Zhuge Liang's personality: "Zhuge Liang is also concerned with the country, comforting the people, showing manners, making appointments, obeying the power system, being sincere and fair; Although those who are loyal to the times will be rewarded, those who violate the law and neglect will be punished, those who plead guilty and lose their feelings will be released, and those who are eloquent will be slaughtered. Good without reward, evil without fiber without degradation; Ordinary things are concise, physics is the foundation, fame and responsibility are real, hypocrisy is contemptuous; Finally, within the territory of the state, those who are afraid and love it, although the criminal politics are harsh and have no complaints, admonish Ming with their intentions. "
Zhuge Liang's descendants: first from his brother Zhu Gejin, and second son Zhuge Qiao, who died at the age of 25; Parent-child Zhuge Zhan word Philip Burkart (Zhuge Liang's eldest son-magnanimous). "Jing Yao ... in the winter of six years, Wei Zheng's western general Deng Ai attacked Shu ... and sent a book to lure him:" If you surrender, you will be regarded as an evil king. " Look at the anger and cut the ai ambassador. Then the war, defeat, Chen died, at the age of 37. ... looking forward to the eldest son and not looking forward to it. The second son, Jing Jipan (Zhuge Pan is the son of Zhuge Liang's son Zhuge Qiao-magnanimous and tolerant), Zi Xian, etc., moved to Hedong in the first year of Xianxi ... Beijing to Jiangzhou Secretariat ";
Zhuge Liang's wife's name: "Xiangyang recorded: Huang Chengyan, Gao Shuang listed, was a famous person in Miannan, and Zhu Gekongming said:" I heard you choose a wife; There are ugly women with yellow heads and black heads, but they are worthy of matching. " Kongming Xu, that is, send it. " Therefore, Zhuge Liang's wife's surname is Huang, but her name is unknown. The so-called "Huang Yueying" is a folk legend and has no official history;
Zhuge Liang's political talent: "(Liu) Be prepared to lose power and be outnumbered, and there is no place to stand. (Zhuge) At the age of twenty-seven, when he was bright, he made a wonderful plan and made Sun Quan a personal envoy to ask for help from the Wu Hui. Right ... that is, sending 3 thousand troops to help prepare. Be prepared to fight with Emperor Wudi, break his army, win victory and win victory, and the south of the Yangtze River will be flat. Reserve and take profit from the west. Yizhou has decided, ... to worship Liang as the prime minister ... and to prepare for it, and the heirs are young and weak, regardless of the details, and the light is all specialized. Therefore, Dongwu is connected with the outside world, and South Vietnam is in the inner peace. Legislation is applied, and the military brigade is organized. The skills of machinery and equipment are extremely thorough, and science and education are strict. Rewards and punishments must be believed, and there is no evil and no punishment. As for the officials, they are not allowed to be raped, and people are self-satisfied, and they are not left behind. The strong does not invade the weak, and the weathering is awesome. "
(The above quotations are all from Chen Shou's Biography of the Three Kingdoms * Zhuge Liang. )
Zhuge Liang's military ability-this is the most controversial issue. In fact, there is no need to argue about this issue. In authoritative dictionaries such as Ci Hai and Encyclopedia Britannica, there are only two people who mention the great "home" in the Three Kingdoms period: one is Cao Cao, a politician, strategist, writer (or poet), and the other is Zhuge Liang, a politician and strategist. So, why is there an argument? This is because subverting history has become the characteristic of historians and their fans today-many historical figures have been evaluated for hundreds of years or even thousands of years. If you don't subvert history and disagree with traditional historical evaluation, how can you make a blockbuster and attract attention? Therefore, I must find some benefits for historical figures who can't speak well in the past (such as Emperor Yangdi, Qin Gui and Li Hongzhang); I must also find something wrong with the historical figures who were agreed in the past (such as Yue Fei and Zhuge Liang). As a result, historians are no longer the yamen of Qingshui, and historians can still become people who get rich first. However, can history really be subverted at will?
