One of the schools of Chinese painting. At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, it was divided into the Northern Faction and the Jiangnan Faction. The Northern Landscape Painting School emerged during the Five Dynasties and Northern Song Dynasty, and its masters were Guan Tong, Li Cheng and Fan Kuan.
Guan Tong (unfortunate birth and death) was a Houliang painter of the Five Dynasties. He was a native of Chang'an (today's Xi'an, Shaanxi Province). He studied under Jing Hao and was known as a master in his later years. He is good at writing about the situation of Guanhe River. The writing is simple and powerful, and the scenery is short and meaningful. He is good at writing about autumn mountains and cold forests, forest dwellings and wild crossings, secluded people and hermits, fishing markets and mountain stations, etc., which was called "Guan Family Landscape" at that time.
Li Cheng (approximately 919-967), a painter from the Five Dynasties and the early Song Dynasty, was born in Yingqiu (Linzi, Shandong, also known as Changle). He first studied under Jing Hao and Guan Tong, and then lived in seclusion in the mountains and forests, learning from nature. He often painted snowy scenes and cold forests, mostly northern scenes, with few outlines and few scratches. He cherished ink as gold and had a strong backbone. He painted landscapes that were straight and solid, giving people the feeling of a desolate atmosphere and a clear and open forest with smoke.
Fan Kuan (? ~ 1026), a painter of the Northern Song Dynasty, was from Huayuan (now Yaoxian County, Shaanxi Province). He first studied with Li Cheng and followed Jing Hao. Later he felt that "it is better to learn from nature than to learn from others." , and finally "established his own family law". The writing is strong and tough, "all describe the majestic power of Qin and Long, and the vastness of the picture is overwhelming."
Guo Ruoxu's "Pictures and Knowledge" says: Only Yingqiu Licheng and Chang'an Pass Fan Kuan of Tong and Hua Yuan was a man of extraordinary wisdom and extraordinary talent. The three great masters set the standard for generations. " He also said, "The atmosphere is desolate, the smoke and forest are clear, the sharp edges are sharp, the ink technique is exquisite, and it is the system of the camp and hills; the stone body is solid and dense, the trees are lush, the pavilions are quaint, and the characters are leisurely, which is the style of Guan's style; the peaks and mountains are also the style of the Guan family. It is vigorous, strong and powerful, and the writing is even, and people and houses are all in trouble, this is Fan's work. "It shows that the painting styles of Li, Guan and Fan were very popular, popular in Qi and Lu, and influenced the Guan and Shaanxi areas. They were actually the masters of the northern landscape painting school. Also known as the "Jiangnan School of Landscape Painting". One of the schools of Chinese painting. By the beginning of the Song Dynasty, it was divided into the north The Southern Landscape Painting School was born in the Northern Song Dynasty during the Five Dynasties. Its masters were Dong Yuan and Ju Ran.
Dong Yuan (? ~ 926) was a painter of the Southern Tang Dynasty with the courtesy name Shuda and Zhongling (now Jinxian, Jiangxi). Northwestern). Li Jing was the deputy envoy of Houyuan (i.e. Beiyuan) during the dynasty, so he was good at painting figures, oxen, tigers, and dragons. He was especially good at painting landscapes and scenery in the south of the Yangtze River. There are no mountains or steep mountains in the picture. Instead, the mountains and rivers are obscured, the mountains and rivers are covered with mist, and the scenery is plain and innocent. The composition method and the brush and ink techniques are also innovative in shaping the scenery of the south of the Yangtze River.
Ju Ran (unfortunate in birth and death) was a painter of the Five Dynasties and the early Song Dynasty. He was born in Jiangning (now Nanjing, Jiangsu Province). After the death of the Southern Tang Dynasty, he became a monk of Kaiyuan Temple in Kaifeng. He was a landscape painter who was trained by Dong Yuan. He was also good at painting misty weather and mountains. The vast scenery of Jiangnan. Shen Kuo of the Northern Song Dynasty said in "Mengxi Bi Tan": "Dong Yuan, Gong Qiulan's distant view, mostly wrote about the real mountains in the south of the Yangtze River, not for the strange and steep atmosphere; Jianye monk Ju Ran's ancestors described Dong's method, and they all have wonderful principles. "Mi Fu's "History of Painting" also said: "Dong Yuan is plain and naive, and there is no such thing in the Tang Dynasty. "This school has Dong Yuan and Ju Ran as its masters, and they are known as "Dong Ju" in the world.
