2. Lian Lian: A manual threshing farm tool in Han Dynasty, which consists of a long handle and a hinged percussion lever. In ancient times, it was called "fu" and "using the device to solve the name": "Jia, Jia Ye. Add a stick to the handle to cut the ear and get out of the valley. " Unearthed in kind
3.？ : The farm tools of the Han Dynasty were used to break ground. Long strip? It is still the main form, 20-26 cm long. Reinforce the area and bend the back slightly. New concave wide-edged iron mouth? , like a scorpion installed on the leaves, is horizontal. I have teeth, too.
4. Lei: Double-toothed wood is an indispensable excavator for digging holes and ditches. The first hairpin was made of branches, and later it developed into a bronze hairpin, but few of them survived, usually with sharp teeth and square teeth.
5. Clam: In the late Shang Dynasty, agricultural tools with cranks, wide blades and bronze cymbals appeared, but all the unearthed ones were cymbals. Shaped like a flat tip with a hairpin at the back, it is used to install on a thick long board. The shoulder of the plate is connected with a long handle that bends forward and tilts. At the joint of the handle and the chisel head, there is a short piece of wood with a crossbar at the end.
6. pheasant: also known as claw sickle, the handle is restless, there is a hole to thread the rope, and only the ear of grain is cut. A large number of pottery knives and stone knives found in archaeology have 1-2 tooth holes, and half-moon and rectangle are the most common.
7. Dujiangyan: In 25 1 year BC, Zhao Haoqi of Qin appointed Li Bing as the prefect to take charge of the construction of the water diversion project in the upper reaches of Minjiang River, namely Dujiangyan. It is an irrigation project built to increase the war material reserve before the reunification of Qin Dynasty. Dujiangyan's master plan is to divide the Minjiang River into two branches, one of which is introduced into Chengdu Plain, which can not only divert floods and reduce disasters, but also divert water to irrigate farmland and turn harm into benefit. The main works include Yuzui diversion dike, Sha Fei weir spillway and Baojiangkou water intake. It is one of the three major water conservancy projects in ancient China, and has been successfully operated for more than 2,000 years.
8. Lingqu: After Qin unified the six countries, in order to consolidate the border defense and unify Lingnan, Shilu was ordered to dig a waterway-Lingqu between Haiyang River in the upper reaches of Xiangjiang River and Lijiang River in the Pearl River system in Xing 'an, Guangxi. The artificial channel of Lingqu is divided into south and north channels, the north channel is connected with Xiangjiang River, and the south channel is connected with Shianshui in the upper reaches of Lijiang River tributary through xing an. The total length is 34 kilometers. It divides water with banks, discharges water of different sizes, and sets a bucket (steep) gate to sail. It connects the two major water systems and accelerates the process of unification.
9. Karez: Karez in Xinjiang, Wan Li Great Wall, Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal and Dujiangyan are also called the four ancient projects in China. There are nearly a thousand karez wells in Turpan, with a total length of about 5000 kilometers.
The structure of Karez is generally composed of four parts: shaft, underground passage, ground passage and "waterlogging dam" (small reservoir). Bogda Mountain in the north of Turpan Basin and Karawu Mountain in the west are both mountains. In spring and summer, a large amount of snowmelt and rain flow down the valley and sneak into the Gobi Desert. Xinjiang people used the slope of the mountain to induce underground undercurrent to irrigate farmland and skillfully created karez. Karez will not evaporate a lot of water due to high temperature and strong wind, so the flow rate is stable, ensuring self-flow irrigation.
10. Yunmeng Qin Bamboo Slips: Bamboo Slips of Qin Tomb in Shuihudi, 1975 Winter, Yunmeng, Hubei Province, cleared and excavated tombs from the late Warring States Period to the Qin Dynasty 12, bamboo slips unearthed in the coffin of M 165438158. This is the first time that Qin bamboo slips have been unearthed in China. These bamboo slips include eighteen kinds of Qin laws, effective laws, miscellaneous books of Qin laws and questions and answers about laws, covering the legal system, administrative documents, medical books and books about good or bad days in Qin Dynasty.
1 1. Straight Road: Built in the era of Qin Shihuang, it is the fastest traffic artery from Xianyang to the northern border defense. The total length is over 900 kilometers, the maximum width is 164 meters, the width of the Great Wall is 60-80 meters, the branch line is 20 meters, the rammed earth pavement, and the walls on both sides are 5 feet high and fully enclosed. At present, most of the roads are lost in forests and sand dunes, and there are many remains of pottery, bricks, iron arrows, post stations, beacon towers and so on in the remaining sections. It has played an important role in consolidating a centralized country.
12. Inner Great Wall: During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, various vassal states built the Great Wall in the border areas, including Chu, Wei and Qi.
