Gan Duo
Gan Duo is a famous forestry scholar and forestry educator in my country. He lives a simple life and is knowledgeable. He is one of the pioneers of contemporary forest management in China. He has made contributions in absorbing and introducing foreign forest management theories and exploring Chinese-style forest management methods. He studied in Japan and edited highly influential monographs such as "Forest Management Planning".
Chinese name: Qian Duo
Alias: Qian Xuanyong
Nationality: Chinese
Birthplace: Guangji, Hubei
Date of birth: April 10, 1903
Date of death: August 7, 1961
Occupation: Forestry scientist, forestry educator
Graduate from: Peking University
Representative works: "Forest Management Planning", "Preliminary Research on Historical Materials of Chinese Forestry Technology"
Lifestyle
Qian Duo, Also known as Qian Xuanyong, with the courtesy name Zhenhuang, he was a native of Qianshiyuan, Guangji, Hubei (now Wuxue City, Hubei). Born on April 10, 1903. His father, Gan Jianshu, served as a judge of the Supreme Court during the Republic of China. He was honest in government and advocated frugality. Qian Duo was influenced by his family since childhood and lived a simple life, diligent and studious. After graduating from middle school in 1918, he was admitted to the Hubei Provincial Vocational School of Foreign Languages ??to study German. After graduating in 1923, he transferred to the Department of Foreign Languages ??of Peking University. Two years later, he was admitted as a government-sponsored international student from Hubei Province, traveled east to Japan, and studied in the forestry practical course of the Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo Imperial University. After completing his three-year studies, he engaged in research work at the Meguro Forestry Experimental Site of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Japan. He returned to China in 1932 and continued his studies in the Forestry Department of Peking University College of Agriculture. In 1932, he went to Hubei Province and served successively as technical chief of the Provincial Construction Department and director of Xiangyang Forest Farm. After 1938, he engaged in forestry education in Hubei Agricultural College, Central University and other institutions of higher learning. In 1953, Gan Duo was appointed as the director of the Forestry Department of Nanjing Forestry University, and in 1956 he was appointed as the vice president. In 1956, he went to the Soviet Union to inspect higher forestry education and forestry scientific research. From 1959 to 1960, he was engaged in editing work and was responsible for the forestry revision work of "Cihai". Died of illness in Huangshan on August 7, 1969.
Devoted himself to forestry education
In 1938, on the eve of the fall of Xiangyang, Hubei Province, Gan Duo went to Enshi, western Hubei, and served as the academic director of Hubei Agricultural College. After 1941, he successively served as professor of the Forestry Department of the College of Agriculture of the Central University, Secretary-General of the School Committee of Nanjing University, Director and Vice President of the Forestry Department of Nanjing Forestry College. I have been working hard in the field of forestry education for more than 20 years. Through words and deeds, many forestry construction talents have been cultivated.
Gan Duo has taught courses in forestry, forest management, forest computing, forestry comparative studies, and dendrometry. He wrote detailed lecture notes for each course he offered, rewrote the lecture notes every semester, added new content, and imparted the knowledge he gained to students. Starting in 1951, he began to teach himself Russian and compiled Soviet forest management textbooks and related materials into handouts. He often prepared lessons late into the night or even stayed up all night. He often warns students that “what you learn on paper is ultimately shallow, and you must deepen your understanding of knowledge through practice.” During the holidays, he personally led students to practice in forest areas, encouraging students to practice iron footboards that can cross mountains and ridges and master practical field operation skills. During his field internship, he climbed mountains with his students and ate and lived together. When traveling on mountain roads, students saw that he was over fifty and wanted to carry his luggage for him; he always declined politely. Qian Duo's style of hard work, simplicity and strict self-discipline deeply infected his students.