Mi Fu and his son "Mi Pai Yunshan" painted the scenery around Jingkou, showing the new look of this school. Fa Chang in the late Southern Song Dynasty (Muxi) and Ruofen (Yujian), etc., all belong to the Southern Painting system, which became popular in the Yuan Dynasty. This school uses bamboo as its object of expression, and is represented by Wentong and Su Shi of the Song Dynasty, especially Wen Tong. Bamboo is the most famous. Ming Lianru once wrote "Huzhou Bamboo School", which stated that there were 25 painters from the Northern Song Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty. Because Wen Tong served as the prefect of Huzhou (now Wuxing, Zhejiang), it was named. >
In the Yuan Dynasty, Zhang Tuizhi believed that ink bamboo began with Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. Wu Daozi, Wang Wei, Li Ang, Xiao Yue, etc. were also good at painting bamboo, and Bai Juyi once wrote "Painting Bamboo Rest" to praise Xiao. His art improved greatly, and Wen spent his whole life painting bamboo. "Pictures and Knowledge" said: "He is good at painting bamboo with rich and unrestrained appearance. "Su Shi said that when he painted bamboo, he "got bamboo in his chest". His body was transformed into bamboo, and bamboo came from his Leilei wind spirit. Su Shi also liked bamboo, and claimed to be "sent from Huzhou". But he also said that "bamboo and stone have their own moments, and they have their own." His old and vigorous style is called the ancestor of the Huzhou Bamboo School by painting history.
Bamboo painting became popular in the Yuan Dynasty. After the Yuan Dynasty, Li Yan, Wu Zhen, Ke Jiusi and others resumed their work. Wu Zhen, a native of the Yuan Dynasty, collected biographies of painters from the Song and Yuan Dynasties who studied Wen Tong's bamboo painting techniques and compiled the book "Wen Huzhou Bamboo School", including twenty-five of them. Dong Qichang of the Ming Dynasty divided landscape painters into two factions: northern and southern. "Rongtai Bieji·Hua Zhi": "There are two schools of Zen in the north and the south, which were divided in the Tang Dynasty; the two schools of painting, the north and the south, were also divided in the Tang Dynasty, but their people are not northern and southern.
In the Northern Sect, Li Sixun and his son painted landscapes, which were passed down to the Song Dynasty's Zhao Wei, Zhao Boju, (Zhao) Bosu, and even Ma (Yuan) and Xia (Gui) generations; in the Southern Sect, Wang Mojie ( Wei) began to use Xingan, and changed the method of hook and cut. It was passed down to Zhang Hong, Jing (Hao), Guan (Tong), Dong (Yuan), Ju (Ran), Guo Zhongshu, Mi Jiafu (Fu, You) "Benevolence")," this theory is not consistent with the historical facts of the evolution of landscape painters, and it has the meaning of worshiping "South" and devaluing "North". Chen Jiru (who was also known as "Dong Chen" with Dong Qichang at the time) in the Ming Dynasty said it is particularly obvious: "Li The faction is weak and lacks morale; the Wang faction is weak and scattered. "In the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty, the painting circles came together and formed the view that "Southern Sect" is the "orthodox". In the early Qing Dynasty, the landscape painters Wang Shimin, Wang Jian, Wang Hui, Wang Yuanqi, Wu Li and Yun Shouping were collectively called. Also known as " "Four Kings, Wu, Yun". The four kings have a relationship of mentors, friends and relatives. They were all influenced by the late Ming Dynasty painter Dong Qichang. They painted from the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and Huang Gongwang's works, focusing on copying, imitating ancient paintings, and focusing on sketching and creation.
