According to archaeological excavations, an ancient human lived and worked in Suizhou 5-6 years ago. In June, 1957, the Cultural Relics Investigation Team of Hubei Provincial Cultural Management Association collected a stone tool made of quartzite in a mountainous area about 5 kilometers away from Suizhou city. After expert appraisal, it is confirmed that this stone tool is paleolithic. This is the earliest paleolithic relic found in Hubei and even the Yangtze River basin.
There are abundant Neolithic sites and cultural relics in Suizhou. According to incomplete statistics, more than 5 Neolithic cultural sites and 3, Neolithic cultural relics have been discovered in recent years. Among them, the more famous sites are Xihe West Garden Site and Sanligang Lengpiya Site.
Xihe West Garden Site is about 2km away from Suizhou City, and it is divided into two floors. The lower layer could not be excavated on a large scale because it dived below the water surface. Judging from a small number of relics unearthed, it has been confirmed that its cultural connotation is similar to Yangshao culture in the Central Plains. The upper layer is the Qujialing cultural layer. Five building foundations were excavated in this layer, all of which were piled up by braised clods, with wooden bones and mud walls and thatched roofs. A large number of rice husks, pits, adult tombs, children's urn coffins, stone knives, shovels, axes and spears used by people at that time, and a large number of household utensils and handicrafts such as painted pottery pots, cups, bowls, pots, pots, pans, retort, hollow pottery and jade beads were also found.
The Lengpiya site in Sanligang is about 4 kilometers southwest of Suizhou. Not only stone tools such as ground stone axe, stone knife, stone sickle and stone arrowhead have been unearthed in the site, but also pottery with sand, muddy gray pottery and muddy polished black pottery, among which painted eggshell black pottery is the most typical, and a large number of red clods containing rice shells have been found. According to expert analysis and appraisal, its cultural connotation includes Qujialing culture and Longshan culture in the Central Plains.
About 5, to 6, years ago, the Yandi Shennong tribe thrived in Suizhou. As for Yan Di Shennong, according to a large number of literature records and textual research by scholars today, there is a "one person theory", that is, Yan Di is Shennong and Shennong is Yan Di; There is a saying of "combining two into one", that is, in the early Spring and Autumn Period, Yandi and Shennong saw different documents. After the middle Spring and Autumn Period, Zhou people and Chu Man merged, and Yandi and Shennong, who were respected in the north and south, synthesized Yandi Shennong's family. The process of combining the two titles into one was roughly completed during the Qin and Han Dynasties. There are also "representatives" and "cultural heroes", that is, Yan Shennong is an outstanding representative of the southern tribal leaders in the middle and late Neolithic period and a "cultural hero" of the creation of the Chinese nation. Regarding the birthplace of Emperor Yan Shennong, according to a large number of historical records, there is a "Lishan theory", that is, Emperor Yan Shennong "started from Lieshan, which is called Lieshan's family, and now it is also with Li Township". Lixiang is located in the north of Suizhou today, which is proved to be true from generation to generation. There are also "Baoji Theory", "Huayang Theory" and "Migration Theory". However, the excavation of Neolithic sites in Suizao Corridor, such as West Garden, Lengpiya and Diaolongbei, shows that Yandi Shennong has profound southern attributes, and the Lishan area in Suizhou in the middle reaches of Hanshui River is the center of Yandi Shennong's rise and activities. Here, the Yandi Shennong tribe invented the primitive production method of slash-and-burn cultivation, pioneered agricultural production tools such as Lei, pioneered planting, made pottery, pioneered textile industry, invented medicine and boiled salt, and pioneered the agricultural civilization of the Chinese nation, which had a profound and extensive impact on the birth and evolution of the Chinese nation.
Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties
Before and after the establishment of the Xia Dynasty, that is, Yao Shunyu period, Suizhou area and even the whole middle reaches of the Yangtze River were the residence of Sanmiao, and Suizhou area was located in the northern part of Sanmiao, so in the struggle between Xia people and Sanmiao, Suizhou became an important place for both sides to compete, and Yao Shunyu thus formed an indissoluble bond with Suizhou area.
"Yao Fang Dan Zhu". According to Shi Ben, Shang Shu Yao Dian, Han Shu Li Zhi Shi Jing and other records, Dan Zhu is Yao's son. In order to conquer Sanmiao, Yao named his son Dan Zhu Yu Dan Shui as the waiting place. Danshui is located in the southwest of Xichuan County, Henan Province, at the western end of Suizao Corridor, including today Suizao Corridor.