After taking up the teaching leadership position, Gan Duo paid great attention to the training of teachers, and from time to time selected young teachers to go to production units for investigation or for further study at brother colleges. Ganduo is familiar with four foreign languages: German, Japanese, English and Russian. He takes time out of his busy schedule to translate foreign language materials for reference by young teachers and help them broaden their knowledge. His translation of the Democratic German W. Schneider's "Dendrometry and Growth Measurement Methods" is the longest monograph among them. Because he passed away before finishing the manuscript, it could not be officially published. It was later mimeographed into a volume by the teaching and research group for internal communication.
In the winter of 1956, Ganduo visited the Soviet Union. After returning home, he gave a comprehensive introduction to Soviet higher forestry education, as well as the Soviet Union’s scientific research topics and academic debates in forestry.
During the educational revolution in 1958, someone proposed that the Department of Forestry be renamed the Department of Forestry to reflect the integration of education and productive labor.
Ganduo believed that the combination with productive labor should be reflected in the teaching plan. The term "forestry" has its broad connotation, and the name of the subject forestry should not be changed. Some people have also proposed cutting the teaching time of basic courses to shorten the academic length. Qianduo not only opposed cuts, but also proposed strengthening the teaching of basic courses so that students can have deep basic knowledge and have broader adaptability. These insights still have practical significance for today's forestry education.
In early 1959, agricultural and forestry colleges in East China and Central China jointly compiled teaching materials, with Gan Duo responsible for editing "Forest Management Planning." At that time, the use of Soviet textbooks in teaching was often out of touch with Chinese reality. He proposed that the content of teaching materials should be based on China's national conditions, be able to guide the actual domestic production, and be written in a language acceptable to students, so that students can easily digest and understand it and apply it in their work. After the book was published in 1959, it was designated as a teaching book for higher forestry colleges by the Education Department of the Ministry of Forestry.
As early as the early 1950s, Gan Duo noticed the multiple benefits of forests, and in 1953, he presided over the preparation of the first landscape forest management project in Zijin Mountain, Nanjing. In 1957, he proposed the "Nanjing Purple Mountain Scenic Forest Survey Plan" as a scientific research topic for the teaching and research group, laying a preliminary foundation for the management of China's landscape forests.
The name of the discipline "Forest Management" was originally adopted from Japan. "Manager" has a specific meaning in China. Using this name will not only easily cause misunderstanding in China, but also fail to reflect the content of this discipline. After analyzing the nature and content of the subject and listening to the opinions of production units, Ganduo proposed changing the name of forest management to "forest management planning." This name was not adopted due to differences of opinion, but Ganduo's spirit of courage to explore is still worth learning from.
Dedicated to forestry scientific research
Gan Duo has rich practical experience and is able to accept new things and study new problems with an open mind. He is able to study the topics he undertakes carefully, explore and seek new ideas, and thus achieves high-level results.
Gan Duo is knowledgeable. He not only has deep attainments in forest management, but also has a solid foundation in other branches of forestry. In particular, he has unique insights into the professional basic disciplines of forest management - dendrology, dendrology, etc. In October 1941, Qian Duo came from Eren to Sichuan and passed through Moudao River in Wanxian County, Sichuan Province. He saw a large deciduous coniferous tree that he had never seen before behind the Tutu Temple, so he stopped and observed it because it was already late autumn. , no specimens were collected. However, it provides clues for further investigation and identification and naming of this new species of Metasequoia. The minutes of the first meeting of the China Metasequoia Preservation Committee chaired by Weng Wenhao on May 8, 1948 recorded: “1. The discovery of Metasequoia passed through Renchuan by Professor Gan Duo of the Forestry Department of Central University at the end of October of the 30th year of the Republic of China. Five miles into the road, he saw a large deciduous tree by the roadside, commonly known as metasequoia (it should be the word "桫", the local name - editor's note). Qian paid great attention to it, but unfortunately no specimen was found because all the leaves had fallen at that time. The next year, Yang Longxing of Wanxian Advanced Agricultural Vocational School was transferred to collect branch and leaf specimens, which have not yet been identified. "This is the Metasequoia that was later studied and identified by Hu Xian_ and Zheng Wanjun, and was named in 1948.
