Basic explanation
[Inscription rubbings] Stone rubbings.
detailed description
Rubbings or prints of stone carvings and woodcut figures can be used to learn calligraphy. In Ming Dynasty, Cao Zhao wrote "On Ge Gu Yao Lun and Gu Mo": "Add paper to the tablet. Xiang Ming circled the calligraphy and painting with a hairspring pen and filled it with thick ink, which is the sound. " Qian Yong's "Lu Yuan Cong Hua Yi Neng Shu" in the Qing Dynasty: "A first-class writer with outstanding talents can be compared with Song Xue and Huating, so that he can read the history of classics, learn inscriptions, visit famous mountains and rivers, see the ancient ink, and pass it on from generation to generation." The first scene of Cao Yu's Peking Man: "Every night when he comes back from his study, he will recite some articles such as Zhaoming Wenxuan and Longwen Whip Shadow in his grandfather's room, and occasionally copy the clipboard for some dry and clever couples."
Edit the basic introduction of this paragraph.
Inscription, tablet and post are two different concepts. The words of eulogy, biography and chronicle are first stippled on both sides of the ink knife and copied on the stone to form "hollow words", or directly written on the stone with red pigment, that is, the book is written on the stone and then engraved in the memorial place, which is called "monument". The words on the ancient tablet were written by famous calligraphers and masters, and the handwriting can be taken by later generations. Hammer the words on the tablet with tissue paper and Jiao Mo, and then mount them, which is called "rubbings", commonly known as "tablets". "Post" originally refers to the calligrapher's genuine ink pen. In order to spread and learn, famous works appeared after the Song Dynasty, which were hooked with stones or jujube boards and then hammered with lettering. This kind of post is also called "post", such as the famous "Spring Flower Pavilion Post" and "Bao Jin Zhai Fa Post". "Inscription" has now been combined into one word to refer to the mode of learning calligraphy. -"Appreciation of Ancient Inscriptions" is often referred to as "Inscriptions". In fact, "tablet" mainly refers to the tablet of Han, Wei and Tang Dynasties. According to types, there are tombstones, temple monuments, statues and cliffs; "Post" refers to the author's letters or poems. Because there was no photographic technology in ancient times, it could only be spread by rubbings. With the progress of printing, rubbings are exclusively collected, and their circulation is getting less and less, so the so-called rubbings collection actually refers to the rubbings (or rubbings) collection. Stone tablet, commonly known as "Hei Hu" in the past, is not only a work of art with cultural and historical connotation, but also a combination of artistic taste and technological processing. In order to record the important events of the previous dynasties, such as the grand celebrations in the Qing Dynasty, our predecessors put literary forms and calligraphers' handwriting through the inscriptions of famous craftsmen.
Carving hands, carved on cliff walls and stone tablets, so stone tablets have multiple artistic contents, and they have also been mounted into axes or picture books, thus becoming stone tablets. Monument is a combination of monument and monument. In fact, "monument" refers to the rubbings of stone carvings, and "monument" refers to the ancient famous ink collected on wooden boards and stones. In the early days of printing development, inscriptions were all important means to spread culture. In the future, people will learn these written materials in order to learn calligraphy or make historical materials. To this end, these "inscriptions" are authentic, timely, technological and artistic. Because cultural goods can circulate in the market and also have economic value, appreciation has become an important means. To know all kinds of rubbings left in ancient times, it is very important to identify the original stone. Because the original monument was destroyed, the only remaining original or orphan rubbings will be priceless. According to historical records, Huang Tingjian in Ning Dynasty once had a "Zhenguan engraving" of Confucius Temple Monument, which was bought with twenty-two thousand gold. This shows the value of Yu Shinan's Confucius Temple Monument. However, the later editions of Cheng Wu Ben and Xi An Ben are not as good as the rubbings. 1920, the great collector Luo Zhenyu publicly sold the tablet of Anming Tuoben Temple valued by him, with a value of 140 yuan, and the tablet of Chengwu Temple collected by Zhang Shumei with a value of 120 yuan. Due to the role of the law of value, it has become the interest of many collectors to really learn to appreciate the inscriptions. From the overall understanding of the inscription, appreciation is also from the outside to the inside, with different aspects. The first thing I saw was the decoration of rubbings. All kinds of old rubbings, especially ancient rubbings, have different styles in different periods. Therefore, "fold", "butterfly" and "line" all reflect the characteristics of materials and mounting times, and then the specific ink color and effect of rubbing paper and rubbing are objective analysis of materials and techniques. After the Southern Song Dynasty, stone engravers became more and more proficient in rubbings and stone carving. Therefore, it is necessary to further identify the styles of calligraphy and pens. , has become the main basis for appreciation. Then there is the auxiliary basis for identifying inscriptions, that is, inscriptions, seals and inscriptions, which can help us identify authenticity.
Edit this paragraph extension method
The technique of spreading characters and patterns on stone carvings and handicrafts on paper with ink. It is an important method to preserve cultural relics and provides a model for temporary writing. Communication technology has a history of 1000 years in China. Many lost and destroyed inscriptions can only be seen because of rubbings handed down from generation to generation. For example, the Huashan Temple Monument in Xiyue, Han Dynasty was destroyed in the earthquake in the thirty-fourth year of Jiajing, Ming Dynasty (AD 1555), and the rubbings handed down from generation to generation became treasures. Liu Gongquan wrote the tablet of the Tang Dynasty Song Tuo Shence Army. Because the original tablet was lost, only one copy of the rubbings was handed down from generation to generation and became an orphan. Spreading can clearly spread the inscriptions and subtle patterns on stone carvings and ancient artifacts, making up for the lack of photography technology. There are two main methods to spread: rubbings and rubbings, as well as wax rubbings, inlays and sound films.
