Section 1 Literature of Sui Dynasty
1. After the reunification of the Sui Dynasty, writers were basically composed of southerners and northerners. The main writers of the Southern School are Xu, Yu Shiqi, Yu Zizhi and so on. The main writers of The Northerner are Lu Sidao, Su Yang and Xue Daoheng. The northern and southern literati entered Sui with different styles formed in regional culture, and gradually formed a confluence. In the process of reconciliation, it gradually developed in the direction of paying attention to rhetoric and form in the Southern Dynasties. Writers with high achievements include Lu Sidao, Su Yang and Xue Daoheng.
Section 2 Poetry in Early Tang Dynasty
First, understand the court poets in the early Tang Dynasty.
Second, master poets such as "four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty"
In the early Tang Dynasty, some writers whose life experiences were different from those of court poets showed different creative characteristics in their poetry creation. This kind of poets are represented by Wang Ji and "four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty".
1. Wang Ji
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Wang Ji lived in seclusion as an official. In the poetic world where court poetry prevails, his poems can be said to be unique. He was also a pioneer of the pastoral poetry school in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. His "Eating Out", "Journey to Land Grant" and "Wild Hope" have already acquired the style of Tang poetry.
2. Focus on "four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty"
The creative activities of the "four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty" represent the ideological tendency and creative spirit of the lower literati in the periods of Gaozong and Wuhou. Their hearts are filled with the ideals and lofty sentiments of saving the world and making achievements, as well as the indignation of the literati at the bottom. Their main contributions to the evolution and development of Tang poetry;
(1) They were dissatisfied with the prevailing style of court poetry at that time, and criticized it as "striving for exquisite structure and carving" and "lacking strength and vitality" (Preface to Yang Jiong and Wang Bo), trying to break through and change this delicate, exquisite and gorgeous style of court poetry with fresh and vigorous poems.
(2) Their poetry creation also broke through the narrow scope of the content and theme of court poetry, and moved towards a broader world of social life.
(3) Their poetry creation not only played a certain role in the rise of Tang poetry in the early stage of innovation, but also made beneficial explorations and contributions to the development of five-character rhythm poetry and seven-character singing.
3. At the end of the early Tang Dynasty, Zhang established his position in the history of Tang poetry with a seven-character quatrain "Moonlight on the Spring River". At the same time, Liu Xiyi's seven-character swan song "Pulsatilla Daibei" has also become a masterpiece.
Section III Chen Ziang
First, master Chen Ziang's poetic theory.
Chen Ziang expounded his poetic theory in Preface to Raising Bamboo. On the one hand, he criticized the poetic creation since Qi and Liang Dynasties as "colorful and complicated, but never popular", and denied this formalistic creative tendency. On the other hand, he advocated "the style of Han and Wei dynasties" and "the beginning sound", and advocated that poetry creation should be "vigorous, vigorous and vigorous", with the spirit of "elegance" and the connotation of "prosperity", that is, poetry should reflect reality, with profound ideological content and distinctive artistic style. Chen Ziang's poetry theory is an innovation under the banner of retro.
Second, master Chen Ziang's poetry creation.
Chen Ziang's poetry creation is the practice of his innovative ideas. Representative works include "Thirty-eight Feelings of Youzhou Tower" and "Qiu Ji's Visit to Ancient Times". In content, it reflects the real feelings of real life and the profound experience of life situation, and it is full of ideological content. In terms of art, the exquisite and glamorous poetic style of poetry creation since Qi and Liang Dynasties has inherited the realistic creative spirit and artistic technique of The Book of Songs, the style of Han and Wei Dynasties and the initial sound. His poetic language is concise and clear, and his style is vigorous and powerful. He consciously sublated and revised the poetic style since the Qi and Liang Dynasties, and indeed had the legacy of Jian 'an and Zhengshi. In the way of expression, he is good at using metaphors to entrust and practice his "good luck" thought. Chen Ziang's theory and creative practice completely abandoned flashy habits and opened up a correct path for the development of Tang poetry.
