Yao Di was named Yao and built a palace in Taiyuan today. Later generations have surnamed tang, who should be the ancestor of surnamed tang. Yu Shu was cut into the Tang Dynasty and was named Tang Shuyu. Later generations took the country as their surname and Tang as their surname. He should be the direct ancestor of surnamed tang. As the Jinci Temple is the ancestral temple for the memory and worship of Tang Shuyu, the first king of Jin Dynasty, it is also the starting ancestral temple of surnamed tang, and it can also be said that it is the general ancestral temple of the Tang Dynasty in China. Although the two places are different and have expanded for generations, they have never changed from their ancestors; Based on the development and enrichment of Tang Shuyu temple culture, it contains a variety of cultural connotations, and analyzes the memorial buildings of ancient and modern civilizations in China. She is a national key cultural relics protection unit and is also applying for world cultural heritage. She is the pride of Chinese people, especially Tang people!
In the long years, the Jinci Temple has been rebuilt and expanded many times, and its appearance is constantly changing. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Wen Xuandi and Levin overthrew the Eastern Wei Dynasty and established the Northern Qi Dynasty. During the Tianbao period (550-559 AD), Jinci was built to "build a big house and a pond". In the first year of Emperor Yangdi's reign (AD 58 1-600), a relic health care tower was built in the southwest of the temple area. In the 20th year of Zhenguan in the Tang Dynasty (AD 646), Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, went to Jinci, wrote the inscription on Jinci, and expanded it. During the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (976-983 AD), Song Taizong Zhao Guangyi built a large-scale building in Jinci. Zhao Zhen of Song Renzong established Tang Shuyu as the King of Fendong during his heyday (A.D. 1023- 1032) and built the magnificent Notre Dame Cathedral for Tang Shuyu's mother, Yijiang. China Eastern Han Mausoleum Ancestral Temple. Located at the top of Xiaotang Mountain in the south of Xiaolipu, Changqing County, Shandong Province, it is the earliest existing stone carving building in China. There are exquisite line carvings all over the stone walls and Liang Shi in the temple, which have high historical and artistic value. 196 1 year, People's Republic of China (PRC) * * * and the State Council were declared as national key cultural relics protection units. Now there is a protective compound room.
Tang Xiao Han Shi Temple was built in the early Eastern Han Dynasty. After more than two thousand years of history, the temple buildings outside the stone temple have undergone several changes, but the stone temple is still intact. It has also become the earliest existing ground building in China. As early as 196 1, it was announced by the State Council as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units. Who owns the stone niche and the tomb behind it is still a mystery.
1 architectural modeling
Guo Tombstone Temple is a ancestral temple, which is attached to the cemetery of the dutiful son Guo. It was built in a miniature way, imitating the image of residential buildings in Han Dynasty, and made of bluestone. The ancestral hall faces south, with a length of 4. 1 m from east to west, a width of more than 2 meters from north to south and a height of 2.6 meters, which is slightly larger than the samurai hall in Jiaxiang County. The room is divided into two rooms by an octagonal stone pillar, which is 3.09 meters wide and 2.08 meters deep. The wall is a slate with a thickness of about 20 cm. The roof is a single-eave hanging mountain type, made of slate, on which the images of roof ridge, tile ridge, eaves and other components are carved. .
The stone temple is a two-room building with a single eaves and a suspended peak, facing south, with a width of 4. 14m, a depth of 2.5m and a height of about 2.64m At the back, there is a low stone platform for sacrifice. The structure of the stone niche is as follows: two stones on the east wall, 1 stone on the west wall, and the upper ends are all acute triangles. The back wall is lined with two stones. There is an octagonal stone pillar in front, and a stone pillar stands in front of the gables on both sides, which supports the cornices. Between the middle pillar and the back wall, there is a triangular partition stone on the shelf.
