stone building technology in Ming Dynasty.
Dahongmen is located in the south of Yuling District. Divided into three holes, also known as the Grand Palace Gate, it is the main entrance of the cemetery. On both sides of the gate stands a stone tablet engraved with the words "Officials are waiting to dismount here". Anyone who comes to pay homage to the mausoleum must enter the cemetery from now on to show the supreme dignity of the imperial tomb. There used to be two corner gates on both sides of the gate, which were connected by a red 80 Li Long fence. In the winding city wall, there is another xiaohongmen and ten entrances and exits, all of which are heavily guarded and forbidden to the people. Now that these walls have collapsed, some remnants are still discernible.
The avenue behind Dahongmen is called Shinto, also called Lingdao. It starts from the stone archway, passes through Dahongmen and leads to Changling. Originally built for Changling, it later became the main mausoleum road in the whole mausoleum area. The road runs through the north and south of the cemetery with a total length of 7 kilometers. There are a series of buildings along the road, which are scattered and spectacular.
Located in the center of Shinto, the Monument Pavilion is a tall square pavilion with double eaves and four corners, which was built by Changling. There is a 6-meter-high stone tablet carved with a dragon-headed turtle in the pavilion. The title is "Daming Mausoleum Monument", with more than 3,500 words of inscription. This was written by Zhu Gaochi, a Ming Emperor, and Cheng Nanyun, a famous calligrapher in the early Ming Dynasty. The inscription was written in 1425 (the first year of Hongxi), but it was carved in 1435 (the tenth year of Xuande). On the dark side of the monument, there are also thirteen rhymes of Mourning the Ming Tombs written by Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty. The inscription records in detail the damage of the tombs of Chang, Yong, Ding and Si. On the east side of the monument is a record of the cost of repairing the Ming Tombs by the Qing court. In the west, Emperor Jiaqing discussed the reasons for the demise of the Ming Dynasty. There are four white stone watches in the four corners of the pavilion, and an animal named Wangtianhou is squatting on the top. The huabiao and the stele pavilion set each other off, which is very solemn and vigorous. On the east side of the pavilion, there used to be a palace, which was the dressing place for the queen when she came to worship the mausoleum. Now it is gone.
The stone carving group is the stone carving man and beast placed in front of the mausoleum, which was called stone life in ancient times (the stone carving man was also called Weng Zhong). Twenty-four stone beasts and 12 stone men are neatly arranged on both sides of the thousand-meter Shinto from the two hexagonal stone pillars in the north of Beiting to Longfengmen, which are vivid in shape and finely carved, and are deeply loved by tourists. Its large number, large shape, exquisite carving and well-preserved are rare in ancient cemeteries. There are 6 kinds of stone beasts, 4 of each kind, all kneeling. It is meaningful to show them here. For example, lions are mighty and good at fighting; Avengers, as legendary beasts, are good at distinguishing loyalty from treachery, and always touch evil people with one-horned heads. Lions and horses are both guardians who symbolize guarding the mausoleum. Kirin, the legendary "benevolent beast", means good luck. Camels and elephants are loyal and kind, and can travel long distances with heavy loads. A good horse is good at running and can be used as a mount. Stone men were divided into four ministers, four civil servants and four military attaché s, all of whom were closely related courtiers before the emperor died. They are all handed over statues, strong and pious. This kind of stone statue was set up in the imperial tomb as early as two thousand years ago in the Qin and Han Dynasties. It mainly plays a decorative role, symbolizing the majesty of the emperor before his death, indicating that after the emperor's death, there are still civil and military officials and various livestock to drive away, and they can still dominate everything.
Lingxingmen is also called Longfengmen. The three doorways are composed of four stone pillars. The doorpost is similar to China's watch, with clouds and animals on it. In the center of the three doorways, there is also a stone fireball, so the door is also called "flame archway". On the northwest side of Longfengmen, there used to be a palace, which was a resting place for the queen to sacrifice to the mausoleum.
Located at the southern foot of the main peak of Tianshou Mountain, the Ming Changling Mausoleum is the tomb of the third emperor (Yongle) and empress Xu of the Ming Dynasty. Among the Ming Tombs, the building scale is the largest, the construction time is the earliest, and the ground buildings are also the best preserved. It is the ancestral mausoleum in the Ming Tombs and one of the most important tourist attractions in the mausoleum area. The building area of Changling Mausoleum Palace is about 6.5438+0.2 million square meters. Its plane layout is circular. The square in front of it consists of three courtyards connected in front and back.
