Xia dynasty (about 2 1 century BC-about16th century BC [1-3]) was the first hereditary dynasty recorded in China's history books. [4] There are a certain number of bronze and jade ritual vessels in the cultural relics of the same period, and the [5-6] era is about the late Neolithic Age and the early Bronze Age.
According to historical records, Yu Chuan was located in Ziqi, which changed the abdication system of primitive tribes and created a hereditary precedent in China for nearly 4,000 years [7-8]. In the history of China, "home is the world" began with the establishment of the Xia Dynasty. 1 1 tribe of Xia nationality has patriarchal clan system in blood, enfeoffment in politics and tribute to the central royal family in Xia Houshi in economy, which roughly constitutes the core territory of Xia dynasty [9]. Summer begins in the west of Henan Province and the south of Shanxi Province, east to the junction of Henan Province, Shandong Province and Hebei Province, south to the north of Hubei Province and north to the south of Hebei Province. The geographical center of this area is Yanshi, Dengfeng, Xinmi and Yuzhou [10]. Xia dynasty * * * spread to14th generation, * * later17 [1-13] (the title of the supreme ruler of Xia dynasty), which lasted about 47 1 year [/kloc].
Later generations often call themselves [15] "Huaxia", which makes it synonymous with China [16]. There are many records about the Xia Dynasty in China's traditional literature, but because they were written late, there is no direct evidence of the existence of the Xia Dynasty, such as the words of the same period of the Xia Dynasty as self-evidence, so people in the field of modern history have always questioned the authenticity of the existence of the Xia Dynasty. [17] Erlitou culture discovered in the western part of Henan Province and the southern part of Shanxi Province has the basic conditions of Xia culture era and geographical location, but the existence of Xia Dynasty has not been confirmed, because there is no written record of the same period similar to that of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins. Many Chinese and foreign historians believe that the first, second or whole period of Erlitou site in yanshi city, Henan Province is the remains of the capital of Xia Dynasty, but they are still looking for conclusive evidence to clarify it. [ 18]
The Qing Dynasty (1636- 19 12) was the second unified political power established by ethnic minorities in the history of China [1], and it was also the last feudal monarchy in China. There were twelve emperors, and the country lasted for 267 years.
16 16 years, Nuerhachi, the leader of the Jurchen Department of Jianzhou, established the late Jin Dynasty. [2-3] 1636, Huang taiji changed his country name to Daqing. [4] 1644, Li Zicheng, a peasant general, captured Beijing in the late Ming Dynasty, and the Ming Dynasty perished. The Qing army took advantage of the situation to enter the customs, politically promoted shaving and changing clothes, [5] militarily attacked the peasant army and the Nanming regime, and gradually occupied China. [6] Then, after three dynasties in Kang Yong, it developed to Ding Feng. During this period, a unified multi-ethnic country was consolidated, which basically laid the territory of China, and at the same time, absolute monarchy reached its peak. However, due to political rigidity, [7] cultural autocracy, [8- 10] closed to the outside world, and [1-12] thought stagnated and gradually fell behind the world. [ 13]
1840 The Opium War broke out between China and Britain, which was invaded by foreign powers and seriously lost its sovereignty. After the Second Opium War, the exploration of modernization began, and the landlord class carried out the Westernization Movement. [14] After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the national crisis deepened further, and the reformists headed by Kang Liang began to carry out the Reform Movement of 1898, but the reform failed. /kloc-in the summer of 0/900, Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China, suppressed the Boxer Rebellion and safeguarded its interests in China. China was completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. [15]1910/year, the revolution of 1911 broke out, and the Qing dynasty collapsed. 19 12 February, the Qing emperor was forced to abdicate. From then on, the feudal monarchy of China for more than two thousand years ended. [ 16]