Recite the full text on the basis of comprehensive understanding, and read two excerpts of Invincible Benevolence and reneging on one's word. The following are three excellent model essays of high school Chinese teaching plans compiled by me for your reference. For more details, please click on the lesson plan column. Part 1: The teaching plan
Teaching purpose
1. Understand the specific content, ideological basis and historical progress of Mencius' "benevolent government".
2. Understand Mencius' answering process, the art of argument and the subjective and objective reasons for his "argumentative".
3. Understand and master the corresponding translations of "number", "hair", "straight", "soldier" and "victory" and some fixed sentence patterns.
4. Recite the full text on the basis of comprehensive understanding, and read two excerpts of Invincible Benevolence and renege.
Teaching emphases and difficulties
1. Emphasis:
The debate process and art of this article.
2. Difficulties:
The ideological content of Mencius is also the specific content of "benevolent politics".
teaching hours
two class hours.
teaching steps
1. Introduction
We have just learned the famous passage Zi Lu, Zeng Xi, Ran You and Gong Xihua sitting in the Analects of Confucius, which reflects Confucius' political thought from one aspect-ruling the country with rites and music and implementing benevolent government. This kind of political thought was developed by Mencius, the main representative of Confucianism, in the mid-Warring States period and became the theory of benevolent government. At that time, the governors fought for years, causing untold sufferings. Mencius witnessed the people's sufferings and power, and formed the people-oriented thought, and put forward a famous proposition with democratic essence: "The people are more important, the country is second, and the monarch is lighter." He believes that the people are the foundation of the country, and the people's hearts are the key to winning and losing the world. Rulers should implement benevolent policies, treat the people with kindness, and care about the people's sufferings as parents treat their children, so as to win the support of the people; On the other hand, when a ruler abuses his government, he will be hated by the people, lose their hearts and become a lone thief and be overthrown by the people. "I am to the country" is an answer of Mencius and Liang Huiwang about political affairs. Let's read it, recite it, think about it, and then discuss it to see how Mencius' idea of benevolent governance is reflected in this lesson.
2. Pronunciation of words
1. Drag (yè): drag.
2. Number (cù): dense.
3. gǔ: net.
4. Zhen (wū): stagnant water in depressions, ponds.
5. turtle (bi): tuanyu, commonly known as tortoise.
6. Zhan (zhiì): pig.
7. Love your brother.
8. pi ? o: people who starve to death.
3. Introduction to Mencius
See the text.
Fourth, solving problems
This article is selected from Confucian classics, with seemingly simple words and profound connotations. Benevolence is the core of Mencius' political theory, and the book Mencius has repeatedly discussed the related issues of benevolence.
This text records a conversation between Mencius and Liang Huiwang, and discusses the problem of "the people don't increase much", expounds the specific content of Mencius' "benevolent government", and exposes the social inequality to some extent.
During the Warring States period, the rulers of various vassal states fought for cities and lands and attacked each other. Fight for the city, kill the city "; Cruel exploitation at home, heavy labor and destruction of productivity. This has caused a shortage of troops and labor, which is a very prominent problem. Competing for manpower has become a top priority for the rulers of various vassal States. It can be seen that the essence of Liang Huiwang's question is to increase national strength by increasing manpower.
5. Cross-talk about the text
1. Liang Huiwang said, "I am a country, and I am dedicated to it.
for the country (at last). There is a famine in Hanoi.
What's the matter? Three modal particles are used together to emphasize that the focus is on the latter one.
2. If Hanoi is fierce, it will emigrate to Hedong and move its millet to Hanoi; Hedong is also fierce.
evil: poor grain harvest, famine year.
move: migrate.
millet: millet refers to grain.
yea: yea.
qi: Dai Hedong.
3. He who observes the politics of neighboring countries has no intention like my own. There are no more people in neighboring countries, and there are no more people in my country.
inspect: inspect.
politics: politics
nothing like: not comparable.
add: more.
He Ye: What is the reason? Nothing.
the first part (1 natural paragraph): put forward the question of "people don't add more".