Extension method of rubbing ink
The main tool is a brush made of fine felt. Eraser should be rolled tightly, and it is appropriate to grasp it properly. Cut off the lower end of the felt roll and level it off. Spread the wet paper on the stone tablet, brush it flat with a brown brush to make the paper cover the recess tightly, and then hit it in sequence with a bristle brush. If the stone carving is firm, you need to pad the paper with felt and beat it with a wooden hammer to make the strokes clear. Never use a wooden hammer. When the paper is dry, dip the ink on the rubbing with a pen, wipe the ink evenly with an eraser, and then wipe the ink on the paper. Don't soak the back of the paper in black and white, wipe the ink three times.
Pumo extension method
The spreading robot is made of white cloth or satin wrapped in cotton cloth and oil paper, and has two layers of interlining, one end of which is tied into a garlic shape, which can be tied into three types according to the needs of extended inscriptions and utensils. Wet the bag with water, brush it on the washboard with a pen dipped in ink, and knead it evenly with a hammer. If you use a double hammer, you can dip the ink in the lower hammer first, then rub the ink evenly with two hammers, and then splash the ink on the semi-dry paper. The first ink must be even, and you can see that the ink is black and shiny after three or four strokes. Spread cliff carvings, etc. Because the cliff surface is rough, it can be made of white cloth, rice bran, hair, sand powder and sawdust. , and then soak the two sticks in ink and rub them evenly, and then lay the cliff lettering flat in scraggy. Pavers in the forest of steles in Xi 'an, Shaanxi, use horsetail bristles to make Luo floor mats, and then line them with felt and old wool to make Luo floor mats. The rubbings of the rubbings are also very effective, only using a Luodi shop and a display board.
Edit the difference between the tablet and the post in this paragraph.
The appellation of stele originated from the Han Dynasty. According to the textual research of Wang Yun, a scholar of Shuowen in Qing Dynasty, the earliest tablet has three functions: the tablet in the palace stands in front of the palace to measure the sun's shadow; The tablet of the ancestral hall stands in the ancestral hall to tie livestock; A monument to the grave, used by emperors, princes and doctors to drag coffins into the grave when burying them. For these practical purposes, the first three tablets have no characters and patterns. Post refers to the original ink written on silk or paper. Later, excellent ink was difficult to circulate, so it was carved on wood and stone, which could be expanded many times. In this way, these original ink works and rubbings carved on wood and stone are collectively called posts. Inscription rubbings
To sum up, there are the following differences in inscriptions: 1. The purpose of production is different. At first, there were no words on the tablet. Later, in order to make it strong for future generations, words were added to the tablet. From the initial random description to solemn and meticulous, its main purpose was to trace the lineage, describe the life, praise the virtues, rather than spread calligraphy, so calligraphers can be famous or meticulous. Before the Tang Dynasty, there were many stone tablets without calligraphers' names, which showed that stone tablets paid more attention to content than writing. The purpose of seal cutting is to spread calligraphy and provide calligraphy learners with copies of famous calligraphers of past dynasties, so the quality of calligraphy is its selection criterion. As long as it is a masterpiece, even if there are only a few notes, it will still be included, and the content is rarely taken into account. 2. Different inscriptions in calligraphy have a long history. Before the Sui Dynasty, the calligraphy used was seal script, official script and regular script. It was not until Emperor Taizong wrote the script that the running script was engraved on the tablet. There are few cursive scripts except the tablet of the Prince Ascending to Heaven. The inscriptions began in Zhao and Song Dynasties, mostly poems, so they were mostly lines, cursive scripts and small letters. Monuments of different shapes are stone carvings erected on the ground, mostly rectangular, with domes and spires. Although there is a word on one side, there are two sides, even four sides. The monument is huge and imposing. Because posts are mostly bamboo slips, letters and hand scrolls, the height is generally about one foot, and the length ranges from one foot to three or four feet. They are horizontal, mostly slate-shaped, and they are only engraved on the front. In addition, there are wood carvings on the pillars, but there are few inscriptions. 4. Different production methods. Before Nanliang, monuments were generally carved on stones, that is, writers directly carved words on polished monuments with a brush, and then carved words. Because of the convenience of knife cutting, seal carvers can often change the style of character strokes, that is, they are slightly different from the original calligraphy, and some inscriptions even play with knives directly without calligraphy. Its words are integrated into the artist's artistic taste and have a strong stone flavor, which can not be reflected by the brush. In fact, it is a joint creation of screenwriters and sculptors. Seal cutting is copying stones, that is, copying words on ink with transparent paper first, and then sketching them out from the back with cinnabar; Then rubbings, and finally lettering, two more processes than inscriptions. Although the procedure is complicated, engraving requires loyalty to the original work, trying to complete the work as best as possible, and each process can't be doped with its own intentions, so the fine print could have reached the level of authenticity.