The "Four Kings" landscape painting was highly praised by the officials and regarded as "authentic". It had many scholars and had a profound influence on the painting circles of the Qing Dynasty for three hundred years. Wu Li came from Wang Shimin's family and worked with missionaries. Go to Macao, have a little bit of Western techniques, and are Wang Hui's hometown. The collective name of the revolutionary painters who were active in the Yangzhou painting circle in the Qing Dynasty is the "Yangzhou Painting School". There are different opinions on their number and names. "Luo Shi's Calligraphy and Painting Catalog" refers to 8 leading figures of this school, including Wang Shishen, Huang Shen, Jin Nong, Gao Xiang, Li Wei, Zheng Xie, Li Fangying and Luo Pin. The same characteristic is that many people have no ambitions in their lives and do not serve as officials. Some have served as minor officials for a few years and then gave up their official positions to focus on painting. They are cynical, do not flatter the powerful, and value the suffering of the people. , The influence of talent on painting creation. Their painting themes are mainly flowers, but also landscapes and figures. They inherited the innovative spirit of Xu Wei, Zhu Da and Shi Tao, and advocated establishing their own style and expressing true feelings. He opposed the imitation and ancient style and was regarded as a "partial master" and "monster", so he was also known as the "Lingnan School". Guangdong is located in the south of the Ming Dynasty. Since the Qing Dynasty, there have been no fewer than a thousand painters here. The famous painter Lin Liang of the Ming Dynasty was the pioneer of the Lingnan School of Painting. His followers include Gao Yan and Chen Rui, and his successors include Li Jian and others. Li Kui, etc. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, there were Su Liupeng and Su Changchun. In the late Qing Dynasty, there were brothers Ju Chao and Ju Lian, who studied with Yun Shouping, who were good at flowers, birds, insects and fish. Gao Jianfu, Gao Qifeng and Chen Shuren from Panyu all learned from them in their early years. From Ju Lian.
The Lingnan School is the most mature system that emerged after the Shanghai School, and the most influential school was founded by Gao Jianfu, Gao Qifeng and Chen Shuren, referred to as "Two Gao and One Chen". . It is one of the most distinctive outstanding cultures of the motherland in Lingnan culture. It, together with Cantonese opera and Guangdong music, is known as the "Three Shows of Lingnan". It is a revolutionary school in traditional Chinese painting and an important national painting school in the history of Chinese painting. , one of the best painting schools after the founding of the People's Republic of China. The founders (first generation representatives): Gao Jianfu, Gao Qifeng, Chen Shuren; the second generation representatives (disciples): Guan Shanyue, Li Xiongcai, Lu Chuanyuan, Yang Shanshen, Zhao Shaoang, Huang Shaoqiang; third generation representatives (disciples): Yang Zhiguang, Wu Jialing, Lin Yong, Chen Jinzhang, Wang Yujue, etc. Judging from the development trajectory of the Lingnan Painting School, the third generation painters have their own innovations and breakthroughs. Yang Zhiguang is a figure painter, Wu Jialing is a famous fish painter, and Lin Yong is a flower and bird painter. They have developed a relatively mature personal style and contributed to the long-lasting prosperity of the Lingnan School of Painting in Guangdong. Founded by the famous painter Sun Jianping, it is one of the Chinese oil painting schools. 1. There are hundreds of people in this painting school, all over the United States, Europe and Southeast Asia. The characteristics of the painting school are contrary to the conservative academic style. The brushwork is concise and exaggerated, the colors are bold and unrestrained, and it combines meticulous lines and multi-dimensional realism. It pays homage to the connotation of Chinese painting, absorbs the style of German expressionism, and has the style of China's border ethnic minorities. His wild painting style is unique. Representative figures: Sun Jianping, Hou Yuanchao, Hui Xiangdong, Che Jianjian, Huang Yifei, Guo Tai, Li Fang, Sun Han, Yuan Yifang, etc.