1. Inscription
Strictly speaking, there are no inscriptions in the Western Han Dynasty, so the stone carvings of seal script in the Western Han Dynasty have not been named as "monuments", such as Lubei Stone Carving, Kuangqiqing Tomb Carving, Shanggu Fuqing Tomb Carving, Yuping Yinfengjun's Tomb Portrait Carving, and Princes and Huo Qubing's Life Carving. The first three forms are relatively open, but they are still typical of Xiao zhuan; Fourth, it is innovative, thin, hard and sleek, and has a unique meaning; The latter principle is sometimes mixed with the form and meaning of official script, which is obviously influenced by the popularity of official script.
After the Eastern Han Dynasty, inscriptions flourished, and the position of Xiao Zhuan was replaced by official script, and there were not many inscriptions on Xiao Zhuan. There are three representative types: Mu Kai Temple Shiqueming and Shao Shi Shiqueming, which are square, dense and round; Yuanan Monument and Changyuan Monument have broad styles, which are different from Qin Xiaozhuan's solemnity and vigorous brushwork, and also different from Qin Xiaozhuan's smoothness. It is generally believed that these two monuments are the new creations of Xiao Zhuan and represent the new features of Xiao Zhuan in Han Dynasty. The Monument to the Sangong Mountain is a very creative writing method, characterized by official seal, full text and scattered layout throughout.
2. Monument
Compared with official script, seal script is an ancient font with its special significance. Therefore, in the heyday of the official script inscription in the Eastern Han Dynasty, many of its inscriptions were written in seal script. Among them, the representative ones are: Taishigong stone carving, stone carving, stone carving, stone carving, empty table stone carving, Han stone carving, Yinzhou stone carving and Wang stone carving.
The inscription requires strong decoration, so the inscription seal script is often very different from the general seal script. Generally speaking, there are: first, because the inscriptions are relatively small, the overall layout of many inscriptions and seal scripts must be guided by the situation and follow the shape, so the composition is strange; Secondly, this will inevitably affect the handling of word structure, which is often long or flat, square or round, and sometimes interspersed with each other, which is lively and colorful compared with rigorous Qin Zhuan; Thirdly, sometimes influenced by official script, the strokes are often official and rich; Finally, in order to highlight its decoration, some works use Miao seal style or strokes similar to leek leaves, which is unique.
3. Bronze inscriptions
The Han Dynasty is no longer the prosperous period of bronzes, but bronzes are still widely used, mainly some daily necessities. The inscriptions on them are mostly the name of the vessel, the place of use, the year of casting, the name of the craftsman, the weight of the vessel and so on. Rong Geng's Jin Wen Lu of Qin and Han Dynasties has a large collection of such inscriptions. Most of its word-forming methods are seal cutting, and its styles can be divided into two categories: one is seal cutting with even strokes and stable glyph ends, and some are close to the standard. Such as Shouding, Ding, Huang, An Cheng Jia Ding, Nanling Ling, Chiyang Palace Stirrup, Jingning Yanzu Stirrup, Chengshan Palace Qusheng and so on. On the other hand, the posture is not limited by the pattern of Xiao Zhuan, and the strokes are free and easy. Such as the inscriptions of Yunyang Ding, Duyang Ding, Wet Ding and Yongchuzhong. Generally speaking, both the content and the writing are relatively simple, which can't be compared with the previous bronze inscriptions, but it has also formed its own characteristics in Jane.
There are some exceptions in the new period. Wang Mang retro, trying to restore the seal script. As a result, there have been many bronze inscriptions with exquisite production and strict words, such as copper quantity, copper balance bar, copper square bucket, copper shovel, ruler and so on. The layout is neat and standardized, the structure is rigorous and sharp, the strokes are thin and powerful, and the copper quantity in Xin Mang is particularly representative.
Step 4 flip the paper and tiles
Wadang in Han Dynasty is a wonderful work of ancient seal script. Common round tiles, generally with mastoid in the center, are divided into four parts with lines around them. Wadang records the name of a building or prays for good luck. Although it is short, it is also very colorful because of its unique shape. The most prominent thing is that he is good at arranging words with shapes, and the words are arranged around the center of the circle. Therefore, there is often no need to change the shape, simplify or exaggerate the text, give full play to the characteristics that the circular strokes of seal script are easy to stretch and shrink, and create a new style that is both decorative and natural.
The most unearthed brick carvings in Han Dynasty are Chang 'an in the west and Luoyang in the east. It's similar to ceramic tile, but the tile surface is close to square, so it doesn't need to be deformed too much. Therefore, the characters are often similar to the typical seal script, but more bold and eye-catching, and sometimes the seal script commonly used in seals is used, which is simple in form and profound in meaning.
