The Battle of Jiangling, which took place in 554 AD, was an important war in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Wang Bao's surrender to the enemy in this war also became the reason why he was criticized by later generations. But ... throughout the enemy's surrender. In fact, Xiao Yi, Emperor of Liang Yuan, was the final decision-maker to surrender to the enemy. Wang Bao is only the executor of this policy. On the question of whether to surrender to the enemy. Wang's heart is full of contradictions and struggles. His final surrender to the enemy was caused by many factors.
Keywords: Wang Bao; Surrender to the enemy; Reason; psychology
Wang Bao (5 12? 575), the word Ziyuan, originally from Linyi (now Shandong). Wang Bo was an important writer and calligrapher in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Liang Dynasty was the official minister, and was appointed by Yuan Di as the military commander in the west of Jiangling. There are different records about Bao Wang's performance in the defense of Jiangling. This paper tries to clarify the historical truth of Wang Bao's defection to the enemy by combing and comparing the original historical materials, and discusses the reasons and mentality of Wang Bao's defection to the enemy from the perspective of family style and scholar style.
1. Bao Wang's performance in the defence of Jiangling and the process of defeating the enemy.
Northern History, Southern History and Zi Tongzhi Bamboo Slips all record how Wang Bao and Ping Jiangling defeated the enemy in the Western Wei Dynasty, but these four historical books record Wang Bao's performance in the defense of Jiangling differently. "Zhou Shu? Does Wang Baochuan think that Wang Bao has done his best in the war? Loyalty Festival? . At the beginning of the war, he was ordered to command all the military forces in the west of the city. Self-encouragement? However, due to the failure of Zhu Maichen and others, he was demoted to general to protect the army. After the city fell, he? Do you still want to insist? . The reason why Wang Bao surrendered to the enemy was that Yuan Di had already surrendered. He was forced to surrender to the enemy with others. " Northern history? The records in Biography of Wang Bao are consistent with Zhou Shuji's version, but slightly abridged. However, people still think that Yuan Di surrendered first, and then the others in Wang Baohe surrendered together. "Southern history? Liang Benji? Ji believes that Wang Bao plays a vital role in whether to surrender to the Western Wei Dynasty. It was at his suggestion that he did not accept Xie Aren's suggestion and broke through and defected, but let Wang Bao surrender to the Western Wei Dynasty with the prince as a hostage. Zi Tong Zhi Jian is the most detailed account of jiang bo's defending war among these four historical books. According to its records. In 554 AD, the Western Wei army went south. 1 1 the first day of the month. Wei Jun crossed the Hanshui River and occupied Jiangjin, cutting off Yuan Di's retreat eastward. The next day. Monk Hu was ordered to bless the military forces in the east of the city, and Wang praised the military forces in the west of the city to prepare for the war. On the fifth day, Wei Junbing went to the fence. /KLOC-On 0/5, a fire broke out in the fence of Liang Jun, destroying thousands of houses and 25 towers. On the 18th, Xu Shipu, the secretariat of Xinzhou, Sima Renyue, the king of Jin 'an, and others built castles at the wharf on the south bank of Jiangling. Far as unity. The 26th. Wang Bao, Hu Monk You, Xie Aren, etc. Open the door to fight, all lost. On the 29th, the monk Hu was shot to death by a flowing arrow, and the soldiers and civilians in the inner and outer cities panicked. Wei Jun they stormed the fence, and some rebels opened the west gate to welcome Wei Jun into the city. Prince, Wang Bao, Xie Aren and others retreated to Jincheng, and sent Dafeng in Runan and Daquan in the west of Shanxi as hostages to make peace with the Henan-Shanxi army. After Russia, the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty burned books and destroyed swords in the Dongting, and ordered Wang Xiaosi, the imperial censor, to hand over the books. At this point, Xie Li advised to break through, and Wang Bao advocated to surrender the enemy. Finally, I believed Wang Bao's words and answered Ren, who was so angry that he vomited blood and left. I received a letter asking to take the prince as a hostage. Yuan Di sent the king to walk the prince. Yu Jin's son knew that Wang Bao's calligraphy was very good, so he gave him a pen and paper to write. Wang Bao wrote it down? Wang Bao, a civil servant of Zhu Guo Changshan? A few words.