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Xue Daoheng: "People miss home every day"; Wang Ji: Yewang; Wang Bo: * Send Du Shaofu Ren Shuchuan, * "Preface to Wang Tengting"; Lu: Chang' an ancient meaning; Luo: * Political Prisoner Listening to Cicada and Li Yi Generation; Yang Jiong: "Join the army"; Zhang: * "Moonlit Night on the Spring River"; Chen Ziang: Encounter Poems (Lan Ruosheng in spring and summer, Ding Hai in twilight), * Youzhou rostrum.
The third chapter is the pastoral poetry school and frontier poetry school in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
Section 1 School of Landscape and Pastoral Poetry
First, the emergence and characteristics of pastoral poetry school
1. During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the society was stable, the national strength was strong, and the social politics, economy and culture were prosperous in an all-round way. The rich material life of the scholar-officials provided conditions for roaming and enjoying the mountains and rivers. The popularity of Buddhism and Taoism in society, Taoism's pursuit of advocating nature and returning to simplicity, and the pure and clear realm of Buddhism and Zen provide a cultural and aesthetic psychological foundation for poetry. The recluse feelings of literati are also closely related to the formation of pastoral poems, but at this moment, they are not recluse for the sake of recluse, but have formed a cultural mentality of yearning for nature, pursuing detachment and independence, and advocating natural aesthetic taste. In addition, the creation of landscape pastoral poetry and landscape pastoral poetry since the Jin and Song Dynasties has undoubtedly provided artistic reference.
2. The pastoral school is represented by Meng Haoran and Wang Wei, as well as Chu Guangxi, Chang Jian, Zuyong, Qi and others. They inherited the creative traditions of pastoral poetry and landscape poetry of Tao Yuanming, Xie Lingyun and Xie Tiao since Jin and Song Dynasties, and formed a school of poetry with the same theme and similar artistic style. Their poems depict natural landscapes and idyllic scenery, show the interest of returning to simplicity and love for raising, and express the leisure and ambition of seclusion. Their poetic style is fresh and natural, and their artistic conception is far away. They write landscapes vividly, which improves the artistic skills of expressing natural scenery in poetry and is a wonderful flower in the garden of Tang poetry art.
Second, Wang Wei
1. Wang Wei is a representative writer of the pastoral poetry school in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. He is versatile and proficient in painting, calligraphy and music. In his early years, Wang Wei aspired to fame and fortune, and wrote many poems with heroic style, open realm and lofty sentiments, most of which were poems with the theme of frontier ranger, such as Youth Travel, Old Man Travel, Dragon Head Song, Frontier Ambassador and so on. However, in the history of Tang poetry, it is the pastoral poetry that lays its position and best marks its artistic achievements. The main content of his poems is to reflect pastoral seclusion and describe natural landscape. For example, Farmer Weishui, Autumn Night in the Deep Mountain, Zhongnanshan, Bird's Singing Stream, Chai Lu, Zhuliguan, Wu Xinyi and so on. Or write about the quiet and leisurely life in the countryside, or write about the quiet and beautiful natural scenery.
2. The artistic features of Wang Wei's pastoral poems;
(1) Wang Wei's pastoral poetry is a highly unified poem and painting. Su Shi once commented: "There are fascinating paintings in poetry and poems in paintings." (Dongpo Zhi Lin) He is good at discovering and capturing the image characteristics and state of natural scenery, composing and selecting colors with the painter's painting skills, blending the poet's unique emotional experience and aesthetic feeling of nature and spiritual realm into the scenery, and creating an elegant and beautiful artistic realm.
(2) Some of Wang Wei's pastoral poems directly penetrate into the artistic realm of meditation and emptiness, which is the artistic embodiment of Zen and Zen interest in the poetic realm.
(3) Wang Wei's pastoral poems have both the natural artistic realm of Tao Yuanming's poems and the meticulous carving of Xie Lingyun's poems. The language is fresh and lively, clean and concise, which is the perfect combination of simplicity and elegance. And language has a strong artistic expression.