5. Ink marks
There are four kinds of ink on Han bamboo slips that have been handed down so far: Wu Wei lettering by Liang, Wu Wei pot lettering by Zhang Zang and Zhang Wei's letter to Zhang Wei, all of which should be so-called "letters", and the strokes are intertwined. The ink of ancient seal script is rarely preserved, and these four works are very valuable. The early Western Han Dynasty was the transition period of official script. There are two main types of preserved works: stone carvings and bamboo slips and silk books.
Stone carvings spread all over the world, such as "Yang Liang bought mountains", "Five Phoenix carved stones in two years" and "Xiao Xiaoyu carved stones". Its structure is similar to that of bamboo slips, and it is already official, but most of the strokes have no ripples, which may be caused by the production method and look primitive. Later, according to the evaluation, many people think that they are "both officials and officials."
Bamboo slips and silk books include: the dispatch of tomb Mawangdui 1 in Changsha, Hunan, the dispatch of tomb No.3 and silk books; Incomplete Wendi bamboo slips unearthed in Fuyang, Anhui Province: Sun Bin's Art of War, Sun Zi, Wei Liaozi and Yan Zi's Spring and Autumn Annals unearthed in Yinshan Mountain 1 tomb in Linyi, Shandong Province, and Yuan Guangyuan's almanac unearthed in two tombs; Bamboo slips unearthed from 8, 9 and 10 Han tombs in Fenghuang Mountain, Jiangling, Hubei Province; Bamboo slips unearthed from three Western Han tombs in Guanghua County, Hubei Province. Tomb Mawangdui 1, 2 and 3 in Changsha, Hunan Province are the tombs of Chihou family, the prime minister of Changsha in the early Western Han Dynasty. Among them, the first edition of the silk book Laozi still has strong structural characteristics of seal script, but there are also some traces of official translation, such as changing the circle into a square and re-pressing the last stroke into a wave shape. The structure of the second edition of the silk book Laozi is basically an official script, and the last edition is more wavy. It can be seen that in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the maturity of official script has been greatly improved, so that some scholars believe that this shows that the maturity of official script should be counted from now on. However, on the whole, this conclusion is somewhat optimistic.
At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the official script was mature. Existing works include: bamboo slips of Xuan Di period unearthed in Datong County, Qinghai Province 1 15; Wooden slips unearthed in Dunhuang, Gansu Province in the first year of Tianfeng (BC 14); Bamboo slips and wooden slips unearthed from the Han TombNo. Xupu 10 1 in Yizheng, Jiangsu Province (five years ago). The representative bamboo slips unearthed from No.40 Han Tomb in Dingxian County, Hebei Province were made by Xuan Di, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (73 BC-49 BC). The structure is horizontal and flat, the waves pick the shape, and the stippling can freely express the common pitching echo of the later official script, and the style is dignified and neat, which breaks away from the simplicity and childishness of the former. In addition, the imperial edict of Wang Zhang and the bamboo slips in the first year of Tianfeng after the founding of the People's Republic of China are also representative. But generally speaking, the official script was not completely standardized throughout the Western Han Dynasty. In the above-mentioned mature bamboo slips, there are quite a few official characters, or strokes, or structures, which are mixed with other font factors, probably because ink writing is more casual. 1. Inscription
The political core of the Eastern Han Dynasty was the local strength faction, and the economic subject was the manor of the powerful landlords. Culturally, Confucianism continued to be the only obedience, and the system of "recruitment" and "inspection" was adopted in talent selection, which contributed to the flashy social fashion. One of its direct manifestations is the prevalence of reburial, and the practice of burying tombs in the form of inscriptions is very popular, thus providing a vast world for official script and setting a precedent in the history of China.
Typical tombstones have a "monument", equivalent to a title, engraved on the top of the monument. Some have "wear", either on the forehead of the tablet or in the middle of the tablet, which was originally used for coffins. The front of the monument is called "Yang" and the back is called "Yin". Some monuments have seats called "monuments".
Broadly speaking, the main forms of historical sites are tombstones, merit monuments, temple monuments, cliffs, stone tombs and stone scriptures. "Tombstone" and "merit monument" are monuments built by students and close friends who gather money and choose stones as the main person. "Temple Monument" is to pray or commemorate the achievements of temple construction. The "cliff" mainly commemorates the completion of the project. "Portrait Inscription" is the explanatory text on the stone relief. "Stone Que" is a subsidiary building of an important building, which often has decorative patterns on it. The Book of Songs mainly publishes Confucian classics. Compared with bamboo slips, the purpose of making inscriptions is more solemn, and the writing and technology are more exquisite, which can more intensively show people's pursuit and understanding of the beauty of official books in that era. Therefore, the so-called "Han Li" usually refers to the stone carving official script works in this period.