Tang Xiao Guo Shan Tombstone Temple is divided into two rooms. The front and rear slopes of the roof are covered with two stone slabs. The slate on the roof is carved with ridges, hooks and eaves, and rows of hills are carved at the east and west ends. The original roof stone has disappeared. Later, small octagonal columns were added on both sides of the octagonal column in the middle, with inscriptions from the Tang and Song Dynasties on them.
There are portraits of light on three sides of the temple room, and portraits are also carved on the triangular Liang Shi. Portrait patterns are common themes in stone carvings of aristocratic tombs in Han Dynasty, such as worshipping, traveling, hunting, and hundreds of plays. The map across the upper part of the inner wall on the west, north and east sides is magnificent, with many figures, chariots and horses, and the word "Wang Che" is engraved. Other portraits include myths such as Fuxi, Nu Wa, Queen Mother of the West, Duke of Zhou becoming king, Confucius meeting Lao Zi and so on. There are a lot of inscriptions by tourists on the outer wall of the ancestral hall, the earliest one was written in the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty, so the ancestral hall was built no later than the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Inscription on the 4th year of Yongjian in Han Dynasty (129): "Shao Shanjun from Pingyuan came here to visit him on April 24th, 4th year of Yongjian".
Inscription of the first year of Han Yongkang (167):
The Book of Filial Piety was written by Hu Changren, the king of Longdong County, in the first year of Wuping in the Northern Qi Dynasty (570), and was engraved on the west outer wall of the ancestral hall. The title of seal script is official script. The article mentioned the story of Guo Ju's foster mother. Accordingly, people thought it was Guo Juzhi's tomb shrine at first, and later it was verified as a stone shrine in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Portraits of the Stone Temple of the Eastern Han Dynasty in Xiaotang, Shandong Province: Three walls and partition stones in the temple are covered with portraits. The main contents are images related to the experience and life of the temple owner, such as riding horses, cooking, feasting, hunting, hundreds of plays, wars, history and fairy tales. The picture of Wang Chexing, which spans the upper part of the three walls, is the most magnificent picture with the largest number of chariots and horses in the Han Dynasty, indicating that the temple owner participated in the activities of writing books by princes and drivers. The car map of the lower part of the pavilion on the north wall shows the title of "Two Thousand Stones" next to the main car, indicating the highest rank of the temple master before his death. The east and west walls are also engraved with myths such as Fuxi, Nuwa, Queen Mother of the West, Fengbo, Duke Lei and Guan Xiong, as well as historical stories such as Duke Zhou's assistance in becoming a king, Confucius' visit to Laozi and the battle between Hu and Han. On both sides of the beam stone, there are stories of the tripod rising and the car falling off the bridge, and the bottom is engraved with the sun, the moon and the stars. Next to the main characters in the stone temple portrait, there are seven titles: car king, order, item, Confucius and two thousand stones. The carving technique of stone temple portraits is mainly line carving on polished stone surface, and a small number of statues are also concave carving. The lines are both rigid and flexible, and the image is concise and vivid. Although there is no obvious boundary, the composition is clear from top to bottom, which is a fine work in Han Dynasty stone relief. On the inner and outer walls of the ancestral hall, there are a large number of lettering and calligraphy inscriptions left by later generations, which also have important information value. Among them, the earliest inscriptions are the 4th year of Yong Jian of Shun Emperor in the Eastern Han Dynasty (129) and the 1st year of Yong Kang of Huan Emperor (167).
Xiaotangshan, formerly known as Wushan, is less than 100 meters high. Because of the filial son Guo ancestral hall, it was named Xiaotangshan. There is a big tomb behind the ancestral hall, about 3 meters high, and there are stolen tombs of the Han Dynasty around the ancestral hall. Guo, according to legend, was born in the Eastern Han Dynasty and was one of the twenty-four filial piety. Born in Hanoi (now Linzhou, Henan Province), whose real name is Wen, has never been to Jin 'an County. Most of the portraits in the ancestral temple are scenes such as king's trip and war, which do not conform to Guo Ju's identity. Some people think that it is actually the tomb of the king of Jibei or the tomb of two thousand stones and other senior officials in the Han Dynasty. Because the identity of the tomb owner cannot be verified, it was named Guo Tombstone Temple.