"cultivate the mountains smoothly". After Shun succeeded to the throne, he adopted the strategy of "educating first, then diverting" to Sanmiao, which initially improved the relationship between Xia people and Sanmiao, and some Xia people moved to the corridor with jujube, so the legend of "Shun Geng Li Shan" appeared. Lishan is now Lishan in Suizhou. Throughout the ages, Suizhou has left many relics commemorating Shun. For example, there is the Emperor Shun Temple on Lishan Mountain, Shuntian on the mountainside and Shunjing at the foot of the mountain. According to the Records of Suizhou in Tongzhi of Qing Dynasty, there is a monument to Yijing in Shunzi Lane of the Eastern Han Dynasty in the south of Suizhou. "Fang Yu Sheng Lan" said, "Shunjing Monument is said to be a monument in the Qin Dynasty in Suizhou". Later, the Qin tablet was destroyed, and a new tablet was built in the Song Dynasty. This monument disappeared during the Anti-Japanese War, and was rediscovered in Xujiawan near Laishui River in Suizhou City in 1996.
"shun buried nine". Most of the original scholars thought that the Jiuyi Mountain where Shun was buried was located in Lingling, Hunan Province. However, according to Mr. Zhang Lianggao's years of painstaking research, he thought that the Jiuyi Mountain where Shun was buried was now Dahongshan in Suizhou.
"Yu defeated three seedlings". After Yu succeeded Shun, he made a larger crusade against Sanmiao. Mozi Non-Attack recorded the war in detail. After this devastating blow, the Sui-Zao Corridor, as the northern part of Sanmiao, was first brought under the direct control of Xia Dynasty. A large number of pottery excavated from the site of Suizhou West Garden, which was earlier than Shang Dynasty and later than Longshan Culture, is the archaeological reflection of Yu Zhan's three seedlings.
during the yin and Shang dynasties, Suizhou and even the whole Jianghan area were called "southern soil". After Pan Geng, the king of Shang Dynasty, moved to Yin, "Yin Dao revived, and all the people waited for him to come to Korea". Wu Ding, king of Shang Dynasty, launched a campaign against Jingchu in order to conquer those who did not go to the DPRK. The southern expedition of the Yin people not only took the corridor of Suizao, but also relied on the military assistance of various countries in the eastern Han Dynasty, including Zeng. The ancient kingdom of Zeng looked at Zaoyang, Suizhou and Jingshan today. A Shang Dynasty tomb excavated by Liang Jiafan in Xihe, Suizhou, proves that the Yin people had basically controlled the corridor along the dates long before Wu Ding cut Jingchu.
After the establishment of the Zhou Dynasty, in order to plunder the most important material at that time-copper, Suizhou Corridor became the thoroughfare for Zhou people to capture gold, that is, the only place to pass.
During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the ancient country of Jiang surname in Eastern Han Dynasty-Liguo. " Li Guo, also known as "Lai Guo", is said to have been built by the descendants of Li Shan (that is, Shanshi Lie), surnamed Jiang. It is located in lishan town, 2 kilometers northeast of Suizhou City today. According to the textual research of the bronze inscription "Taibao Yuge" in the early years of Western Zhou Dynasty, Li Guo was founded in the late Shang Dynasty at the latest, and became a vassal state of Zhou Dynasty in the early years of Western Zhou Dynasty, and had close relations with the royal family of Zhou Dynasty. In the early Spring and Autumn Period, Liguo became the state of Chu. In the fourth year of Emperor Zhao of Lu (538 BC), in order to strengthen the control of the eastern part of Han Dynasty, the State of Chu destroyed the Li State which had been under the egg wing of the Chu people for a long time.
In the Zhou Dynasty, Han and Dong shared the same surname-Tang. According to the textual research on the inscription of the bronze ware "Zhonghu" in the early Western Zhou Dynasty, the Tang State was founded in the early Western Zhou Dynasty at the latest, and the literature first appeared in the late Western Zhou Dynasty. Tang Kingdom is located in Tangxian Town, southeast of Zaoyang and northwest of Suizhou. There is also a saying that the Tang Dynasty migrated from the north. His family name is a branch of Zhou, which belongs to Ji; When it comes to Qi, it comes after Yao. According to Zuo Zhuan's seventeen years of mourning for the public, in the early Spring and Autumn Period, the State of Chu conquered the State of Tang by force. In the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, the State of Tang became a vassal of Chu. In the first year of Lu Dinggong (the first 59 years), Tang Chenggong appeared before King Zhao of Chu. The greedy Chu Lingyin often took a fancy to his two frost-fighting horses and couldn't get them. He was detained for three years. Later, the Tang people got drunk with Tang Chenggong's entourage, stole horses and gave them to Zi Chang, and Tang Chenggong was able to return to China. From then on, Tang hated Chu. In the fourth year of Dinggong (56 BC), Tang joined the Wu-Cai Alliance and captured the capital of Chu. The following year, the Qin people sent troops to help the Chu people repel the allies and recover the lost land. In July this year, Qin Chu allied forces destroyed the Tang Dynasty.