If the military food is not ripe, it will not be hungry; Arms will not be cold before they happen; If the military curtain is not applied, you will not be sleepy. The words "Don't fan in summer, don't cover the rain, and be with others" have been regarded as the motto of military commanders in past dynasties (including knowledgeable leaders in other industries);
Secondly, Zhuge Liang was the best military inventor in the Three Kingdoms period. He deduced the eight-array diagram, which made China's traditional military array method reach its peak. He invented the wooden ox and flowing horse, which was the most advanced means of transportation for military logistics supply at that time; He was the most lethal long-range weapon at that time, and his inventions were also unmatched at that time.
of course, in such a war-torn era of changing dynasties, whether you are a strategist or not depends mainly on his military practice, that is, whether you have had experience in fighting with all the soldiers and his record. Speaking of this, I can't help but make a comment first:
Since Professor Yi Zhongtian of Xiamen University, who is very close to Cao Cao (in fact, this so-called "pro" is not necessarily true, and its purpose is nothing more than pretending to be amazing in order to attract attention), Jia Xu and Guo Jia have been boasted wildly in CCTV-1 "Lecture Room", and their so-called military talents have been easily powdered by many people. I don't deny that they are indeed important advisers of Cao Wei Group, and they have plotted strategies of great significance for Cao Cao on many key occasions and key issues. However, it is not strange that there are no universally recognized military theoretical writings like Sun Wu, and no people who have commanded the army and personally commanded the war on the battlefield, they have become "military wizards". Tian Feng, Ju Shou and even Chen Gong under Lu Bu in Yuan Shao's camp made accurate and good analysis and suggestions for their owners, but Yuan Shao and Lu Bu were not wise leaders, so the talents of these advisers were ignored by future generations. In fact, apart from failing to choose a wise Lord, they are worse than Jia Xu and Guo Jia! Guo Jia did give Cao Cao a lot of good ideas, but not every victory of Cao Cao originated from Guo Jia's stratagem: for example, in the battle of Guandu, when he was locked in a stalemate with Yuan Shao, Cao Cao had the intention to retreat, and Xun Yu, not Guo Jia, stopped him. What's more, even if Guo Jia was here, Cao Cao was not defeated. For example, Puyang was defeated by Lu Bu, Wancheng was defeated by Zhang Xiu, and Liu Biao, Zhang Xiu and Jia Xu were recruited. Why did Yi Zhongtian turn a blind eye to this? Jia Xu, too, Cao Cao levied Wancheng to break Zhang Xiu, and Jia Xu had no choice but to surrender. After Zhang Xiu rebelled against Cao Cao, he attached himself to Liu Biao. Cao Cao went to the army and broke it. Jia Xu was also helpless. Cao Cao withdrew his troops because of Yuan Shao's attack on many capitals. At this time, Jia Xu's inspiration came, which led to "Jia Wenhe expected the enemy to win the battle" (in this regard, the description in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms is basically the same as that in The History of the Three Kingdoms). Why did Yi Zhongtian only mention the "expected enemy victory" behind him but avoid talking about what he could do in front of him? Guo Jia or Jia Xu, if they have an idea, they can make suggestions to Cao Cao. If they have no idea, they can keep their mouths shut and have others to make suggestions. Besides, Cao Cao himself is also resourceful. Zhuge Liang is different. Liu Bei has to ask Zhuge Liang about all the big things and small feelings, while Zhuge Liang has to give everything he wants. Is it not clear at a glance which is better or worse? Ma Su's advice to Zhuge Liang was always accurate. If he didn't guard the street kiosks later, could he also be called "a natural military wizard whose military ability surpassed Zhuge Liang"? If you can count as a military wizard only by giving advice on paper, then Zhao Kuo can be called "the first military wizard in the world". Zhang Liang, one of three outstanding heroes of early han dynasty, has not been called a strategist, nor has anyone called him a "military wizard". Jia and Guo are called "military wizards", which is really a "military anecdote". In The True Story of the Three Kingdoms * Pang Tong, Chen Shou said: "Wei Chen, who is in charge of Xun Yu, is in the right course, and Guo Zhi is evil?" -Pang Tong is neck and neck with Xun Yu (called "my ovary" by Cao Cao), and Fa Zheng is equal to Cheng Yu and Guo Jia-even Pang Tong and Xun Yu are above Guo Jia, not to mention Jia Xu.
In order to "compete" with Zhuge Liang, some people even talked about Zhou Yu and Sima Yi. However, did they "compete"?