2 repair and research protection in past dynasties
Guo's tombstone shrine has been a place of interest since the Han Dynasty. Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics once recorded the tomb stone shrine of the Guo family, which was called "filial piety hall". During the Northern Qi Dynasty, it was generally believed that the tomb was Guo Juzhi's tomb. In the Tang Dynasty, temples were built around ancestral halls. This is also recorded in Zhao Mingcheng's Jin Shi Lu in the Northern Song Dynasty. After many renovations in Ming and Qing dynasties, in the thirty-second year of Qianlong (1767), the temples attached to the ancestral hall were overhauled, with eight halls and two corridors. In the early years of the Republic of China, Japanese people came here to inspect and published the measured map of the ancestral temple for the first time in 19 16.
Guo Tombstone Temple was originally an outdoor open-air building. Because of its important position in the architectural history of China, in 1953, the local cultural relics department built a house and a fence outside the stone temple and sent people to look after it. 1999, the complex room was rebuilt according to the style of Han dynasty. The tablet of "Xiao Tang Shan Guo Tombstone Temple" was inscribed by ancient architect Luo. In 2000, archaeologists cleaned the Han tombs in front of and on both sides of the ancestral hall and concentrated the stone tablets found in the cemetery. Located in Chengkan Village, Chengkan Town, Huizhou District, Huangshan City, Anhui Province, it is a national key cultural relics protection unit. According to "Zhen Jing Roche Ancestral Hall", the pavilion was built in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, and the sleeping hall was built first (1540). After more than 70 years, it was seriously damaged. It was rebuilt in the 40th year of Ming Wanli (16 12) and completed in the 45th year of Ming Wanli (16 17). Jiajing and Wanli were built twice, so the form and style are very different. Sitting west facing east, facing the mountains and water, it covers an area of more than 3,300 square meters and is magnificent. The pavilion is Erjin Xieshan Peak, and the front of the ancestral hall is 29 meters wide, showing a figure of eight, followed by Xing Xingmen, with a door god painted on it, and then two stone pavilions are built around it, which are engraved with the ancestral hall tablet of Zudong Palace. Then Yimen, with the plaque of "Zhen Jing Luodongshu Temple" mentioned by Mr. Luo Wenzhe. Through Yimen, there is a wide patio with a tunnel in the middle and cloisters on both sides. There is a beautifully carved stone railing in front of the patio pool. At the end of the aisle is the terrace (location), which enters the second hall. The hall is called "Shantang", and there is a huge plaque hanging in the hall, with four characters written "On Justice and Xu You", which was written by Dong Qichang, a scholar in Wanli period of Ming Dynasty. Across the hall, there is a patio in the bedroom. There are three broad stone steps in the courtyard. The sleeping room is more than 1.6 meters higher than the front hall, with a relief stone railing in front. There are a pair of stone lions on the stone steps and railings. The railings are beautifully carved and have different patterns. The sleeping hall is the place where ancestors are sacrificed, and it is also the essence of the whole ancestral hall. There are eleven rooms with three rooms and three bays, and there are ten cornices with square columns. The inscribed "Baolunge" plaque by Wu Shihong hangs in the middle of the eaves. The wooden components such as the beam head, hump, spine and shoulder pole in the sleeping hall are composed of various moire and flower patterns, which are beautifully carved and painted with exquisite colors, mainly turquoise and khaki, with contrasting colors such as orange, ochre and rose red in the middle. Clear and gorgeous patterns are really rare. There are stairs at both ends, and you can climb to the attic on the second floor. This pavilion is used to collect the imperial edicts, letters and letters from emperors to Chengkan Roche.