in the Zhou dynasty, the surname of Han Dongji was a great country-Suiguo. Among the vassal States of Han and East China sealed by Zhou Dynasty, Suiguo was the most powerful. According to many historical records, "the founding of the People's Republic of China in the early Zhou Dynasty was 1,8, which was seen in the Spring and Autumn Annals, and five out of sixty was called Great". The territory of Suiguo includes the area where the Han River passes through the east, south of Tongbai, west of Guangshui and north of Zhongxiang and Jingshan. With the time when the country was founded and destroyed, the literature is unknown. However, according to the literature analysis of Che Yu Zheng Yu and Six Years of Mourning for the Duke in the Spring and Autumn Period, the country was established in the late Spring and Autumn Period, perhaps earlier, and its country only extended to the Warring States Period, and its demise with the country was around 328 BC. An interesting phenomenon is that there are a large number of records in the literature. For example, "Suihouzhu" and "Heshibi" are equally famous, and the South Pearl and the North Jade are well-known. However, a large number of Zeng cultural relics have been unearthed in Suizhou, and they have the same surname, the same territory and the same age. Many experts and scholars put forward the theory of "Zeng and Sui are one". There are also a few dissenting views that it was destroyed, and later Chu enfeoffed a Zeng state everywhere. Once the mystery was completely solved, it still needs new archaeological discoveries.
in the summer of p>1978, archaeologists excavated the tomb of Zeng Houyi, the king of Sui Dynasty in the early Warring States period, in the suburb of Suizhou, the capital of Sui Dynasty. A large number of exquisite bronze ritual vessels, lacquered wood, gold and silver vessels, pearls and jade articles, various musical instruments, chariots and horses, textiles and garments, etc. unearthed in the tomb not only show the brilliant achievements of culture in its heyday, but also represent the highest level of culture at that time and even in the world in many aspects.
The bronzes unearthed from Zeng Houyi's tomb have the characteristics of large quantity, large size, heavy weight, fine workmanship, etc. The techniques adopted by them, such as compound model casting, separate casting, casting joint, welding and wax loss, reflect that the metal casting with the country has reached an unprecedented height and become a pioneering work in the history of casting in China.
For the first time, 16 strands of thick string, silk-hemp interwoven fabric, single-layer brocade fabric and lock embroidery were unearthed in the tomb of Zeng Houyi, which reflected the superb skills of textile technology in Suiguo and was a breakthrough in the history of textile in China.
Many cultural relics unearthed from the tomb of Zeng Houyi have beautiful shapes and magnificent decorative patterns, and they are vivid and amazing in bronze sculpture, sculpture and painting. Their superb artistic level has become a wonderful work in the history of Chinese art.
The musical instruments unearthed from the tomb of Zeng Houyi are unique in variety, quantity and excellent performance. Among them, the long-lost ten-stringed piano, banjo, flute and other unearthed sheng were discovered for the first time, and bamboo reeds were found. Modern European musicians and physicists invented the accordion and harmonica only by studying the sheng spring in China. The full set of chimes unearthed in this tomb can play seven tones, which makes foreign scholars' doubts about whether musical instruments in pre-Qin period in China have seven tones disappear. The inscription on Ceng Houyi's Zhong Qing recorded the knowledge of music theory in the pre-Qin period. It is the earliest tuning instrument with twelve chromatic scales in the world. The appearance of Ceng Houyi's musical instruments is unprecedented in the music history of China and even the world.
The cover of a suitcase unearthed from the tomb of Zeng Houyi was painted with black dragon, White Tiger and Twenty-eight Nights at both ends, which is the earliest record of all the names of Twenty-eight Nights in China so far and has become a landmark in the history of astronomy in China.
Liang Ji was born in the early Spring and Autumn Period. From about BC to the middle of the century, he began to enter the political stage of following the country. During the period of assisting the monarch to govern the country, he made great efforts to govern the country, repaired the country's internal affairs, made good neighbors outside, and made outstanding achievements. He was praised by later generations as "a great sage after Shennong". After his death, he was buried in Yigang, the eastern suburb of Suizhou City, with a tomb shrine, which was respected by later generations.
Liang Ji's outstanding philosophical, political and military thoughts still shine through time and space. Among them, "the people are the gods" is the essence of Liang Ji's philosophical thought; "Building a new brotherly country through political reform" is the concentrated expression of Liang Ji's political thought. By analyzing the essence of things through false appearances, Liang Ji's military thoughts and theories of simple materialism and dialectical factors, such as the strategic thought of "fighting before fighting" and "being angry with me and being lazy", and the political strategy of "taking a narrow path to commit adultery", have established his position in the history of ancient Chinese thought. He not only became one of the thinkers who pioneered Confucianism and ancient people's "master" thought in China, but also deserved to be the pioneer of atheists and an outstanding strategist in Chinese history.