There are about one or two hundred kinds of these inscriptions that have been circulated so far, and they are extremely excellent and have many scenes. Zhu Yizun divided Han steles into three categories: square, elegant and strange. He said in the postscript of Huashan Temple Monument in Xiyue: "There are three kinds of Han Li. A class of squares, such as Hongdu Shijing, Yinzhou, lujun, Wurong, Zheng Gu, Fang Heng, Liu Xiong and Baishi Shen Jun, belong to this category. A kind of beauty, the monuments of Han Yu, Cao Quan, Chen Shi, Yi Ying, Zhang Biao, Zhang Qian, Kong Biao and Kong Zhou all belong to this. A strange ancient, Xia Cheng, the monument of Qi, belongs to this. "
Kang Youwei divided the official script of the Han tablet into eight categories: handsome, elegant, lofty, rich, gorgeous, illusory, concise and beautiful.
The most typical ones are: Yiying Monument, Shi Chenbei Monument, Book of Rites Monument, Zhangjing Monument, Huashan Monument, Remaining Monument of Filial Son after the Dynasty, Xiping Shijing, Han Monument, Xianyuhuang Monument, Zhang Qianbei Monument and Youzuoqin Stone. In terms of style, it is either strong, graceful, elegant, dignified, simple, or elegant ... It can be said that the classification of Zhu Yizun and Kang Youwei is not comprehensive enough, so Wang Shu said, "Every monument is unique and has nothing in common."
Ritual monument, the full name of which is Yi-made Confucian Temple Ritual Monument, is also called Confucian Temple Hanming Mansion Monument and Hanyi Monument. Now the Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong Province was excavated in the second year of Emperor Huan (AD 156). Comments on Wang Shu's "Xu Zhou Ming" in Qing Dynasty: "As thin as iron, as long as it changes, the words are unpredictable." The strokes of Li Bei are good at being fine and hard, but they are vigorous and powerful, and the overall style is clear, firm, bold, dignified and clean.
The full name of "Yiying Monument" is "Luxiang Yiying Li Confucius Temple Monument". Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong Province. Engraved in the first year of Yongxing in Han Dynasty (A.D. 153). The whole monument has eighteen lines, each with 40 words. Zhao Gan commented in the Ming Dynasty: "Its narrative is simple and its statutes are vigorous, which makes people want to see the elegance of the Han people." Comments on He's "Stone Postscript of Dongzhou Caotang" in Qing Dynasty: "Park Xiang built the door, carved it after opening it, but felt that Zhuang Yan Shu." "Yi Ying Bei" is graceful without losing its rigidity, with flat structure, rigorous composition and elegant overall style.
There are two monuments in "Shi Chenbei", so later generations are called "Monument before Chen Shi" and "Monument after Chen Shi". Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong Province. The full name of the former monument is Lu Chen's memorial tablet to Confucius or inviting Gu to become a monk and worship Confucius, which was engraved in Jianning two years (AD 169). The full name of the back tablet is "Lu Shixiang Chen Yi Confucius Temple Tablet", which was carved in the first year of Jianning, the spiritual emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Yang Shoujing's "Pingbei Ji" in Qing Dynasty said: "In the past, people said that Han Li was not beautiful, and an ancient and thick atmosphere could not be reached. This statement is true." Shi Chenbei is subtle and mellow, with refined structure and relatively simple style.
"Cao Quanbei", full name "Han Heyang made Cao Quanbei". In the second year of Zhong Ping, the Emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 185), there was a forest of steles in Xi 'an. Zhang Qingting commented: "It looks like Luo Qi Chanjuan, but it is actually copper dry stone." In the Qing Dynasty, Yang Shoujing's "Pingbei Ji" quoted Chu as saying: "Cao Quan is a book, and Zhao Dong is true." Cao Quanbei is a classic of Han Li, which is characterized by horizontal and vertical, rigorous and elegant brushwork, hidden but not revealed, and applied by Fiona Fang. Although its structure pays attention to density contrast, it is rigorous for a long time, such as a long-sleeved dance banquet.
"Zhang Qianbei", the full name is "'s Note on Zhang Yinling's Money". The third year of Zhong Ping in the Eastern Han Dynasty (A.D. 186). Wang Shizhen, an Amin poet, commented on this monument in Yiyuan: "Elegance and indulge in ancient tastes are beyond Yongjia's reach." This inscription is rough, but it has acquired a strange posture: the strokes are square and thick, the knife tastes dense and firm, and it is extremely simple and powerful; The structure is different, but it is horizontal or square, rigorous, full and thick, which is just the contrast between masculine and feminine styles with Xiu Jie in Cao Quan.