Second, Meng Haoran
1. Meng Haoran is a representative writer of the pastoral poetry school in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and he is also the first poet who wrote a large number of pastoral poems in the Tang Dynasty. Most of his poems are landscape poems, or he writes about the scenery he saw in various places during his travels, or about the natural scenery of his hometown. Among them, lonely feelings are often mixed with frustration, and homesickness is integrated into the entertainment of the scenery. Such as Sleeping at Jiande, A Gift from Dongting Lake to Prime Minister Zhang, Homesickness on the River, etc. His pastoral poems mainly show the elegant feelings of seclusion and leisure. Such as "Passing the Old Village" and "Wandering and Thinking Back to Wang Baiyun".
2. The artistic features of Meng Haoran's pastoral poems;
(1) The style of Meng Haoran's pastoral poems is mostly peaceful and diluted, fresh and natural, not yet carved, but also extraordinary and refined. Shen Deqian commented: "Montessori is better than others. He has no intention of finding a job every time, which is beyond the secular and unexpected. " Wen Yiduo said, "It's too light to read poetry. It's really Meng Haoran's poem." His pastoral poems are simple and natural, simple and pure, full of life breath, such as the simple life of farmers and the rural natural scenery in light pen and ink, which are deeply influenced by Tao Yuanming's poetic style. However, some of Meng Haoran's landscape poems are vigorous and broad, such as Dongting Lake to Prime Minister Zhang.
(2) Meng Haoran's poems are light and rich in flavor, just as Shen Deqian said: "Xiangyang's poems get the Tao from quietness, so the language is light and the taste is not light." His poems are good at using plain language, integrating personal subjective feelings and emotional implications, creating Qingyuan's artistic realm, which contains rich poetic meaning.
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Meng Haoran: Dongting Lake presented Prime Minister Zhang, passed through the old people's village, and it was spring dawn. Wang Wei: Farmer Weishui, Autumn Night in the Deep Mountain, Mount Zhongnan, Hunting, Pioneering, Bird Watching, Chai Lu, Zhuliguan and Sending Two Ambassadors to Anxi.
Section 2 Frontier Poetry School
First, the emergence and characteristics of Frontier Poetry School
1. The Tang Dynasty had a strong national strength and a vast territory, and there were close political, military, economic and cultural exchanges between the mainland and the frontier nationalities. Incidents increased and wars became frequent. Scholars in the prosperous Tang Dynasty were keen on fame and fortune, eager to show their talents and ambitions. It has become a new way for literati to make contributions to the country by military frontier fortress, and they also yearn for the novel frontier fortress life and frontier fortress scenery. The battle poems of the previous generation, the theme of seeking husbands and thinking about women, and the creation of frontier poems in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties all provided creative reference for the rise of frontier poems in Tang Dynasty.
2. The representative writers of the frontier poetry school in the prosperous Tang Dynasty are Gao Shi and Cen Can, as well as many writers such as Wang Changling, Li Qi, Wang Zhihuan, Cui Hao and William Wang. The contents of frontier fortress poems mainly include: reflecting the hardships of frontier fortress war life and various experiences of military life, as well as the parting feelings of recruiting people and thinking about women; Express great ambition to contribute to the country and dissatisfaction with reality; Describe frontier fortress scenery and exotic customs. The artistic characteristics of frontier fortress poems are: bold and unconstrained style, generous and sad, and broad and magnificent realm. Excellent frontier poems are mostly Yuefu songs and five-character and seven-character quatrains. Frontier poems are based on the development of theme and the creation of artistic conception.
Second, high fitness.
1. Among Gao Shi's poems, frontier fortress poems have the highest achievements. His poems mainly express his experience and thinking about the frontier fortress military life, and his pursuit of the frontier fortress ideal. His masterpiece Ge Yanxing.