So the records of these four history books. Which one is closest to the true face of history? How did Wang Bao perform in the defense of Jiangling? In my opinion, the records in "Learning from Mutual Resources" are more detailed and specific, and other history books also show us the truth of history from a certain aspect. In the early days of the war, Wang Baoying said as Zhou Shu did. Once he was appointed as the general commander, he was deeply encouraged and devoted to the festival. However, with his defeat and the death of Hu Sengyu, he saw the situation of the war clearly. He knew that the Liang Dynasty had no hope of victory, so he advocated surrendering the enemy. However, Wang Bao is not the final decision-maker to surrender the enemy. From the records in Zi Tong Zhi Jian, we can know that Emperor Liang Yuan knew that he was doomed. So he burned books and destroyed swords, and ordered that Wang Xiaosi, Cheng, in the suggestion, be sacrificed as documents. At this time, appeared? Master escape? And then what? Main drop? Two factions. Here, Emperor lyna obviously belongs to the Lord, and he obviously knows about running away? Nothing can be done. Will only add insult to injury? , but also take this question to ask Wang Bao's opinion, in fact, is to get the minister's affirmation of his surrender behavior, and Wang Bao knew that Yuan Di wanted to surrender because he guessed the sacred heart, so when he made a statement, he followed Yuan Di's meaning? Why is it unhealthy? This idea. When he said this, he became an eternal sinner who betrayed his country and pursued glory! Because, in feudal ethics, there can be a monarch who conquers the country, but there are no traitors. Loyal ministers should have died in battle for the monarch, but Wang Bao actually advocated surrendering the enemy. What reason can't they be traitors? Since Wang Bao advocates surrendering to the enemy, he is a sinner through the ages, so all the remaining traitorous acts will be carried out by him! Therefore, when it was time to ask Prince Liang to be taken hostage, Bao Wang had to be a sinner of history again and personally deliver the Prince to the enemy. Perhaps, from the surface record of the whole historical event, it was Wang Bao who took the initiative to ask the enemy to surrender, but the truth of history was often concealed under complicated appearances. In the whole process of enemy surrender, I think Xiao Yi, Emperor of Liang Yuan, was the final decision-maker of enemy surrender, and Bao Wang was only the executor of this policy. Perhaps, in Wang Bao's heart, he also agrees with this policy. It is only because of this agreement that he is charged with betraying the country and seeking glory forever! As for Wang Bao recorded in Zi Tong Zhi Jian (volume 165), was it written by your son? Wang Bao, a civil servant of Zhu Guo Changshan? In a few words, although we searched the history of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, we couldn't find similar records, but judging from Wang Bao's behavior and mentality at that time, I think Sima Guang's speculation is reasonable.
Second, the reasons and mentality of Wang Bao's defection to the enemy
The above discussion is mainly about Wang Bao's performance in the defense of Jiangling and his process of defeating the enemy. So what prompted Wang Bao to agree with Emperor Liang Yuan's policy of reducing the enemy and then speak out? Why is it unhealthy? How about this idea? What influenced him to choose to surrender to the enemy? I think:
The influence of Wang Jiafeng is the main factor for Wang Bao to choose to surrender the enemy. Looking at the development history of Wang Langya's family for more than 300 years, we can find that most of the representatives of Wang Langya have a positive attitude towards life and a superb and keen political vision. They are good at seizing the greatest benefits for the development of individuals and families at the turn of generations. In order to achieve this goal, they judge the situation and change with the times, even at the expense of memorizing it? Second minister? Because of crime. In fact, the defense of Jiangling was doomed to be a failed war from the beginning. As one of the main generals in charge of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in the Southern Dynasties, Wang Bao probably didn't have a clear understanding of the war situation at the beginning of the war, but when he was defeated and Hu Monk died, he knew it was only a matter of time before the downfall of the Liang Dynasty. If he insists on loyal opposition again, the final result can only be the destruction of the country and even the extinction of the country. If he insists on surrendering to the enemy according to Yuan Di's wishes, then even if the country perishes, his home will still be there. Although he couldn't get the greatest benefit of personal and family development in this surrender to the enemy, at least he didn't live up to Wang's ancestors, because he guaranteed the continuation of the family. Country? With what? Home? 、? Loyalty? With what? Filial piety? Of these choices, he chose the latter. Maybe. In the eyes of later orthodox historians, he was a traitor for glory, but judging from the development of the Langya Wang family, he was definitely? Loyal minister? 100%? Filial son? . It was his thought of surrendering the enemy that prevented the king from dying. That's right. He would rather be? Domestic slaves? The cooperative behavior won the political capital for the development of the Wang family in the Northern Dynasties, and also made great contributions to the Wang family's continuing to become prime ministers in the Tang Dynasty. In fact, in Wang Bao's heart, didn't he struggle and regret for his behavior of surrendering to the enemy? Who wants to be a sinner of history? However, when faced with the real choice, the individual's cowardly character is vulnerable compared with the tenacious will to survive in human nature. Compared with the spread of the whole family, the honor and disgrace of an individual is insignificant. Thus, the will to survive overcame the cowardly character, and the family spread defeated the personal honor and disgrace. He became a sinner of the country, but he realized the reproduction of the family. He lost his spiritual sublimity, but he got physical lingering. Surrender to the enemy is a historical event on the surface, but it shows us the poet's painful soul struggle.