After Metasequoia was identified as a new species and published in April 1948, Gan Duo proposed the topic of studying its growth, so he cooperated with Hao Wenrong and Hua Jingcan to plant more than 20 Metasequoia trees in the Metasequoia Valley where the Metasequoia grows. Among them, a representative one was selected, trunk analysis was conducted, and the result "Metasequoia Trunk Analysis" was published in the Forestry Research Report of Chuo University published in May 1948. They calculated the height, diameter at breast height, volume growth and growth rate of metasequoia, and compared them with Chinese fir and cedar parsed wood at similar latitudes. The growth processes of the three were very similar at the same latitude, but the vertical distribution of metasequoia was higher, indicating that Metasequoia has strong cold resistance and adaptability. This was later supported by the successful introduction of metasequoia in nearly 20 provinces and cities in China and more than 50 countries.
Ganduo was not only keen on observation, but also diligent in thinking, paying attention to the relationship between forests and human activities. In 1942, he led his students to practice in Jinyun Mountain, Sichuan, and lived in a temple. The abbot of the temple asked Qianduo to give lectures to the monks, and he readily agreed. After returning from the lecture, the students curiously asked him what he had taught the monk. He replied that he was talking about "temples and forests". There are many places in China where forests and ancient trees have been preserved by temples, and temples have become famous temples because of the forests and ancient trees.
He contacted the novel big tree he saw in Moudao River in the past and said that the local people built a temple next to it because of its ancientness and novelty. The tree has been preserved because of the temple, and the temple is based on this ancient tree. To spread the name.
When Gan Duo worked at the Agricultural Improvement Institute of the Hubei Provincial Department of Construction in the 1930s, he did some research on the "Longquan Price Code". Later, it was compiled into an article "Research on the Calculation Method of Market Price of Chinese Fir in the Yangtze River Basin", which was published in "Forestry", Volume 1, Issue 10, 1943. The market price of fir in the Yangtze River Basin is calculated using the "Longquan code price", which is evaluated based on the thickness and length of the original fir strips and the presence and size of defects. The unit is "liang". After determining the code price, multiply by "liang" current price, calculate the price. The paper points out: Timber prices should be based on timber standards, depending on the type of timber, and timber volume calculations must be based on actual volume. The "Longquan code price" is a bar code calculation method and can no longer be applied routinely. With the development of wood commodity science, after the founding of the People's Republic of China, measurement was changed to national wood specifications (later renamed standards).
In 1959, "Cihai" began to be revised. Nanjing Forestry University was responsible for compiling the forestry section, and Gan Duo served as the chief editor of this branch. He convened the staff responsible for writing in various branches of the academy to discuss and provide guidance on the selection of terms and the writing of explanations. After the first draft was written in 1960, Gan Duo took him to Shanghai to add and delete the selected words in accordance with the requirements for writing "Cihai", that is, "political, scientific, popular, intellectual, positive, and stable". Modifications were made, and drafts were unified among various disciplines. When he returned to Ning from editing "Cihai" in Shanghai, he happily told people: "I deeply realized that our country's scientific, cultural and educational undertakings have advanced by leaps and bounds under the leadership of the Communist Party of China. This is something that our intellectuals could not have dreamed of before liberation. "After learning the news of Professor Gan Duo's death from the newspaper, the Shanghai Cihai Editorial Office sent a message of condolences, thanking him for "his humble, down-to-earth, rigorous and meticulous work attitude, responsible for revising the second draft of Cihai Linxue, which left an unforgettable memory for us." impression". After Qian Duo's death, Ma Dapu and others completed his unfinished task of compiling a dictionary of forestry subjects.