2. Gao Shi is good at seven-character songs and five-character ancient poems. His style is majestic and solemn, simple and vigorous. Yin Kun commented: "Poetry is full of heartfelt words and vitality, so both the ruling and opposition parties like its writing." (He Yue Ying and Ji Ling). His songs and ancient poems are influenced not only by Yuefu and literati poems in Han and Wei dynasties, but also by modern poems, which are tactfully smooth and pay attention to the duality of rhythm.
Third, Cen Can.
1. Cen Can's frontier poems are not only numerous, but also rich in content.
2. Cen Can's poetry style is lively and unrestrained, magnificent and elegant. Yin Kun said that his "language is strange and elegant, and his meaning is also strange" (He Yue Ying and Ji Ling). Wang Shizhen and Cen, who are relatively tall, said in their poetic style: "The height is solemn and solemn, and Cen is elegant and steep." Cen Can's poems are full of romanticism because of his peculiar artistic imagination, brilliant colors and exaggerated figurative expressions. Cen Can has a good system in all aspects, especially in writing seven-character poems.
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Meng Haoran: A gift from Dongting Lake to Prime Minister Zhang, * passing by the old people's village, * Chunxiao; Wang Wei: Peasant House in Weishui, Autumn Night in the Mountains, Hunting in Zhongnanshan, Frontier Ambassadors, Bird Watching Creek, Chai Lu, Zhu Li Ting and Two Ambassadors in Anxi.
Gao Shi: Xing, from fengqiu county; * Bai Xuege bid farewell to Wu Gui, the satrap, and bid farewell to Feng, the general of the Western Expedition, to welcome the Beijing envoy; Wang Zhihuan: * Denghe Quelou, * Liangzhou Ci; Li Wei: an ancient battle song; Wang Changling: Joining the army (up and down) and the levee will always be in my heart.
Chapter IV Li Bai
Section 1 Li Bai's life and thoughts
First of all, understand Li Bai's life and thoughts.
The second section is the ideological content of Li Bai's poems.
Grasp the ideological content of Li Bai's poems;
1. Express one's ideal ambition and desire to make contributions, as well as frustration and resentment that it is difficult to realize one's ideal and desire. Such as Fu Liangyin and Antique (the tenth song).
Second, care about realistic politics, criticize the difficult situation and darkness of reality, as well as love for the people and concern for the sufferings of people's livelihood.
Third, enthusiasm eulogizes nature and places feelings on nature. Li Bai likes traveling and being close to nature all his life, so he wrote a lot of landscape poems. Such as Meng Haoran's Farewell on the Way to Yangzhou, Looking at Lushan Waterfall, Looking at Tianmen Mountain, and Making Baidicheng Early all reflect the poet's aesthetic interest and emotional sustenance for nature.
Section III Artistic Achievements of Li Bai's Poems
Pay attention to the artistic achievements of Li Bai's poems;
First, Li Bai's poetic style is magnificent and elegant, and his true feelings are natural. The main and multi-dimensional presentation. He inherited Zhuang Sao's romantic spirit and creatively used romantic artistic techniques with his personal artistic genius, making the content and form of poetry perfect. He opposes ornateness and decoration, and advocates a fresh, natural, simple and true poetic style. His quatrains are fresh and meaningful, lively and natural, with elegant lines, smooth and natural, which can be described as "clear water produces hibiscus, naturally carved" ("Give Wei Taishou a good slaughter").
Secondly, although Li Bai's poems and songs are full of profound experience of real life, they emphasize the expression of inner feelings in artistic expression, so his poems are full of feelings, frank and bold, and have distinctive personality characteristics. No matter what the theme is, his poems are full of subjective lyricism, which fully shows the poet's life feelings, likes and dislikes, and makes us always aware of the existence of the poet's self-lyrical image.
Thirdly, Li Bai's poems are good at using rich and bizarre imagination to create colorful artistic images and entrust the poet's emotional implication and spiritual realm. Poets often combine imagination with metaphor, exaggeration, symbol and personification, and skillfully integrate reality and ideal, man and fantasy, nature and personnel into articles to create a magnificent and magical artistic realm.