Longchuan Hu ancestral hall is located in the east of Dakengkou Village, Yingzhou Township, Jixi County, Huizhou City. It is the ancestral hall of Minister Khufu of the Ming Dynasty, Minister of War Hu Zongxian and President Hu Jintao. 0/2km from the county seat/kloc-. Longchuan is the ancient name of Dakengkou. According to the Hu Family Tree of Longchuan, "When the Eastern Jin Dynasty was guarding Xuzhou, it visited Longchuan in Huayang Town (Huayang Town, Jixi County, then Xuzhou). See here,' Feng Long in the east, Celosia cristata in the west, Tianma in the south, winding and flowing in the north', the scenery is beautiful. Immediately wrote to the emperor to ask for residence, and was granted, so he lived in Xiankang for three years (337) and moved his family here to settle down.
Longchuan Hushi Ancestral Hall was founded in Song Dynasty. During the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, Hu Zongxian, a minister of the Ministry of War, advocated donating money for expansion. The original plaque hanging on the head of the main hall of the ancestral hall has two big characters: "Ancestral Hall", the first paragraph is (Ming) "Jiajing Ding Weinian (1547)", and the second paragraph is "Smooth Uncle Wang". King Guangze is the uncle of Emperor Jiajing, which shows that the temple has a history of more than 400 years. Since then, the ancestral hall has been repaired many times, the largest time being in the 24th year of Guangxu (1898). Therefore, the main structure and interior decoration still maintained the artistic style of the Ming Dynasty.
The Hu Ancestral Hall in Longchuan stands in the forest of ancient buildings in China with its rich Huizhou architectural charm. Its rich architectural cultural connotation is amazing. 1988 1, Longchuan Hushi Ancestral Hall was announced by the State Council as a national key cultural relics protection unit. Clan ancestral hall is an important social and historical phenomenon in Huizhou. This paper discusses the rising era, building scale, architectural decoration, historical background and social function of Huizhou clan ancestral temple. The author thinks that after the reform of the folk ancestor worship system in Xia Yan during the Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, there was an upsurge of building ancestral temples in Huizhou clans. Huizhou clan ancestral hall is large in scale, beautifully decorated and expensive to build. The author points out that the prosperity of commodity economy and the emergence of capitalist relations of production in the middle of Ming Dynasty led to the social changes in Huizhou, which impacted the clan rule in Huizhou, so many clan groups built a large number of ancestral temples to strengthen clan concept and unity and consolidate clan organization and clan system.
Nanping in Shi Ye
Also known as Kuiguangtang, it is located in Nanping Village, Biyang Town, yi county, Huangshan City, Anhui Province. It is Yezhi Temple in Nanping. Built in Hongzhi period of Ming Dynasty, the gatehouse and gate were rebuilt in Yongzheng period of Qing Dynasty, and the memorial hall and gatehouse were rebuilt in Qianlong period. There is a protective wall in front of the ancestral hall. The gatehouse is tall, with four 40 cm square stone eaves columns supporting the thick forehead and curved beams. Three-bedroom, three-wood structure with four columns on the third floor. On the forehead of the third floor of the Ming room, which is nearly 10 meter wide, there are four-section, nine-step and four-upturned archways. On the second floor of the second room, there are two rows of two-section, nine-step and four-upturned word archways, each with beautiful streamline and commensurate cornices. There are a pair of drum stones on both sides of the gate, which are beautifully carved. The whole breeding is divided into two parts: the appreciation canteen and the appreciation canteen, which is 30 square meters larger than the memorial hall. From the gatehouse to the lobby, it is 46 meters long, 16 meters wide and 12 meters high, about 700 square meters. Now it is a national key cultural relics protection unit.