Zhou Yu, at the very least, fought the tough battle of "Battle of Red Cliffs", still at his own "home court". Even Battle of Red Cliffs didn't fight alone: "The right … is to send Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu, Lu Su and other 3, water troops, to show their respect to the late Lord (Liu Bei) and to reject Tsao Gong. Tso Gong was defeated in Chibi ... "-Biography of the Three Kingdoms * Zhuge Liang; "Quan Sui sent Yu, Cheng Pu, etc. and (Liu) to prepare for the rebellion against Tsao Gong. When it came to Chibi ... the army retreated and also protected Nanjun. Prepare for * * * chasing after Yu and others ")-"The History of the Three Kingdoms * Zhou Yuchuan ". No matter from which information, Battle of Red Cliffs was not played by Zhou Yu alone. Zhou Yu's contribution is indeed great, but it can't be all on his head;
as for Sima yi's comparison with Zhuge Liang, let's see how Zhang Yan, a neutral personage from Wu outside Shu, Wei and Jin, evaluates it-"Pei Songzhi's Notes on the Three Kingdoms * Biography of Zhuge Liang": "Wu Dahong, Zhang Yan, wrote a book on Liang and Sima Xuanwang, saying: ... Wei's family crossed the middle earth, Liu's family lived in Yizhou, and he was called a soldier in the sea. Zhuge and Sima were both honored by the international society, entrusted with the knowledge of the Lord, or received credit for Shu Han, or registered in Iraq and Luo. Pi, equipment is not, heirs inherit the system, and each is appointed by Bao A, assisting the young master, and living up to his promise, he is also the minister of a country and the sage of the overlord. Looking at the recent events through past lives, the advantages and disadvantages of the two phases can be obtained and detailed.
Kongming started from the land of Ba and Shu, and lived in the land of one state, and became a big country of the square. One ninth of his soldiers and people were covered, and he used tribute to the great Wu to resist the enemy in the north, so that the farming and fighting were well-organized, and the criminal law was neat, with tens of thousands of soldiers marching and driving Qishan, and he had the ambition of drinking the horse river and Luo.
Zhong Da is ten times the size of the world, fighting against the annexed people, holding the city firmly, holding the elite, and having no intention of being enemies, it only takes care of itself, making it clear that he will come and go. If this man does not die, he will carry on his will, think for years, and make plans every day, then he will be cold and harmonious, and China will not release his saddle, and the victory and defeat will be decided. "
"Today's talents in Zhong Da are less than those in Kongming"-this is an objective evaluation!
Next, let's get down to business and talk about Zhuge Liang's military practice and achievements. On Wen Tao's military strategy, Cao Cao was second to none in the Three Kingdoms period, but after Zhuge Liang came out to assist Liu Bei, Cao Cao didn't get any cheaper. And Liu Beize, assisted by Zhuge Liang, changed from the original "I am poor at fighting, and every battle is defeated, and I am overwhelmed with death" ("Pei Songzhi's Notes on the History of the Three Kingdoms") to invincible. Kong Ming not only helped Liu Bei to "take Jingzhou first and then Sichuan" under the situation that the world has been basically divided up, but also realized the prophecy in Longzhong Dui. Even a scholar led thousands of troops to help Dongwu Red Cliff break Cao, take Chengdu directly from Jingzhou, and make Cao Wei, a powerful northern expedition, panic all day long. Moreover, his opponents are very strong. Needless to say, Cao Wei Group is Liu Zhang, the profit, who has lived in Sichuan and Sichuan for a long time, and has been a local strongman for several generations. It is also a terrain that is easy to defend and difficult to attack, and Zhuge Liang can still help Liu Bei win the battle (taking Sichuan, Sichuan and Pang Tong as meritorious deeds, but he died prematurely). It was Zhuge Liang who finally solved the problem. Is this what "average military ability" can do! During the Three Kingdoms period, no one, including Cao Cao, could surpass Zhuge Liang's times of leading troops to fight. If his military talents were not good, how could Liu Bei and Liu Chan make him the most commander-in-chief of the army for a long time? The class was over long ago!
Some people (including Yi Zhongtian, who is now on fire) deny Zhuge Liang's military talent according to a sentence in Chen Shou's "The History of the Three Kingdoms", which is really absurd. If you don't say this, as a courtier in the Western Jin Dynasty, you can understand that he will leave his master, Xuan Di Sima Yi, in where? Even so, he had to praise Zhuge Liang through Sima Yi's mouth: "The History of the Three Kingdoms * Biography of Zhuge Liang": "Bright ... pawn .... When the army retired, Xuanwang (Sima Yi) carried out his camp and said,' What a genius in the world!' "Isn't this praising Zhuge Liang's military talents but his political and diplomatic talents?