Xu Xing, a representative figure of farm school in the Warring States Period, wrote Shennong under the guise of Shennong. This book expounds the idea of combining cultivation between the monarch and the people and attaching importance to agriculture, as well as the experience and technology of agricultural production. Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals preserved the contents of Shennong completely and systematically, and became a precious document for later generations to understand Shennong era.
Qin-Han period
In the 24th year of the reign of King Qin (the first 223 years), the State of Chu was destroyed by Qin, and the county was subordinate to Nanyang County.
in the Han Dynasty, Ban Gu wrote the Book of Han Dynasty, which emphasized that food and goods "are the foundation of the people and thrive in the world of Shennong", fully affirming the founding contribution of Yandi Shennong to agriculture and commodity circulation. Many scholars and works in the Han Dynasty talked about the Emperor Yan's Dragon, and their understanding of the relationship between the Emperor Yan's Dragon and Suixian Lixiang was gradually consistent.
Zhang Heng, a great scientist and writer in the Eastern Han Dynasty, built a platform to study in the eastern suburb of the county seat.
in the fourth year (17 years) of Tianfeng in the new dynasty, Jingzhou was starved. Wang Kuang and Wang Feng launched the greenwood hero Uprising in Dahongshan, Suizhou. Based on Lvlin Mountain, the rebel army persisted in the struggle for five years, and finally developed into the main force to overthrow Wang Mang's regime.
In the autumn and July of the 22nd year of Dihuang, Chen Mu and Liao Zhan, from Pinglin (now Guchengfan, Liulin Town, Suizhou City), rose up in Pinglin to respond to greenwood hero, known as the "Pinglin Army".
A large number of tombs of the Han Dynasty were unearthed in Suizhou. The funerary objects included pottery barn, pottery manor model, pottery chickens, ducks, pigs, dogs and pots, pottery horses, pottery carts, pottery figurines, iron farm tools and five baht, which showed the superb level of Suizhou handicraft industry at that time. Among them, at the beginning of 1994, 1.75 tons of five baht money from the Western Han Dynasty to Wangmang was unearthed in the ancient ruins in the northeast of Suizhou City, which was amazing in quantity.
Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
In the ninth year of Taikang (288), Suiping Erh Lin County was separated from Yiyang County and placed in Suixian County. Sima Yan, the Emperor of the Jin Dynasty, named Sima Mai the imperial clan as the king of the country.
In the second year of Tai 'an (33), Zhang Changju, a native of Yiyang (now in the north of Suizhou), revolted against the hungry people. He rode the governor Jin Man with the west and conquered Jiangxia, and made Liu Ni (Qiu Shen) the emperor to restore the Han Dynasty, establishing Yuan as a "god phoenix" and taking himself as a prime minister. Later, an adventurous army broke Wuchang, attacked Wandi, took Xiangyang, Kejiangzhou, Changsha, Xiangdong and Lingling counties, and set up officials to guard them. Emperor Jinhui ordered General Ning Shuo to lead ricas, a captain of Nan Man, to lead Tao Kan and other armies to suppress, and the rebel army lost. The following year, Zhang Chang was captured and killed.
in the first year of the western Wei dynasty (535), it was promoted to a state, which governed counties and counties.
in the first year of wucheng in the northern Zhou dynasty (559), emperor Ming of Zhou made yang zhong a vassal.
In the second year of the Northern Zhou Dynasty (58), Yuwen Chan, the Emperor of Jing, became the Prime Minister of Zuo Da and Emperor Wen of Sui, a vassal of the state, followed the king, built the country and led 2 counties.
sui and Tang dynasties
in the first year of emperor kaihuang (581), Emperor Wen of Sui deposed Yuwen Chan, the static emperor, and proclaimed himself emperor on behalf of Zhou dynasty. He thought that he had been attached to Sui, taking Sui as his title, but he hated the word "Sui" and had the meaning of being a follower, so he ordered him to go "Sui". It is the only time that the name of a county that has long existed in history is taken as the name of a unified dynasty in China history.
in the first year of emperor kaihuang (581), Suizhou was changed to "Suizhou", which belonged to handong county.
in the third year of emperor's reign (583), Handong County was abolished, and Suizhou led Suixian County and Juexi County.
In the third year of Daye (67), Emperor Yangdi returned to Handong County, and eight counties including Lingsui, Tushan, An Gui, Shunyi, Guanghua, Pinglin, Shangming and Tang Cheng.
in the third year of Wude (62), Li Shimin, king of Qin, conquered the northwest and marched eastward. In November, Tang Jun conquered Fancheng, Xiangyang, and Xu Yifeng, the general manager of Suizhou, was defeated. In the Tang Dynasty, Wang Yu, the sister of Emperor Gao Zu Li Yuan and the husband of Princess Tong 'an, was appointed as an assassin in Suizhou.
in the first year of Zhenyuan (785),