Zhou family in Jixi
Also known as "Yanxutang", it is located at No.39 Caojiajing, Jixi County. It was built in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty and expanded and repaired in Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty. Originally, there were Lianxi Academy, Guihua Hall, Ruier Gong Temple and Special Sacrifice Temple in the north of the two halls, and Wenchang Pavilion in the south of the ancestral hall, which no longer exists due to historical reasons. Zhou ancestral hall consists of seven parts: screen wall, gatehouse, courtyard, porch, main hall, courtyard and bedroom. The bedroom has been changed into a bungalow by later generations, with an existing construction area of 1 156 square meters. Zhou's ancestral hall is a grand sight. The gatehouse is a roof with two eaves and built on the mountain. It is seven rooms wide and two rooms deep. Walking into the Zhou ancestral hall, looking up, a carp jumping pattern jumped into the eye on the wooden forehead, reflecting Zhou Xianmin's pursuit and yearning for a better life; The next forehead is engraved with a three-star picture of happiness, wealth and longevity. The flower-and-bird painting embossed on the upper left is vivid and unique, which makes people feel like they are in the world of flowers and birds. On both sides of the instrument gate, the stone drums are opposite, and the "Zhou Ancestral Hall" plaque is hung above. Behind the gatehouse is a courtyard, with a market road leading to the main hall in the middle and green stones on both sides. The porch is five rooms wide and one room deep. The main hall is five rooms wide and four rooms deep, with hard hilltops and arched eaves. It is made of huge materials and exquisite workmanship. The plaque of "Daoguo Family" hangs above the Ming room. The forehead, beam, flat bucket, thorn wood and sparrow replacement are all carved, the knife method is simple and powerful, and the lines are bold and unconstrained. The stone railings in Admiralty Courtyard are exquisite stone carvings. On the railing, there are sculptures of Feng Dan facing the sun, Song He celebrating the New Year, azaleas singing plums and peonies. The picture is elegant and vivid, and the pieces are exquisite, which makes people linger. However, the ancestral temple was later carved on a stone fence in another world, with different vases and flower arrangements, which showed Zhou Xianmin's pursuit and yearning for a peaceful life like flowers. 1998 in may, Zhou ancestral hall was announced by Anhui provincial government as a provincial-level cultural relics protection unit. Yongjia county ancestral hall, formerly known as Liu ancestral hall, is located in the town village. Founded in the 27th year of Yuan Dynasty (1367), in the first year of Hongwu, Ming Taizu (1368), Liu Ji was awarded the title of Yongjia County Gongsan, and was named Yongjia County Gongci. It was rebuilt in the middle of Ming Dynasty, facing south, covering an area of 2,000 square meters. This temple is a wooden structure with two entrances and two compartments. In front is the hall, with a total width of 20.80 meters. Behind it is the main hall with a width of 22.80 meters and a depth of 18.86 meters. Mixed beam frame with hanging beam and cross bucket, suspended gable roof. There is a stage in the middle, which is square in plane, with four columns, a rest peak and an octagonal double arch double bucket caisson. It is a typical wooden temple building in Ming Dynasty.
There is Liu Ji and Zhuge Liang's Seven Secrets of Land and Water Offensive and Defensive Strategies 13, which is of great cultural value. Xiaosi Ancestral Temple, located in Laner Village, Huatan Township, was built in the first year of Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty (1488). Sitting west facing east, it covers an area of1.200m2, and consists of screen wall, entrance hall, hatchback, stage and main hall, with a width of17.82m and a depth of 37.4m.. Three groups of double doors are opened in the east, and the middle door is slotted by the base as a passage. The stage is centered, with a single pavilion, an octagonal algae well and five arches on the ceiling. The material of purlin beam and column is rough, and the base of column is wood. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the tops of 12 warp columns were flush, commonly known as "Grade 12", which is rare in other buildings. The temple is large in scale and beautifully made, and it is a typical Ming Dynasty building.
Hucun Shicheng ancestral hall
The Chengjia Ancestral Temple in Hucun was built by three brothers, Tianyi, Tiangui and Tianyuan, sons of fifty-two social workers of the Chengjia family, who moved from Jixi, Anhui Province to Hu Village in Yushan, Jiangxi Province during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty (about AD 1573). It has been more than 200 years now. On September 8, 2004, with the approval of the State Council, the ancestral hall was listed as a key cultural relic protection unit in the county.