Fourthly, Li Bai can master a variety of poetic styles by himself, especially Yuefu songs and ancient poems with five or seven words, and his achievements in quatrains are also quite outstanding, especially the works with seven words are the best.
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Antique (cart blowing dust), difficult to walk in the middle of Shu, Wu Qiqu, Yao Juncheng drinking, difficult to walk (pure wine fee, for a golden cup, 10,000 coppers and a hip flask), traveling far (my hair barely covers my forehead), Qu (Tianshan Five In the snow), Ju, Jingyesi, Qiu Puge (.
Chapter V Du Fu
The first section Du Fu's life and thoughts
First, understand Du Fu's life and thoughts.
The second section is the ideological content of Du Fu's poems.
Grasp the ideological content of Du Fu's poems;
1. Du Fu's poems combine his personal experience with the fate of the country and the sufferings of people's livelihood, expressing his thoughts, feelings and patriotic spirit of worrying about the country and the people. For example, I went to Fengxian from Beijing to recite 500 sentences, such as Spring Hope, Northern Expedition, Qiang Village, the banks of the Yellow River were recovered by the imperial army, and the huts were broken by the autumn wind.
Secondly, Du Fu's poems profoundly reflect social contradictions, expose and criticize the rulers' policies and their extravagant, extravagant and tyrannical behaviors, and also reflect all kinds of disasters and pains brought about by war, military service and corvee, showing a profound realistic critical spirit. For example, the second supply road, military vehicle shop, washing horses, thatched cottage, three officials, three farewells and so on.
Thirdly, Du Fu's poems also contain the contents of expressing his feelings, writing scenery and singing things, thinking about relatives and friends, singing history and painting when he was at the scene. Such as Climbing the Yueyang Tower, Full of Autumn, Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, Moonlit Night, Shuxiang, Song of Wang Zaijing, etc.
Section III Artistic Achievements of Du Fu's Poems
The artistic achievements of Du Fu's poems;
1. Du Fu's poetic style is mainly gloomy, bold and sad, but also fresh, elegant, natural and peaceful, beautiful and elegant. Du Fu's ups and downs in life, the historical background of the ups and downs of the times, his thoughts and feelings of worrying about the country and the people and his personal personality spirit determine the main style of his poetry style. The appearance of other styles is often caused by different moods and emotions at present.
Secondly, the most basic artistic feature of Du Fu's poems is a high degree of realism. Du Shi is good at observing real life, extracting typical materials from life and reflecting the essence of real life with highly summarized artistic techniques. Du is good at infiltrating his own subjective feelings and ideological tendencies in the description of objective real life, and often combines narration, description, discussion and lyric. Du Fu's narrative poems often show real life in detail with true, delicate, accurate and vivid details.
Thirdly, the language of Du Fu's poems is rigorous, concise and colorful. As he said, "There is nothing surprising about human nature" ("Talking about the value of rivers and waters like the sea"), Du Fu paid great attention to tempering words, which enhanced the language connotation and expressive force of poetry. The language of Du Fu's poems is not only refined, profound and cautionary, but also popular, natural, fresh and beautiful.
Fourthly, Du Fu's poetry creation is well-prepared, and each style has famous works, which can be described as a combination of the achievements of predecessors in the application of poetry genre, and has promoted the construction and development of poetry genre with his creative practice. Du Fu's Yuefu Poems "Famous Poems, Nothing to Rely on" directly inspired the New Yuefu Movement in the Middle Tang Dynasty. Du Fu wrote a profound masterpiece in the form of ancient poems. Du Fu wrote the most metrical poems, with the highest achievements, especially the Seven Rhymes, which have been used quite skillfully in his hands.
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Wang Yue, chariot and air, two roads, love 500 words from Beijing to Fengxian, moonlight night, spring hope, Qiang village, Northern Expedition, stone corrupt official, newly married, "Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night", seven poems looking for flowers alone by the river (choose two.
Chapter VI Poetry in the Middle Tang Dynasty
Section 1 Poetry in Early Tang Dynasty
First of all, master the poetry creation of Liu Changqing and Wei.