13. Outer Great Wall: Qin, Zhao and Yan built cities in the north, which are called the Outer Great Wall. The Great Wall abroad became the foundation of the Great Wall in Qin and Han Dynasties.
14. Epang Palace: Shanglinyuan in Weihe River. Historical records? Biography of the First Qin Emperor: "It was built in Shanglin Garden in Weinan, and the front hall was built first, with 500 steps from east to west and 50 feet from north to south. It can hold10,000 people at the top and build a five-foot flag at the bottom. ..... Epang Palace hasn't been built yet, so choosing a name is preferable. As a palace Afang, the world is called Afang Palace. " The rammed earth platform in the front hall of Epang Palace covers an area of more than 540,000 square meters. Mesa is a building similar to a corridor. A tile roof relic was found in the south of Qiandian foundation, with 6 rows of pipe tiles and 5 rows of slab tiles. No trace of fire was found. One of the important gains of this exploration is to confirm that Epang Palace was not completed at that time.
15. Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor: 5 kilometers east of Lintong County, Shaanxi Province, with Mount Li in the south and Weishui in the north. It is located at the intersection of loess plateau at the northern foot of Lishan Mountain and alluvial fan in front of the mountain. The terrain in the mausoleum area is high in the south and low in the north, high in the east and low in the west. There is a cemetery in the first imperial tomb, surrounded by double rammed earth walls inside and outside. The overall layout of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum can be divided into four levels: underground Miyagi (underground palace), inner city, outer city and parts outside the outer city, with clear priorities. The paranormal was established and the paranormal system began. The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor further improved the mausoleum system in the Warring States Period, which set the tone for the development of tombs in the Han Dynasty and beyond.
16. Huangchang puzzle: Huangchang refers to cypress or nanmu placed outside the wooden coffin tomb, and the puzzle refers to the horizontal arrangement of cypress or nanmu around the tomb. Inscription is a kind of burial style, which is common in Han dynasty and rarely used after Han dynasty. It, Zigong, toilets, etc. constitute a special burial system for emperors in the Han Dynasty, and other relatives and senior officials can only use it with the special permission of the emperor.
17. Yunnan culture: a highly developed bronze culture distributed around Dianchi Lake from the middle and late Warring States Period to the end of the Western Han Dynasty. From the end of the Warring States to the Western Han Dynasty, Yunnan was in its heyday, entering the developed period of bronze culture, and gradually entering the Iron Age after the first century AD. In the late Western Han Dynasty, Yunnan declined, and in the early Eastern Han Dynasty, it was replaced by the county system of the Central Plains Dynasty. Dianchi Lake area is the scope of Dian nationality's activities and the jurisdiction of Dian State. Jinning County is the hometown of Dian in Han Dynasty.
18. Hanging coffin burial: Hanging coffin burial is mainly distributed in Yibin, Sichuan, Three Gorges, Chongqing and Wuyishan, Jiangxi and Fujian. The most complete hanging coffin in Sichuan.
At present, the earliest discovery time is the cliff burial in Wuyishan, Chongwu County, Fujian Province, which is 3800 90 years ago. Hanging coffins are tens of meters from the ground to more than 100 meters, and there are three main forms: one is to drill 2~3 small square holes in the rock wall and insert wooden stakes, which is more common. The second is to dig a hole manually and insert one end of the coffin into the hole outside, that is, cave style. The third is to use natural caves or crevices to place coffins.
19. Liye ancient city: located in Xiangxi, Hunan. The ancient city of Liye was built in the middle and late Warring States period. It was built by Chu people to strengthen the border defense in western Hunan, and was used by Chu and Qin Dou successively. The late Qin dynasty was destroyed by war and rebuilt in the early Han dynasty. The North City Wall was built in the Han Dynasty. The city site is rectangular, with rammed earth walls, surrounded by moats on the south, west and north sides. There is an east-west avenue in the city center, which runs from the west gate to the east through the north-south avenue leading to the south gate. There is a ring road outside the city wall. There are workshops, houses and wells in the city.
20. Longshou Canal: Built in the period of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, it was built twice before and after. Because the keel (fossil) was dug out during construction, this canal was named Longshou Canal. The canal passes through Shang Yan Mountain, the soil is loose, and the river bank is easy to collapse, so the general construction method cannot be adopted. The working people invented the "well canal method" to make the Longshou canal pass through Shang Yan, which is seven miles wide, from underground. Longshou Canal is the first underground canal in the history of China, and it is the water diversion channel of Luohe River. This is the first project in the history of Luohe water conservancy development.
2 1. Ershua: Agricultural tools sown in the Han Dynasty, animal-drawn drills-feet on chariots. Triangle, etc. Three-legged carts were already available in the Western Han Dynasty, which was reflected in the murals of tombs in the late Western Han Dynasty in Pinglu, Shanxi. It is an early seeder in China.
