Shaanxi provincial archaeological team successfully excavated the Li family tombs in Bayu County. There are 22 Li Jiashi tombs in Bayu, Dali, which have been cleared and excavated 1 1. Judging from the excavated situation, the structure, scale and unearthed artifacts of the tombs are of great value to the study of the political, economic and bureaucratic system of the Qing society, and even the social tomb culture at that time, especially its calligraphy, painting and stone carving.
The sarcophagus tomb is located in the middle of the sand source edge near Luowei at the foot of Huashan Mountain in the Yellow River Basin, only12km away from Dali County. Here, Ma Pingchuan has fertile land and rich underground cultural relics. As early as the Qin and Han dynasties, this is the place where the royal family put their horses and raised deer; History is called "sand garden". Ming and Qing dynasties ruled together, with prosperous trade and splendid culture. Judging from the unearthed epitaph, the cemetery group of Li's aristocratic family in the Qing Dynasty can be traced back to the Qianlong period at the earliest, and lasted for more than 300 years at the latest until the late Republic of China. There are as many as 400 decorative patterns of calligraphy and painting carved on each stone tomb and headstone component. There are various carving techniques, such as round carving, high relief, shallow relief, relief and intaglio, which form harmony and unity. It fully shows the sculptor's exquisite skills, and also shows the local social status and cultural accomplishment of the tomb owner Li. Stone carvings include landscapes, figures, animals, flowers and other patterns and text couplets.
From the shapes and stone carvings of the five tombs that have been unearthed, it can be seen that the first one is basically the same in structure, generally consisting of a tomb gate, a courtyard, a court hall, an ear room and a tomb room, and it is mostly a courtyard structure with one courtyard, one hall and three rooms. The name of the owner of the tomb is unknown. There are 4 1 calligraphy and painting carvings in this tomb, and two of the pillars are engraved with couplets. "My children and grandchildren talk about Zhong Xiu, and I personally measure the name of life and say," . Three patterns were carved on the lintel of the stone pillar, and the left and right two were destroyed. In the middle, an old man was exercising, and an elderly couple sat opposite and watched, with servants, maids and children beside them. The side wall of the courtyard stone pillar is engraved with the pattern of "five bats (blessing) holding longevity". On the south wall of the main hall, there is a banner inscribed with official script, "Beauty of Plum, Song of Ancient Times", and on both sides there are couplets of "Wen Huaxian's palm dew, personality jade pot ice". The sculpture on the north wall consists of four bamboo screen paintings. Fan paintings, frame paintings and treasure paintings are carved on the east and west walls. There are eight Tai Chi pictures carved on the stone wall of the tomb.
The owner of Tomb No.2 is Li Shude (1804- 1877) Ziting, and the emperor awarded Dr. Zhong Xian the title of Daoyuan, whose ancestral home is in Gong Sheng. He once taught Confucianism in Xingping County. Its courtyard couplets are called "a place where the heights are too cold, and flowers often attract the sky through the ages." There are three squares carved on the forehead of the lintel, with orchids on the left, bamboo on the right and a treasure map in the middle. The south wall of the main hall is engraved with the word "loyalty" and the north wall with the word "filial piety". The fonts are all regular script. One meter square. Strong, upright and generous. Teach people virtue. There are a pair of boys and girls engraved with circles in front of the tomb.
Li Tianpei (1830- 1875), the owner of Tomb No.3, was appointed as the candidate doctor of Hualing. I like to make friends with celebrities with good conduct all my life and often help poor neighbors. Its cemetery couplet is "Shoucheng Cuibai pine shade, beautiful city surrounded by green mountains and green waters". The south wall screen is carved with pine cranes, and the north wall is double deer pens. Courtyards and courtyards are painted with flowers and birds, figures, pavilions and pavilions. There is a couplet in front of the tomb, saying, "Learning from Penglai can be handed down from generation to generation to build stone chambers, and famous immortals can only be composed as ode to Luotian". A screen is engraved on the back wall. The couplets in front of the south tomb are "spring soil is rich for a hundred years, boudoir door is fragrant for a thousand years", and the couplets in front of the north tomb are "the splendor of Baowu, the comfort of Yaochi fairyland". Ask "the paint lamp shines".
The name of the owner of Tomb 4 is unknown. The couplets in the cemetery are "It is cold in front of Dong Caotang, and the dream of Furong City is fragrant". There is a screen on the south wall of the courtyard, and the north wall is destroyed. Courtyard and courtyard are carved with flowers and birds, figures, fruits, trees and scenery. There are only two tombs (usually three rooms), and the couplet of the south room is "Don't have a hole in the sky, live in seclusion, and sleep in the new land." The north room is "Yuquan buried white jade, and the courtyard is deeply separated from the world of mortals". The back walls of the two tombs are carved with people's stories.
The owner of Tomb No.5 (1807- 1862) was made Qing, and the emperor conferred a title on Dr. Zhong Xian, honoring him as Hualing, and suggested that the doctor make up for the summer vacation in Lusi Temple. He was then a senior official in Beijing, Hou Lu. Great-grandfather Li Bi, grandfather Li Chaoen and father Li Zhongqing were all court officials. Its courtyard, courtyard and south burial chamber were all destroyed, leaving only the middle and north burial chambers. The shallow relief on the back wall of the tomb is the sea wave, with cranes and terraces on the sea wave. The back wall of the North Tomb is carved with seawater, and there is a bottle in the seawater with three halberds in it.
There are many other tombs, one of which is engraved with "Wannian House" and the other with "Gujia City".
The above summary is only a small part of more than 400 paintings and calligraphy carvings.
These calligraphy, painting and stone carving works are clear, standardized, dignified and intriguing; The painting has a wide range of contents and themes, and the painting method adopts traditional Chinese painting techniques. Some paintings are printed with words, and poems with pictures complement each other. Carvers of stone carving use carving techniques such as land reduction, digging, polishing, drilling, round carving, shallow relief, high relief and hollowing out, which is the epitome of stone carving skills. The excavation of the ancient tombs in Bayu Village is of great significance to the study of politics, culture, calligraphy, painting, bluestone carving, secular concepts, religious beliefs, foreign exchanges, trade and social changes before and after the war.
Bayu Township: Bayu Township is located in the southwest of Dali County 12.8km, with an actual distance of 15km. Geographical coordinates: N 34 43, E109 49. It borders Cao Shi Township in the east, Xiazhai Town in the west, Sucun Township in the south and Qiangbai Town in the north, with a total area of 97,700 mu, including 54,000 mu of cultivated land and 8,000 mu of orchards and jujube forests. Jurisdiction over Bashu, Peninsula, Nanwangge, Luohe, Jianwa, Nanzhuang, Maicheng, Ashou, Xiaozhuang and Xicheng.