2. Brick carving
In the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was another kind of lettering, namely brick carving, mainly tomb bricks. Most of them are rectangular, mainly recording the number of bricks and the time of making bricks, and some are engraved with ancient documents. Carving methods are generally divided into three categories: die printing, dry engraving and wet engraving.
At present, the most important brick carvings found in the Eastern Han Dynasty are: bricks unearthed in Luoyang and Yanshi, and bricks unearthed in Cao Shi Tomb in Bo County, Anhui Province.
1, 1956 and 1962 were unearthed in the prisoners' tombs in Luoyang and Yanshi respectively. The latter unearthed 522 tombs of prisoners, with more than 820 bricks, of which 229 were engraved with the date of death of prisoners, which began in the fifteenth year of Yongyuan (AD 103) and finally. Because it is only a simple record of events related to prisoners on death row, the writing and lettering are sloppy, but there is a free temperament, and some even have cursive meaning.
2. Bricks of Cao Shi's tomb were unearthed in two tombs. One is a Han tomb excavated in Dongyuan Village, Bo County, Anhui Province in 1973. There are 238 brick blocks for counting characters and 3 brick blocks for portrait, and the words "Seven Years of Huan (A.D. 164)" are inscribed on it. One is a Han tomb excavated in Yuanbaokeng Village of this county from 1976 to 1977, with 140 bricks and 6 portrait bricks, dating from the third year of the founding of Lingning (A.D. 170). The brick inscription of Cao Shi's tomb was written at the same time and place, but it showed various styles and styles. Words are directly carved on bricks, including official script, cursive script and seal script, with smooth strokes and generally more accurate.
3. Bamboo slips
Bamboo slips in the Eastern Han Dynasty have been found more and more in recent years. From the content, there are ancient books, official letters and garrison documents. Official imperial edicts and classics are written neatly and rigorously, and their maturity is no less than that of official inscriptions. Garrison documents are free, natural, frank and vivid. Among them, the famous ones are:
(1) Bamboo Slips in Wuwei, Gansu Province
1959,469 bamboo slips were unearthed from the tomb of the Han Dynasty after Mozizui in Wuwei County, Gansu Province. 1972, 92 bamboo slips were unearthed from the tomb of the early Han Dynasty after the dry beach slope in Wuwei County, including 78 wooden slips and 14 wooden slips. Wuwei bamboo slips are mostly mature official scripts, and there are also Cao Zhang.
(2) Gangu Han bamboo slips
197 1 year, dozens of pieces were unearthed from the tomb of the Hou Han Dynasty in Gangu County, Gansu Province, including bamboo slips in the 6th year of Yonghe (14/year) and the 1st year of Yan Xi (158). Font is a mature official script. Gangu Han bamboo slips are well-known for their style close to that of Cao Quanbei. Cursive script is another font that matured in the Han Dynasty. Cursive script can be divided into Cao Zhang and Cao Jin. According to legend, at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Zhi gradually pushed Cao Zhang to the grass, but there is no definite evidence. Xu Shen's "cursive script in Han Dynasty" refers to Cao Zhang, which matured with the fluctuation of official script in the process of its change, and saved strokes, changed the order of strokes and increased the number of lines, which can basically be regarded as the cursive script of official script. Cao Zhang not only has the elegance and tranquility of official script, but also has the agility and liveliness of cursive script. Its flavor is simple and lofty, and it is a font with great aesthetic value.
There are three kinds of works by Cao Zhang in Han Dynasty:
The first category is bamboo slips, and the representative works include Wuwei medical bamboo slips unearthed in Wuwei, Gansu Province, Tianhan bamboo slips unearthed in Dunhuang in October of the third year, anti-China bamboo slips destroyed, bamboo slips eaten in November, and accidental killing of pony unearthed in Shuijingguan, Juyan. This style is the most diverse, some simple and simple, some open and closed, some elegant and calm, all very dynamic.
The second category, brick carving, is representative works such as "Strange Brick" and "Ram Passing Brick". This kind of dignified, vertical and horizontal structure Pentium, magnificent.
The third category, carved posts, represents Zhang Zhi's autumn cool posts. This kind of gentleness and severity is generally considered to be reformed by later generations.
Regular script is the last finalized font in the history of calligraphy in China, and running script is generally regarded as its fast writing style. But in fact, they are female compatriots, and the running script may be earlier than the regular script. Some of their formal factors appeared in the official changes, but it was not until the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty that they gradually condensed into a font.
The inscriptions on pottery bottles in the second year of Yongshou in the Eastern Han Dynasty (A.D. 156), the first year of Xiping (A.D. 172), the year of Guanghe and the first year of Yong, especially the inscriptions on pottery bottles unearthed in the tomb of Baoji City 1, have quite obvious meanings of running script and regular script, indicating that,