Liu Changqing and Wei are both poets who are famous for their landscape poems, and their style of landscape poems is similar to that of Wang Wei and Meng Haoran.
1. Most of Liu Changqing's poems express his resentment and feelings for mountains and rivers. Liu Changqing has also written some frontier poems, and there are a few works that reflect the reality and feel confused, but the highest achievement of his poems is landscape poems. For example, Master Furong Mountain in the Snow, Jiangyue and Yugan Hotel are all famous works. His poems are always permeated with loneliness, indifference, sadness and depression, and images such as "lonely city", "lonely boat", "lonely bird", "returning bird", "autumn wind" and "sunset" are often used in his poems. His poems are elegant in style, both in form and spirit, clean in language, long in artistic conception, and close to Wang Wei and Meng Haoran in rhyme and emotion. Liu Changqing is good at close body, especially the five methods and five unique skills. It was once known as the "Great Wall of Five Words".
2. Wei wrote some high-spirited and high-spirited works in his early years, which have the charm of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. In the later period, there were also poems that paid attention to reality, reflected the sufferings of people's livelihood and criticized the current politics, but the highest achievement of his poems was the pastoral poems. This kind of poem is elegant in style and leisurely in taste. "Simple but elegant, indifferent in taste" (Su Shi's After Shu Huang Zi Si's Poems) was influenced by Tao Yuanming, Xie Da and Wang Meng. For example, the pastoral poem Gardener, the landscape poem Xixi Chuzhou and Poem for Taoist in Chuanjiao Mountain all reflect this artistic style. His five-character poems are the best, and Bai Juyi once commented: "His five-character poems are elegant, leisurely and unique." ("Nine Books of Imperial Garden")
Second, understand and master the poetry creation of "Ten Talents in Dali Period" and Li Yi.
1. Most of the poems of "Ten Talented Persons in Dali" are composed of singing and giving him poems. Most of them are about praising Shengping, chanting mountains and rivers, and praising seclusion. There are also some poems about frontier fortress. Their poems have a consistent feature, that is, from the vigorous and bold poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty to the exquisite and beautiful. The style of poetry is elegant and profound, and the artistic conception is quiet. Liu Xizai said that "Wang, Meng and Dali are all elegant" (A Brief Introduction to Poetry). However, his poems pay too much attention to skills and forms, without the rich flavor of the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
2. Li Yi is the most famous frontier poet in the middle and early Tang Dynasty. His poems are influenced by the weather in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and also have the sad mood of the times. His poetic style is generous and sad. Amin poet Hu Zhenheng said that his "joining the army poem" was solemn and stirring, and the music was sung by musicians. It is sad to recite it so far "("Tang Yin Gui Qian "Volume 7). His poems, such as Listening to the Flute at Night on the Wall of the Country, Joining the Army in the North and Listening to Liangzhou Opera at Night in Xicheng, are all famous. His poems are all excellent, especially the seven-character quatrains. Hu Yinglin of Amin Dynasty said, "In the new century, propriety is the first priority. For example, going to the west at night, joining the army, the Northern Expedition, surrendering, and smelling the flute in spring night can all be compared with Taibai and Longbiao, and there is nothing in the middle Tang Dynasty. " ("Poetry Internal Compilation" Volume 6)
Section 2 Han Meng School of Poetry
First, Han Yu
1. Grasp the ideological content of Han Yu's poems
There are many poems in Han Yu's poems that reflect real social problems, express personal frustration and express grief and indignation. Han Yu is a writer who is very concerned about reality. He has written some poems that reflect the sufferings of people's livelihood and criticize real politics, such as Bianzhou Rebellion and Guipengcheng, which reflect the sufferings caused by natural and man-made disasters. Poems thanking nature, poems bidding farewell to gods, Huashan daughters, etc. Criticize the Buddha and be superstitious and harm the country and the people. Han Yu's character is upright and upright, and he has been demoted several times. He also advocates "either right or wrong". Therefore, many of his poems have expressed grievances and injustices, such as "Moving the Orchid to the Left as a Grandnephew" and "Mid-Autumn Festival as a Second Official". Han Yu also has some poems describing landscapes, such as Rocks, Chun Xue and Late Rain.