The influence of the literati in the Six Dynasties was an important factor in Wang Bao's choice to surrender the enemy. The Six Dynasties is a period of frequent dynasty changes in China, and it is also the period when the concept of loyalty to the monarch in our country is the weakest. In the eyes of the gentry, the change of dynasties was only the result of power struggle between different interest groups. Cao Wei came from usurping Han, while Sima was promoted by usurping Wei. (Historical Papers) The following Liu Song, Xiao Qi and Liang Xiao were all established by killing or usurping. Therefore ... the actual political struggle does not have obvious distinction between justice and injustice as the Confucian sages said. In the Southern Dynasties, where the door-and-door system has been formed, in order to maintain the family status, the aristocratic families can continue to enjoy political privileges as long as they abandon the dark and turn to the bright and handle the relationship with the new dynasty when the dynasty changes. Therefore, they don't need to be attached to the old regime. When emerging political forces conflict with the old imperial power, they often consider which side they stand on from the family interests and are not bound by the concept of loyalty to the monarch. Because, with family background, they can still work under the new dynasty? Smooth and enterprising, sitting in public office? . There have been many incisive expositions and criticisms on the idea of valuing filial piety over loyalty of the gentry in the Six Dynasties: Xiao Zixian's Book of Southern Qi? Biography of Wang Jian says:? Although the theme has changed, I am still the same. Nature, the prosperity of the world, the habit is the old standard, the feather instrument is prosperous, people envy it, and the festival of monarch and minister is just a name. Your official wealth is all right, and you can make smooth progress. When you sit in the office, you will know that there is no reason to die for your country, and the idea of protecting your family should be cut off. This city is in urgent need of reform. You are welcome to come. Although the mausoleum is unique, you are as excellent as ever. ? Zhao Yi's Examination of Jade Cong Volume 17? Loyal ministers in the Six Dynasties had no martyrs? The article says:? Beggars' gangs, since the Han and Wei dynasties changed their surnames, have a long-standing practice that the minister who wins the country is the minister who helps the DPRK. It regards the national Zen as its own, and rewards the officials. So once in a while, one or two old people can't bear to abandon their old friends, even if they spray people, they don't have to die. ? Tang Changru's Thought in the Stepfather of Emperors in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties:? Later generations are often dissatisfied with the indifference of the literati of the Five Dynasties to the rise and fall of the royal family. In fact, the literati trained under the door-to-door system can get everything he needs from his family, which has nothing to do with the royal favor. In addition, filial piety advocated since the Jin Dynasty is enough to cover up their behavior, so their indifference to the rise and fall of the dynasty is inevitable, and they feel at ease. ? All these discussions show that the family played a very important role in the life of scholars because of the prevalence of the gate valve system in the Six Dynasties. Therefore, scholars in this period attached great importance to family and personal filial piety, while the concept of loyalty to the country and the monarch was relatively indifferent. Scholars have no sense of loyalty at all, and silently agree with many ancestors' betrayal of national interests, even for their families. In this environment, Wang Bao is inevitably influenced and assimilated by this social atmosphere.
The defeat of the war situation and distrust of Xie Daren and others are also important reasons why Wang Bao chose to surrender the enemy. If in the early days of the war, Wang Bao was still quite conscientious. Later, when Zhu Maichen was defeated, Wang Bao was demoted as a general to protect soldiers because of poor management, and his willingness to fight had been dealt a great blow. Shortly after he was demoted, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's main commander, Hu Monk You, was also shot dead, which made him see the defeat of this war more clearly. Since failure is the inevitable result, it may be the best choice to surrender early and reduce unnecessary sacrifices. In addition, the distrust of Xie Arenhe is also an important reason why Wang Bao chose not to support the breakthrough and advocated surrendering to the enemy. Xie, who was Hou Jing's confidant, later defected to the Liang Dynasty because of Hou Jing's defeat. However, they are actually unreliable. They were all temporarily released from prison by Yuan Di because there was no general around. In particular, Ren Yue is a? The owl's voice is silent, Rong Jie is greedy, and the wolf's heart has not changed? After Wei Jun pacified Jiangling, Emperor Zun succeeded to the throne. He was appointed general of the Southern Expedition, but he still rebelled, helped the Northern Qi army attack Houliang, and finally defected from Houliang. In addition, during the Hou Jing rebellion, Ren Yue also killed Xiao Si, the grandson of Bao Wang's father-in-law. For such an enemy who killed his in-laws, how could Wang Bao agree to go to him? Xie Aren was killed in the defense of Jiangling, and there are not many historical records. However, he and Ren Yue are both owl generals in Hou Jing, and they fought with Xiaoji, the king of Wuling, indicating that they fought side by side and mutually assured destruction? Old comrades? If he hadn't died in the defence of Gangneung, he might have taken refuge in Ren Yue, so he might end up doing something like Ren Yue. Under such circumstances, Bao Wang thought that it was completely understandable to go to the Western Wei army instead of going to the macho men who had killed their loved ones. Moreover, later history has proved to us that Ren Yue is indeed? A traitor who pursues glory.