There are three ancestral temples of the Cheng family in Hucun. One is Sheming Temple, known as the Great Ancestral Temple, which was abandoned during the Cultural Revolution in the early 1960s. One is Tianyi Pavilion, an existing ancestral temple; There is also a Tianyuan Temple, also called Sanfang Temple, which is gone now.
The existing ancestral hall of the Cheng family (Tianyi Ancestral Hall) is also the ancestral hall of the family of the Cheng family in Hu village, which was built in the fourth year of Qing Qianlong (AD 1773 in the thirty-eighth year of Qianlong). Excellent architecture is mainly reflected in the exquisite decoration inside. Since the Qianlong Dynasty, it has been expanded and renovated for generations, and the scale is magnificent: the heavy hall has four entrances and two sills, the Huai Yu Qingdan well sets each other off, and the buildings are carved with beams and painted with gold, which is beautiful! Its exquisite craftsmanship and luxurious architecture are the best in Fiona Fang, and its cultural relics are priceless. According to historical records, ancestral temples with local folk culture characteristics began to sprout in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties thousands of years ago, and formed a relatively complete system in Song Dynasty, reaching its peak in Ming and Qing Dynasties. After the Hakkas moved south to settle down, they not only created livable and safe Hakka enclosed houses, but also inherited and developed the architectural art of ancestral temples. From the ancestral temples all over the urban and rural areas, we can know that they are magnificent in structure and exquisite in craftsmanship. Most of them integrate architecture, sculpture, painting, calligraphy and literature. They have a profound historical accumulation and a long history of traditional culture, showing enduring vitality.
Generally, Hakka ancestral halls are symmetrically arranged along the axis, and the courtyards are mostly two-entry, three-entry or five-entry. On both sides, blue bricks are built into high walls, towering above the tile surface, and the top of the wall is like a buffalo horn, which is elegant and majestic. Ancestral halls are generally composed of gates, instrument doors, corridors, bright buildings, pavilions and sleeping halls. Some ancestral halls have courtyards and gardens behind them, while others have a stage. Pavilion is the main hall of ancestral temple, also known as sacrificial hall, where sacrificial ceremonies or clan deliberations are held, so it has the largest space and the most exquisite materials, and is generally built with large and strong stigma and beams. The bedroom is a place where ancestral tablets or commemorative items are placed, which is solemn and sacred. Every time in Tomb-Sweeping Day or festivals, or individuals, or the whole nation, ancestor worship activities are held in ancestral temples to promote the concept of loyalty and filial piety and the spirit of respecting ancestors and the elderly.
Because the Hakka ancestral temple is a sacred place for ancestor worship. Therefore, it is often the largest and most ornate building group in urban and rural areas. It is not only magnificent, but also infused with the essence of local traditional culture, which contrasts with ancient pagodas, bridges and temples and becomes a unique local cultural landscape.
Hakka ancestral temple is the best preserved ancient architectural complex among the people. It is a representative of the local economic development level and a symbolic folk culture. Therefore, the ancestral hall has left many precious historical and cultural research values to future generations. From the tablets of "Doctor Zhong Xian" and "Jinshi" in the ancestral hall, we can know the glory of this clan. Exactly: the merits and demerits of a thousand years ago can be seen in the ancestral hall; China's ancestors, from the ancestral temple, knew that there was a family tree.
As a magnificent folk building, the ancestral temple is not dedicated to a surname or a room for ancestor worship, but also has other functions. For example, ancestral temples in urban and rural areas are used by local villagers and urban residents to hold meetings, watch plays, show movies and run cultural activity centers, which has injected rich cultural connotation and vitality into ancestral temples in the new period.
Reading Hakka ancestral temple is like reading a historical picture. As a kind of folk culture with local characteristics, ancestral temple culture not only contains simple traditional content, but also has profound humanistic connotation, from which we can find the footprints of human progress.