In 1960, Nanjing Forestry University accepted the task of researching and sorting out the history of ancient Chinese forestry technology assigned by the Ministry of Forestry. The leaders of the college designated Gan Duo and others to take charge of this work, and the topic was designated as "Chinese Forestry Science and Technology" Preliminary study of historical data." In addition to basic information provided by the Agricultural Heritage Research Office of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, more than 200 related books were consulted and more than 100 people were mobilized to review excerpts. According to the principle of "oriented to production and serving the past for today's use", the forestry technology heritage of the motherland is analyzed and elaborated to serve the current forestry construction undertaking. This research applies modern forestry science theory to analyze and identify ancient traditional forestry techniques in my country, remove the rough and select the essential, remove the false and retain the true, and excavate and sort out a large number of little-known forestry heritage. On the basis of this topic, in October 1960, Gan Duo compiled the book "Preliminary Research on Historical Materials of Chinese Forestry Technology". This is a relatively complete monograph on contemporary Chinese research on the forestry heritage of the motherland. It is a pity that Gandor himself did not see the publication of this book.
Participate in the democratic revolution
As far back as his youth, Qian Duo was influenced by the "May 4th" movement and developed simple patriotism. While studying in Japan from 1925 to 1931, he participated in the Communist Youth League. In the summer of 1929, Chinese students studying in Japan held an anti-invasion demonstration in Ginza, Tokyo, Japan. Many students were detained by the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department. Gan Duo contacted other classmates to rescue him, but was also detained for more than a month. After the "September 18th" Incident in 1931, Gan Duo participated in the return movement of all students studying in Japan and resolutely returned to China to continue his studies at the Agricultural College of Peking University. He joined the national anti-Japanese vanguard led by the Communist Party of China and devoted himself to Anti-Japanese and national salvation activities. In 1941, he went to Chongqing Central University to teach and had close contacts with progressive professors such as Liang Xi and Pan Shu. Especially after he came into contact with underground members of the Communist Party of China and was kindly taught by Zhou Enlai, he recognized the situation clearly and radiated patriotic enthusiasm. He increasingly sympathized with and supported the revolution, and then joined the "China Democratic Alliance". In the spring of 1939, according to Zhou Enlai's instructions, under the leadership of Pan Zinian, the president of Chongqing's "Xinhua Daily", the "Natural Science Symposium" was established. Liang Xi, Pan Shu, Tu Changwang, Jin Shanbao, Xie Lihui and Gan Duo have been insisting on organizing activities. In order to unite more scientific and technical workers and educators, the organization has a wider scope and is an open scientific group.
At the end of 1944, on the basis of the "Natural Science Symposium", scientific groups such as the Chinese Science Society, the Chinese Natural Science Society, the Chinese Agricultural Society, the Chinese Society of Engineers, and other scientific and technological circles, *** jointly formulated a " "The Origin of the Organization of the Chinese Scientists Association" was endorsed by more than 100 famous scientists such as Zhu Kezhen, Li Siguang, Ren Hongjun, Ding Xielin and other scientific and technological workers, including Gan Duo. On July 1, 1945, the "Chinese Scientists Association" (referred to as the China Association for Science and Technology) was formally established. The first director and supervisory board meeting was held, and Gan Duo was elected as an officer.
On the eve of the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Professor Xu Deheng convened the "Democracy and Science Symposium" in order to unite senior intellectuals. Gan Duo and the main members of the "Natural Science Symposium" participated in this event. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the organization was renamed "Jiusan Society" to commemorate the Victory Day and carried out the struggle for democracy and opposition to civil war.
In the spring of 1949, three professors from Central University, Liang Xi, Pan Shu, and Tu Changwang, were invited to participate in the first national political consultative conference. Qian Duo is responsible for contact work. He found Wu Juenong in Shanghai through his family members and agreed on the route and method of action. The three professors left Nanjing on April 8, first went to Shanghai and detoured to Hong Kong, and arrived in Peking safely on April 24. In January 1949, the Chinese Communist Party organized teachers and students of the Central University to organize a nursing school to oppose the southward migration and welcome liberation. Gan Duo was elected as a member of the school maintenance committee.