Some people always say that this victory was won by Liu Bei and that victory was won by Liu Bei, but why don't you think about it? Before you got Kong Ming, Liu Beidong was like a lost dog. After winning Kongming, he was invincible, and he went from one victory to another. Is it because he suddenly opened his head after winning Kongming and had nothing to do with Kongming?
For example, some people say that it was Liu Beigan who set fire to Bo Wang. It had nothing to do with Zhuge Liang, because Zhuge Liang had not yet emerged from the mountain. Is this really the case? Pei Songzhi's Notes on the History of the Three Kingdoms: "Liu Bei was defeated in Jian 'an for thirteen years, sent Liang to make Wu, and Liang to build prosperity for five years to resist the Northern Expedition. It has been twenty years since he was overthrown. However, the beginning and the light met, one year before the defeat. "That is to say, Zhuge Liang came out of the mountain in the twelfth year of Jian 'an. And "In the 12th year of Jian 'an, Cao Gong went north to levy black pills" (ditto), and Xiahou Dun and Yu Ban were defeated by Bo Wang after Cao Cao went north to levy black pills. How can we say for sure that Zhuge Liang had nothing to do with burning Bo Wang?
Let's see how the world commented on Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang: "Pei Songzhi's Notes on the History of the Three Kingdoms * Biography of the Ancients": "At the beginning, Liu Bei attacked Shu, and the Prime Minister slapped Zhao Jian and said,' Is Liu Bei useless? If you are poor at fighting, you will be defeated in every battle, and you will be overwhelmed by death. Why do you want people? " Fu gan, a scholar, said,' Liu Bei is generous and can win people's strength. Zhuge Liangda knows how to change, is right and has a plan, and works for it; Zhang Fei and Guan Yu are brave and righteous, and they are all enemies of ten thousand people. What is bad for them? " "A" poor at fighting, every battle is defeated, rushing to death "people, actually eventually become one of the three pillars, without Zhuge Liang's" conspiracy ",which is so!
As early as in Longzhong Dui, Zhuge Liang said: "... if there are advantages and benefits across the river, keep its rock resistance, conquer the west and the south, make good connections with Sun Quan outside, and repair politics inside; If the world changes, a general will be ordered to take Jingzhou's army to Wan and Luo, and the generals will lead Yizhou's people from Qinchuan. Who dares not to eat the kettle pulp to meet the generals? "
Then, why did he rush to attack Cao Wei before "the world changed"? Some people say that it is Zhuge Liang who relies on himself to be militaristic. But the problem can't be seen this way:
After Liu Bei's death, Liu Chan succeeded to the throne. It is well known that this is a fatuous emperor. With Zhuge Liang around, Liu Shu can protect himself, but once Zhuge Liang dies, Liu Shu will inevitably become something in the mouth of others (or Cao Wei, or Sun Wu), which is also well known in the world. Therefore, Zhuge Liang must complete the great cause of reunification while he is alive, even if he is unable to do so. The so-called "I do my best to die; As for failure and bluntness, it is beyond the knowledge of the minister. " (Zhuge Liang's "After the Teacher").
knowing this, it won't be surprising that Zhuge Liang frequently conquered the most powerful Cao Wei with the weakest Liu Shu. However, the weak Shu Han failed to complete the great cause of reunification after all. In this regard, Chen Shou, the author of the History of the Three Kingdoms, believes that "there is a destiny to return to, and there is no intellectual struggle." It should be said that this view is more accurate. However, some people criticize Zhuge Liang's military talents for this. Such people are really shallow!
Napoleon was defeated in the French-Russian war first, and the final battle of Waterloo made him powerless, but no one in the world denied his status as a strategist.
Throughout Cao Cao's life, although many advisers gave him advice, he also suffered many defeats, especially after the defeat of Yuan Shao and the capture of Jingzhou, and his strength was the best in the world. Nevertheless, he suffered a fiasco in Chibi, and later he lost to Xia Houyuan, a general, and lost to Liu Bei in the battle to conquer Hanzhong. But no one denied Cao Cao's status as a strategist;
Zhuge Liang, relying entirely on his own personal wisdom, commanded thousands of troops to make expeditions to the west, and more often, he relied on the weak to strengthen the enemy.