Color overprint 194 1 year, a diamond sutra from Yuan Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1340) was found in China. This diamond sutra is overprinted in two colors. This is the earliest known color overprint woodcut. It is 117 years earlier than the first "Metz Color Poetry" in Europe.
Wooden type wheel typesetting plate Wang Zhenfa, a scientist in Yuan Dynasty, made clear the type wheel typesetting plate, and movable type printing developed rapidly. And 1298 "Jingde County Records" was printed with wooden movable type; His "Making Movable Type Printing Calligraphy" (attached at the end of the book "Agricultural Books") is the earliest scientific and technological document that systematically describes movable type typesetting and printing. Previously, long typesetting time has been one of the obstacles to the promotion of movable type printing.
This Wang Zhen also wrote "agricultural books". This is an encyclopedia of plants and agriculture. The whole book is about 1.3 million words and more than 300 pictures. The full text is divided into three parts: Nong Sang Tong Ji, Gu Bai Pu and Nong Qi Tu. "Agriculture, Forestry, Animal Husbandry and Fishery Water Conservancy" includes a comprehensive exposition of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery water conservancy, and puts forward an important farming idea of "being in harmony with time, place and people". Baigupu introduced the varieties, characteristics, cultivation, planting, harvesting, storage and utilization of various crops. In particular, Wang Zhen classified crops into six categories: grain, vegetable, fruit and miscellaneous, scientifically classified species and described plant characteristics. Not only had there never been a book before, but it was not until the west18th century that Linnaeus conceived the principle of defining biological genera and species. Atlas of Agricultural Machinery is the key part of agricultural books, which introduces in detail 257 kinds of agricultural machinery in 20 categories, such as field system, granary, boat and car, irrigation, sericulture, fiber weaving and hemp, with 306 illustrations, which is more valuable than all previous agricultural machinery books.
Fraker. Song Dynasty invented a "musket" made of bamboo tube. But it won't work after one or two launches. Moreover, the range is not far and it is easy to explode. The Yuan Dynasty made a large metal tubular firearm "spear". This makes the powder gun enter the practical stage.
Service calendar. Guo Shoujing, an astronomer and water conservancy expert in Yuan Dynasty. Promulgated on 1280 (seventeen years). "Shoushi Calendar" takes 365.2425 as the tropic year, and the modern determination of tropic year is 365.24 19, with a difference of only 26 seconds. At present, the Gregorian calendar, which is widely used in the world, also adopts 365.2425 days as a year, but it was promulgated in 1582, which is 300 years later than the timing calendar. The * * * calendar has been running for 364 years, and it is the most accurate and longest-used calendar in ancient China. Guo Shoujing also designed and manufactured astronomical instruments such as Jane, Yang and Guibiao, which were 300 years earlier than those of Tycho. Same? He advocated the establishment of a large-scale astronomical monitoring network nationwide on the basis of actual observation. In addition, Guo Shoujing also designed and manufactured a large-scale timing instrument-Seven Lamp Leaks (Daming Hall Lamp Leaks), which is a representative work reflecting the manufacturing technology level of ancient Chinese timing machinery.
Innovation of cotton spinning technology. Huang Daopo invented new tools for stringing, bouncing, spinning and weaving (such as stirrer, bow, three-spindle pedal spinning wheel, etc.). ), and the spinning efficiency is improved. In weaving, she used the techniques of wrong yarn, color matching and heddle to weave the famous black mud well quilt. China's cotton textiles became the main export commodities from now on, and it was not until the Western Industrial Revolution that they were defeated by the western woven fabrics.
A globe. There are seven kinds of astronomical instruments made by astronomer Zan Aladdin in Yuan Dynasty, such as multi-ring instrument, azimuth instrument, oblique weft instrument, transverse weft instrument, celestial globe, globe and image observer. These instruments were rare in the world at that time. When talking about globes, Dr. Joseph Needham, a British scientist who studies the history of science, said, "Apart from the ancient crate globe of Malos in the 2nd century BC, there is nothing like Martin? The earlier record in Behaim was 1492. " However, Zamaladdin's globe was born in 1267, compared with Matin? Behaim's record is 225 years earlier! Zamaladdin's globe is spherical, which embodies the scientific concepts and ideas of global globe. Undoubtedly, this is a brave denial of China's traditional concept that "the sky is round and the earth is round", which has far-reaching significance.
Math scores. 1280, when the mathematicians and astronomers Wang Xun and Guo Shoujing of Yuan Dynasty worked out the calendar, they not only listed the cubic interpolation formula ("calling difference method"), but also made careful calculations with the pile-based method, calling difference method, Pythagorean method and vector division method, among which the arc triangle method invented by Muslims was applied to the circle division method, and the "vector division method" was obtained. 1303, published in Philip Burkart. Its author and mathematician Zhu Shijie extended "Tianshu" to "Four Skills" (four-element high-order simultaneous equation) and put forward the solution of "elimination"; In Europe, the Frenchman Bei Zhu proposed the same solution in 1775. Another achievement of Zhu Shijie is the research on the summation of finite series, and on this basis, the interpolation formula of higher-order difference is obtained. In Europe, it was not until 1670 that Gregory and Newton in Britain put forward the general formula of interpolation. It is worth mentioning that the Ming Dynasty practiced stereotyped writing system, advocating Neo-Confucianism and despising mathematics, so China's ancient mathematics based on calculation declined.