2. Focus on the artistic achievements of Han Yu's poems.
(1) Han Yu's poetry combines Li Bai's magnificent and fantastic poetic style with Du Fu's profound poetic style, which is characterized by "endless surprises" and forms a bold, magnificent and strange main poetic style. The pursuit of novelty and magnificence is the basic feature of his poetic aesthetics, which leads to danger and absurdity.
(2) His poems are magnificent, magnificent, with grand brushwork and broad artistic conception. Strange imagination and exaggeration are often used to create strange and confusing images. The prominent features of Korean poetry language are tough words, vigorous and powerful words, and appropriate and smooth words, but they are not the main ones.
(3) His poems also tend to be "prose-based poems", some of which are written in detail with the help of Han Fu, some abandon single sentences, some talk more, and some use prose narrative techniques.
Second, Meng Jiao and Jia Dao
1. Meng Jiao
(1) the ideological content of Meng Jiao's poems;
Meng Jiao's official career is bumpy and his family is poor, so some poems can reflect the life of the bottom people and are full of sympathy for people's poverty, such as Poems for Poor Women and Folk Songs for People in Cold Regions. More poems attack the apathy of the world and express their poverty and resentment, such as Fifteen Poems of Autumn and Poems of Bitter Cold. In addition, there are some poems describing kinship, such as Ode to a Wanderer and Making Love.
(2) The artistic features of Meng Jiao's poems:
Meng Jiao's poems are lonely, cold, desolate and bitter in the ups and downs. Su Shi's comments on his poetic style in The Biography of Meng Jiao in the New Tang Dynasty are "thin in an isolated island" (a poem commemorating a willow tree) and "puzzling over strange thoughts". Meng Jiao's poetry creation is famous for his bitter songs. He attaches great importance to the tempering of words and the novelty of ideas. His writing is refined and refined, and his artistic conception is quiet and steep. His poems are good at describing scenery, but most of them are lyrical by borrowing scenery. Scenery has a strong emotional color, and cold scenery and cold things are used to express the sad mood.
2. Jia Dao
The theme of Jia Dao's poems is relatively narrow, and he writes more about his lonely life and feelings, as well as his contacts with friends. I often use cold and desolate scenes to express my lonely and sad mood. Jia Dao's poems are famous for their five laws. They show high artistic skills in describing objects and expressing emotions, and their artistic conception is beautiful. The most famous in art are bitter songs and careful choice of words.
Section 3 Liu Yuxi and Liu Zongyuan
I. Liu Yuxi
1. The ideological content of Liu Yuxi's poems
(1) Political satirical poems, such as "Show a Gentleman", "Visit Du Xuanguan again" and "Gathering Mosquitoes". , or satirize birds or send love grass; It embodies the irony and contempt for powerful traitors, as well as their firm belief and spirit.
(2) Write historical and nostalgic poems, such as Old Times in West Fort, Nostalgia in Jinling, Wuyi Lane, etc. In the process of feeling the rise and fall of history, express the sadness of life and thinking about history.
(3) Learn the creation of folk songs, such as "Zhi Zhu Ci", "Treading Songs" and "Climbing the Embankment". , or remember local customs, or write about work and life, or write about the relationship between men and women. This kind of poetry is the poet's works during his exile in Bashan and Chushui.
2. The artistic achievements of Liu Yuxi's poems
(1) Liu Yuxi's poems reveal bold and handsome colors in sadness and depression. The language is concise, bright and handsome, full of tension and vigorous momentum of philosophical and artistic expression.
(2) Liu Yuxi's poems make good use of them rather than rely on them. His political satirical poems mostly use the technique of arousing satire, and they are often placed in the distance. The description of scenery often contains philosophy of life and deep feelings, and his poems have the characteristics contained in vigorous and powerful release.