After the liberation of Nanjing, Gan Duo actively assisted military representatives in taking over the work. After the Central University was renamed Nanjing University, he was appointed as the Secretary-General of the School Committee. Joined the Communist Party of China on May 1, 1949.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Gan Duo actively participated in political activities and contributed to the socialist revolution and construction. He once served as a member of the Third National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference; a member of the first and second Standing Committee of the Jiangsu Provincial Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference; a member of the third and fourth Central Committees of the Jiusan Society, a member of the Fifth Central Standing Committee, and the fourth Chairman of the Nanjing Branch of the Jiusan Society. Equal grade.
In the summer of 1961, Gan Duo returned to the academy from Shanghai to revise "Cihai". In view of his heavy workload and physical and mental fatigue over the years, the academy leaders specially arranged for him to go to Huangshan to recuperate. Before leaving, he consulted a lot of information about Huangshan Mountain and prepared to conduct an on-site survey of the Huangshan Mountain forest. On the way to the mountain, he observed the vertical distribution of the forest while appreciating the gorgeous mountain scenery. When he arrived at the "Penglai Three Islands" scenic spot, facing the great mountains and rivers of the motherland, he repeatedly praised "Good! Good!". He continued to speak because of heart failure. , lying on the ground, rescue efforts failed, and died suddenly. At 3 pm on August 7, 1961, he was only 58 years old.
After the death of Qian Duo, the Jiangsu Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Provincial People's Government held a grand memorial service. Provincial and municipal leaders attended the memorial service in person. In the middle of the mourning hall were placed the Prime Minister Zhou Enlai, the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, and the "Nine Third Memorial Day". The wreaths presented by the central government and other units express condolences for this dedicated forest scientist. In accordance with his last wish, his family donated more than 1,500 books in his collection to Nanjing Forestry University, and donated 187 cultural relics such as calligraphy, calligraphy and painting, and tablet rubbings to the Nanjing Municipal Cultural Relics Preservation Committee. as his last offering.
Teachers from Nanjing Forestry College always introduce the deeds of Qian Duo to their classmates whenever they lead students to Huangshan for internship and pass by the "Three Penglai Islands". After hearing this, the students all remained silent to express their condolences in memory of this late good teacher.
Resume
Born on April 10, 1903 in Guangji County, Hubei Province.
Graduated from Hubei Provincial Foreign Languages ??School in 1923.
In 1928, he graduated from the forestry department of the College of Agriculture, Tokyo Imperial University, Japan.
From 1929 to 1931, he engaged in research work at the Meguro Forestry Experimental Ground of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Japan.
He returned to China from Japan in 1932 and continued to study at the Agricultural College of Peking University.
From 1932 to 1941, he served as technician and director of Hubei Provincial Department of Construction, director of Xiangyang Forest Farm, professor and academic director of Hubei Agricultural College (later changed to Hubei Agricultural College).
From 1941 to 1949, he served as professor of Forestry Department, College of Agriculture, Central University.
In 1949, he served as a member of the Central University School Affairs Maintenance Committee.
From 1949 to 1952, he served as Secretary-General of the School Committee of Nanjing University.
In 1953, he served as director of the Forestry Department of Nanjing Forestry University.
In 1956, he served as vice president of Nanjing Forestry University.
Died in Huangshan, Anhui Province on August 7, 1961.
Main works
1 Qian Feng, Zhao Zongzhe. Research on the market price calculation method of fir in the Yangtze River Basin. Forest Science, 1943, 1(10).
2 Qian Duo, Hao Wenrong, Hua Jingcan. Metasequoia trunk analysis. National Central University Forestry Research Report, 1948 (5).
3 Gan Duo, Lu Zhaosu, Wang Rirong, etc. Forest management planning. Beijing: China Forestry Press, 1959.
4 Edited by Qian Duo, revised by Chen Zhi, and reviewed by Ma Dapu. Preliminary study of historical materials on Chinese forestry technology. Beijing: Agricultural Press, 1964.