Emperor Liang Yuan's cruel and suspicious character and distrust of Bao Wang were also important factors that led Bao Wang to surrender to the enemy. Emperor Liang Yuan was a famous tyrant in history. Liang Benji? Yuan Di Ji said he:? Sex is pretentious, suspicious and pretentious. Someone who beats himself a little. Will increase the damage. Quan Wang, the son of Xing Zhao princess royal, and his eight or nine brothers are very famous. The emperor was jealous of her beauty, so he changed her name to Wang Heng, and her brother Wang Heng was named after her father. Avoid Herry Liu's study, so that people can't see it. There are so many people, although their flesh and blood have been troubled by it. Began to live in Wenxuan's Empress Dowager. Ding Lan is the mother. And the collapse of Emperor Wu, the secret mourning for more than a year. Is a fierce problem. Fang carved sandalwood into an image and put it in Baifutang, which was very serious. You will hear something when you eat vegetables in the morning and evening, and it will be so empty. ? I have been patient for more than a year. Set up a provincial system and use your feelings on puppets. Unexpectedly, Yongzhou led bandits and provoked Hedong massacre. One step is looking for it. The embarrassment of learning Shaoling. On the contrary, it is absolutely right to succumb to the monks' arguments, and the injustice is not intimate and serious. However, if you re-seek, you must be ambitious. If you are close, your country will be close, and if you are strong, you will be far away. You will relax your fence outside, and you will worship your boss inside. Only when you die in a meteorite can you catch up with the first emperor. Although you have a lot of literary works, how can you save the market of social temples? Since I read the book contract, the cover has been abolished and changed, and I have never seen the three-leaf scorpion, which is as cool as Xiao Zongzhi. ? His cruel and suspicious personality inevitably gave Wang Bao a sense of crisis. In fact, as mentioned above, Xiao Yi, Emperor of Liang Yuan, is the real decision-maker of the whole policy of reducing the enemy, and Wang Bao is only the executor and approver of this policy. Imagine if Wang Bao knew clearly that Xiao Yi had decided to surrender to the enemy, but still insisted on the war of resistance. Then, with Xiao Yi's suspicious and cruel character, how will Wang Bao be treated? In addition, although historical records praise Wang? Deep trust? But this is not entirely the case. It can be seen from the issue of moving the capital that although Wang Bao was promoted step by step in North Korea, Xiao Yi did not attach importance to Wang Bao's opinions. Pets are growing, but they don't actually have any real power. The reason why Xiao Yi treated Wang Bao well and absorbed him into the cabinet was based on the aristocratic bureaucrats of Huairou Jianye, expecting them to have the intention of cooperation. After the Hou Jing Rebellion, Bao Wang lived in opposition to the mainstream Jiangling nobles, fearing Yuan Di's suspicion all day long. Wang Bao seems to be clearly aware of this, so he has a special liking for it. ? The more modest you are, the less proud you are of others. . After the last event of moving the capital, Wang Bao had a deeper understanding of Xiao Yi's suspicious and selfish personality. He knew that Xiao Yi would never listen to other people's opinions. Now that the sacred heart has surrendered, although the enemy's reputation has been humiliated, it can save the family and choose the lesser of the two evils, so Wang Bao has also obeyed the will of the sacred heart and has the final say? Why is it unhealthy? This idea.
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The above discussion is mainly about Bao Wang's behavior and mentality in the defense of Jiangling, and many factors that affect Bao Wang's choice to surrender the enemy. But this discussion is not comprehensive, and we can never restore the whole truth of history. Perhaps, Wang Bao's inner thoughts at that time were far more complicated than we thought, and the factors affecting Wang Bao's defection to the enemy were not just those listed above. His personal weakness, his religious belief and even the temptation of the enemy may also affect Wang Bao's choice.