Dingling Underground Palace
Mingding Mausoleum is the tomb of Zhu Yijun (Wanli), the 13th emperor of Ming Dynasty. His two queens are also buried here. The mausoleum is located at the foot of Dayu Mountain, southwest of Changling, and was built in 1584 ~ 1590 (from the 12th year of Wanli to the 18th year of Wanli). The main buildings are Enmen, Endian, Baocheng, Minglou and Underground Palace. Covering area182000m2. This is the only tomb excavated in the Ming Tombs. Dingling underground palace can be visited by tourists. The overall layout of the ground buildings in Mingding Mausoleum is round in front and round in back, which contains the symbolic meaning of China's ancient philosophical concept "the sky is round and the place is round".
The overall layout of the mausoleum palace is also round in front and back. Its periphery is a "Wailuocheng" including Baocheng and Baocheng's front yard. The urban area is about 6.5438+0.8 million square meters. Liang Qing's "A Picture of the Mausoleum" describes this outer city in this way: "The paving stones are all aragonite, smooth as new, and dust can't be dyed. The left and right long walls are carved into mountains and rivers, flowers, dragons and phoenixes, unicorns, seahorses and turtles and snakes, which is really wonderful. " He also said: "There are yellow tiles on the wall, and the bricks are carved into a bucket arch. The eaves teeth are exquisitely embedded and as bright as jade. The changes in Shen Jia can be destroyed inch by inch, but they cannot be completely destroyed. " There is only one palace gate in front of Wailuocheng, which is the first gate of the mausoleum. Its system, Huangwa, Zhu Fei, set up three ticket gates.
Zhaoling
Located at the eastern foot of Dayu Mountain, Zhaoling in Ming Dynasty is the tomb of the 12th Emperor (Qin Long) and his three empresses. Zhaoling is the first large-scale restored cemetery among the Ming Tombs at present, and it is also one of the tourist attractions officially opened in the mausoleum area. Zhaoling has a building area of 35,000 square meters, with complete Fenen Gate, Fenen Hall and its east and west affiliated halls, Fangcheng, Minglou and Baoding. Mu Zong Zhu Zaihou, the 12th emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and his three empresses were buried here.
Yongling
Located at the southern foot of Yang Cuiling, Ming Yongling is the tomb of the 1 1 th emperor (Jiajing) and three queens, Chen, Fang and Du.
The masonry buildings in Yongling, the novel monument, the unique platform design of Baocheng, the battlements made of mottled stones on the walls of Baocheng, and the royal stone carvings with the pattern of "dragons and dragons playing with pearls" in Maoentang and Maoenmen were all absent in previous tombs, and these practices were later imitated by Dingling. Yongling uses exquisite materials.
Fairy spirit
Ming Xianling Mausoleum is located at the foot of the west peak of Tianshou Mountain. It is the mausoleum of Ming Chengzu (Hongxi) and Ming Chengzu Zhang.
After completion, the system of offering tombs and mausoleums is really simple. Its Shinto branch from the north of Changling Shinto to the north of Wukong Bridge, about 1 km long. On the road, a single empty stone bridge was built. The pavement is paved with city bricks, and the gravel on both sides is aproll, which is very simple, and there are no independent buildings such as stone statues and stone pavilions (the existing stone pavilions were added during the Jiajing period). Compared with Changling, Gong Ling's architecture is also very frugal. Its orientation is 20o from north to south, covering an area of only about 42,000 square meters. There are five mausoleum halls, two halls and one kitchen, all of which are single-eaves buildings. There are only three gatehouses (Mengen Gate); Fangcheng and Minglou are not only not as high as Changling, but also the ticket gate at the door has been changed to a simpler form of through. Zhaobi is located behind Fangcheng and in front of the tomb because it is not in the voucher cave. Stone brick Chaliang Road leading to Minglou is located on the left and right sides of Fangcheng in Baocheng. Because the system of offering sacrifices to tombs does not pursue luxury, predecessors said that "offering sacrifices to tombs is the simplest and the tombs are the smallest" when talking about the Ming Tombs, which set a good example for the later Ming Tombs. There is another feature of the spirit, that is, the Temple of Grace and the Ming Building of Fangcheng are not connected with each other in the courtyard.
Qingling
Located at the southern foot of the second ridge of Huangshan Temple in Tianshou Mountain Mausoleum, Changping, Beijing, the Ming Qing Mausoleum is the tomb of the 14th Emperor of Ming Dynasty and his Empresses Guo, Wang and Liu.