(3) Liu Yuxi's folk songs are characterized by beautiful artistic conception, euphemistic feelings, beautiful language and harmonious phonology. They are both simple and natural folk songs and delicate literati.
Second, Liu Zongyuan.
1. The ideological content of Liu Zongyuan's poems
(1) works that pay attention to and reflect reality. For example, Tian Jia, Wei Daoan, and Cage Eagle Ci. These poems are realistic and reflect the poet's thoughts and feelings of "helping the world" and "peace and security".
(2) works expressing grief and indignation. Such as "Going to Liuzhou Tower to Send Zhang Tingfeng to Four States" and "Difficult to Walk". Most of these poems are written after being demoted, expressing the depressed mood of being demoted.
(3) Landscape poetry. For example, Nanxi Topic, Jiang Xue and Fisherman are all excellent works. This kind of poetry expresses feelings for mountains and rivers, and expresses indifferent feelings in sorrow.
2. The artistic achievements of Liu Zongyuan's poems
(1) Liu Zongyuan's poems have both deep worries and indifferent feelings, forming a unique poetic style: sad and heavy, indifferent and simple.
(2) Liu Zongyuan's poems are good at describing scenery and expressing emotion, and often express melancholy feelings with bleak scenery. Images of cool colors are often used, and directly expressed words often appear, creating a sad artistic conception in which the material environment and family bring out the best in each other. His poems often use the method of comparing happiness with tranquility.
(3) His landscape poems are unique, although they are also stained with bitterness, but they still show a fresh and natural artistic style, indifferent and elegant, ingenious in conception, simple in language, leisurely in emotion and broad in artistic conception.
Section 4 Li He
First, the ideological content of Li He's poems
1. Poems that criticize and satirize reality and care about people's livelihood, such as Glorious Song, Roaring Tiger, Army Song of General Lu, and Old Lady's.
2. Poems that express ambition, the desire to make contributions, and the anguish and indignation with lofty aspirations, such as Nanyuan (the fifth of thirteen poems), Qin Guanglu's Northern Expedition, and Yanmen Taishouxing.
3. Poems describing the pain and shortness of life and venting anger and complaints, such as Qiu Lai, elegy, Haug, etc.
Second, the artistic achievements of Li He's poems
1. Li He's poems inherited the romantic art of Chu Ci and Li Bai's poems, and were influenced by Yuefu folk songs, creating a magical and weird artistic situation. The most striking artistic features of Li He's poems are profound Leng Yan, strangeness and grotesque.
2. Li He's poems create many strange images with strange imagination. Wonderful fairy world, horrible ghost image and all kinds of strange images are all included in the poem, expressing his spiritual world in the bizarre artistic realm.
3. Li He's poems are also distinctive in conception and structure. His poetry is based on imagination and associative thinking, which transcends the logic of reality, so the transfer of time and space, the transformation of composition and the combination of images are unpredictable.
4. Li He attaches great importance to the use of emotional color and image color of words, and Leng Yan's sad color reflects his grotesque aesthetic orientation and artistic pursuit. His poems are also good at using metaphor, symbol, exaggeration, rendering and personification.
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Liu Changqing: the owner of Furong Mountain in the snow; W: In Chuzhou, Xixi; Li Yi: On Night Crying on Shouxiang Wall. Meng Jiao: Wandering, Traveling South Mountain; Han Yu: Sacrifice the Moon Rock to divide the official posts and move to the left to visit the customs to show his grandnephew's item; Liu Zongyuan: climb Liuzhou Tower and send Zhang Tingfeng to Sizhou, fisherman, Jiang Xue; Liu Yuxi: Zhi Zhu Ci (willow green Jiang Shuiping, peach blossom full of red flowers), Thoughts on the Old Times of Xibao Mountain, the First Banquet in Yangzhou, Wuyi Lane and Autumn Ci; Li He: Li Ping's quotations, Yanmen Taishouxing, daydreaming, Nanyuan (why men don't take Wu Gou), the golden bronze immortal Han Fu, the old lady picking jade songs, and liquor.