22. Family Tomb: Since the late Western Han Dynasty, the manor economy has developed, and the family relationship of the powerful landlords it maintained has become very close. In the funeral system, it is manifested in the rise of family cemeteries. A big family has been buried in the same cemetery for hundreds of years, and people who die in a foreign land have to be buried in the family cemetery in their hometown. This is called ghost wine. Sometimes generations are buried in the same tomb, and generations live under the same roof. It is suitable for multi-chamber tombs with one tomb and many people. There are sloping or stepped pyramid-shaped mounds, which are convenient for multiple burials.
23. Mancheng Han Tomb: This is the tomb of Liu Sheng, Zhongshan King of the Western Han Dynasty, and his wife Dou Wan. It consists of a pyramid-shaped mound, a carriage house, a warehouse, a front hall and a back room. The shape of Dou Wan's tomb is roughly the same as that of Liu Sheng's tomb. The tombs of the two tombs are huge and the funerary objects are luxurious. More than 65.438 million pieces of gold, silver, copper, iron, jade, stone tools, pottery, lacquerware, silk and other cultural relics have been unearthed, including "Jinyu Clothes", "Changxin Palace Lantern" and "Cuojin Boshan Furnace". It is the most complete and largest cave palace in China.
24. Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha: the tomb of Changsha Prime Minister Hou Licang and his family in the early Western Han Dynasty. Located in the eastern suburb of Changsha City, Hunan Province. Among the three Han tombs, the second tomb belongs to Hou Licang, the prime minister of Changsha in the early Han Dynasty, the first tomb is the wife of Li Cang, and the third tomb is the son of Li Cang. Among the three tombs, Tomb No.1 is the largest, and the world's first ancient "wet" corpse was unearthed. In addition, a large number of silk books, lacquerware, silk fabrics and other cultural relics have been unearthed.
25. Dispatching policy: It is a kind of bamboo slips of the Warring States period, and it is a list of gifts or funerary objects given by undertaker at the funeral, which is used for the funeral.
26. Tomb of Nanyue King in Guangzhou: It is the tomb of Zhao Heng (known as Zhao Hu in historical books), the second generation king of Nanyue in the early Western Han Dynasty, and it is a painted stone tomb. The tomb of Nanyue king is divided into hills, with horizontal holes on the east and west sides of the front end to form ear chambers, and an inclined tomb on the south. A large number of cultural relics have been unearthed, among which the golden seal of "Emperor Wenxing Xi" is the first golden seal of the Han Dynasty emperor unearthed in China. The excavation of the tomb of the King of Nanyue is considered as one of the five new archaeological discoveries in modern China.
27. Land purchase vouchers: After the mid-Eastern Han Dynasty, the land merger was fierce and the land rights changed from time to time, so the contract to purchase the cemetery was often buried in the tomb-land purchase vouchers, also known as tombs or land vouchers. It is a symbolic guarantee to make the ownership of the cemetery of the deceased legal and inviolable. Most land purchase vouchers are engraved (written) on long wooden, lead, iron or jade plates in the form of simple raiders. After buying the land coupon, it developed into a superstitious thing, and its content was absurd. For example, the witnesses are Dong and the Queen Mother of the West. Land purchase vouchers are important materials for studying the land system in the Eastern Han Dynasty, but the figures and values may not be true.
28. Town tomb beast: Town tomb beast has been used in Chu tombs during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. There are not many animal tombs unearthed in Tao Zhen in the Western Han Dynasty. Tomb animals in the Eastern Han Dynasty were more common and more consistent in shape. The main feature is to spit out a long tongue.
29. Bamboo Slips in Juyan: 1930, more than/10 000 bamboo slips were excavated in Juyan area by Begemann, a Swede, which was called "Juyan Bamboo Slips" in history. During the two excavations in 1930 and 1972, more than 30,000 bamboo slips were obtained. The ancient Juyan area is a place to settle fields, so bamboo slips involve politics, military affairs, daily life and other aspects. Because it is a daily practical document, it is easy to write, and its calligraphy presents a relaxed and straightforward meaning.
30. Yunmeng Sleeping Tiger Land: Located in Yunmeng County, Hubei Province, the tomb of Yunmeng Sleeping Tiger Land was excavated at the end of 1975, that is, the "Xi" tomb of Qin Dynasty officials. More than ten pieces of bamboo slips 1 100 were unearthed in the tomb, as well as stationery such as brushes, inkstones and ink blocks. The official script of Qin Dynasty on bamboo slips reflects the change from seal script to official script, and its contents mainly record the law and medicine of Qin Dynasty, which provides detailed information for studying the history of calligraphy development in China and the politics, law, economy, culture and medicine of Qin Empire, and has very important academic value.