The overall layout of the mausoleum building is circular, covering an area of about 27,600 square meters. There are two square yards in front, which are not connected with each other. There is a Shinto connection between the two courtyards, and there are three empty stone bridges behind the first courtyard. The first one entered the courtyard, taking the tomb door as the door and resting on the top of the mountain, with a single eaves and three rooms wide. There are five temples in the yard, five on the left and five on the right. Two sacred silk furnaces. Second, into the courtyard, there are three doors in front, two-column archway doors and a stone archway. There are stone incense burners, two in Thailand and two vases on the case, with Yuanbao City behind the square yard. There is a platform at the entrance of Baocheng, and a double-eaved building rests on the top of the platform. There is a sacred monument in the building, engraved with "Daming" and "the tomb of Guangzong Zhenzong". Houbaocheng, an open building, is filled with loess, and a cylinder with a bottom diameter of about 28 meters is rammed in the middle. The retaining wall in front of the tomb is the same height as the Baocheng wall, and forms a crescent-shaped flat courtyard with Baocheng platform and two side walls-the dumb courtyard, with a glazed wall hanging in the courtyard. There are also some ancillary buildings besides odd jobs, such as sacrificial pavilions, chefs, godhouses, shrine sacrificial departments, shrine supervisors, courts, orchards, hazelnut factories, godstables and so on. The drainage system of Qingling is unique. For the flowing water between the valleys on both sides of Baocheng, all other tombs are drained from the front of the tomb by open ditch drainage. Qingling built a T-shaped underground drainage culvert in front of the Ming building. The water on both sides of Baocheng flows in from the underground culverts under the left and right palace walls, meets in the underground in front of the Ming building, then discharges forward, escapes from the dragon sand in front of the ground, then injects into the open drainage ditch in front of the sand, passes through the three stone bridges behind the temple, bypasses the front of the mausoleum from the right side of the front yard and injects into the river.
Located at the foot of Jubaoshan on the right side of Yuling, the Ming Mausoleum is the burial tomb of the eighth emperor of Ming Dynasty and three empresses Wang, Ji and Shao.
Maoling project took more than seven months to complete. The mausoleum system is generally like Yuling, but there are steps in the left and right direction behind the glazed wall of Baocheng, which can climb Baoshan, which is different from other tombs.
Kang Ming Mausoleum is located at the eastern foot of Jinling (also known as Lotus Mountain or Babao Lotus Mountain), and it is the Kang Ling of Zhu Houzhao, the tenth emperor of Ming Dynasty.
Buried with the tomb of Empress Xia. The construction of the mausoleum took 1 year, and the overall layout followed the system of the previous dynasty, showing a round shape. The mausoleum was built in the 16th year of Zhengde (152 1), covering an area of 27,000 square meters. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Kangling was burned and repaired during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty.
Ming Jingling, located at the foot of Tianshou Shandong Peak (also known as Montenegro), is the tomb of the fifth emperor (Tang Xuanzong Zhang) and empress of the Ming Dynasty.
The cemetery system, first, follows the system of offering tombs and saving money. Its Shinto branch from the south to the east of Wukong Bridge in the north of Changling Shinto, about 1.5 km long, and a single empty stone bridge was built on the way. The mausoleum is 55o north-south and covers an area of about 25,000 square meters. The treasure-forming terrain is built into a slender shape with a round front and a round back. The square yard in front is connected with the treasure city in the back. On the central axis, buildings such as Yunen Gate, Yunen Hall, Sanmen, Xingxing Gate, Shigong 'an, Fangcheng and Minglou were built in turn.
Ming Tailing, located at the southern foot of Bijia Mountain in Shandong Province, is also called "Shijiatai" or "Shijiashan". This is the burial tomb of Ming Chengzu (Hongzhi period) and his queen Zhang.
According to the records of Emperor Wuzong of Ming Dynasty, the whole mausoleum building includes: "Baojing Mountain City in Jinjing, with a six-mile wall, a sacred monument, two pillars around Luocheng, three doors and one incense hall, five rooms, two paper ovens in the left and right compartments, one palace gate, three rooms, one kitchen, one worship room and five bridges.
Mingde Mausoleum is located at the west foot of Tan Yuling. It was the 15th emperor of Ming Dynasty, Zhu Youxiao (the year of apocalypse) and Queen Yuling.
Located at the south foot of Shimen Mountain, the west peak of Tianshou Mountain, it is the tomb of the sixth emperor and empress Qian and Zhou of Ming Dynasty. Zhang tomb.
Ming Siling is located at the south foot of Jinping Mountain in the southwest corner of the mausoleum area. It is the burial tomb of the last emperor of the Ming Dynasty and his empress Zhou and Huang Feitian.
After the Qing Dynasty entered the Central Plains, in order to win the hearts of the people and win over the Han landlord class to serve the Qing Dynasty, the concubine tomb buried by Emperor Chongzhen was named "Siling". After the emperor Chongzhen was reburied, garden buildings on the ground were built. According to Records of the Qing Ancestors, the Qing court ordered Emperor Chongzhen to be reburied with ceremony, and the Siling Building was built in May of the first year of Shunzhi (1644).