During the Warring States period, the rulers of various vassal states fought for cities and lands and attacked each other. Fight for the city, kill the city "; Cruel exploitation at home, heavy labor and destruction of productive forces have caused a shortage of soldiers. The shortage of labor is a very prominent problem. Competing for manpower has become a top priority for governors. Before Liang Huiwang put forward the question of "the people are not too many", he boasted that "I am a country, and I am devoted to it". Then, taking disaster relief to save the people as an example, he declared that he was better at governing the country than "the politics of neighboring countries". "If Hanoi is fierce, he will emigrate to Hedong and move his millet to Hanoi; Hedong is also fierce. " Describe the specific measures of disaster relief from two aspects. "He who observes the politics of neighboring countries has no intention like me", which further highlights Liang Huiwang's self-esteem and paves the way for the following "pot calling the kettle black". "There are not too many people in neighboring countries, and there are not too many people in my country. Why?" Liang Huiwang hoped that more people would join him. Mencius used Liang Huiwang's psychology to publicize the idea of "benevolent politics" and wanted to guide him to practice kingly politics.
4. Mencius said to him, "Wang is belligerent, please use war metaphor.
warlike: like to fight.
use ... as a metaphor.
5. Fill it up, the weapon will be connected, and the armor will be abandoned and the troops will leave. Or stop after a hundred steps, or stop after fifty steps. With pot calling the kettle black. A hundred steps, then what?
Fill the drum: Knock the war drum.
Fill in: onomatopoeia.
drum: a famous movement.
zhi: auxiliary word, meaningless.
soldier: weapon.
blade: blade, metonymy.
weapon: synonymous compound word.
Abandon armor and drag troops: abandon armor and drag weapons.
or: some people laugh at (themselves).
and: table modification.
Hundred Steps: Quantifiers are used as verbs and run a hundred steps.
then: then.
6, saying: "No, it's not a hundred paces straight, but it's also a walk."
straight no: that's just not (running).
straight: just, but.
7. "If Wang knows this, there is no hope that there will be more people than neighboring countries.
if you know this truth, don't expect more people than neighboring countries.
none: same as none, don't.
zhi; Take independence.
The second part (2-4 natural paragraph): Analyze the reason of "people don't increase more":
Mencius didn't directly answer the question of "people don't increase more", but used metaphors familiar to Liang Huiwang to inspire the other side to make it easy for the other side to accept. "Wang is belligerent, please use war metaphor." Always mention one sentence, and then cite two situations in which two deserters "abandoned their armor and left." According to the distance of defeat and escape, it is put forward that "what about pot calling the kettle black?" The rhetorical question further inspires and induces the other party to say something that denies his argument unconsciously: "No, you can't go straight, even if you go straight." With the spear of the child, the shield of the attack, "if Wang knows this, there is no hope that the people will be more than the neighboring countries." These two words suddenly turned to the topic, which not only answered the reason of "the people don't increase much", but also revealed the moral of pot calling the kettle black: Liang Huiwang's "moving people and millet" is not dedicated to governing the country with the rulers of neighboring countries, and there is no difference in essence, but only in form and quantity. This implies that Wang Huiliang's small favors can't increase the number of people. To increase the number of people, he must be benevolent and king-like. So the article naturally transits from the second part to the third part.
8. "If you don't go against the farming season, the grain can't beat the food. If you don't count, you can't eat fish and turtles.
violation: violation.
valley: grain.
counting: fine mesh.
entering the pond: entering the pond.
victory: exhaustion.
9. When an axe is used in the mountains, wood and wood can't be used. Valley and fish and turtles can't beat food.
press.
hour: seasonal.
1, it is to make people keep healthy and lose their lives without shaking.
funeral: funeral for the dead.
and: table to undertake.
11. the beginning of kingly way.
the beginning: this is the beginning of ...
Wang Dao: Ruling the world with benevolence and righteousness is a political proposition of Confucianism.
5-7 natural section is the third part:
5 natural section: Explain the truth of "the beginning of kingly way":
Mencius believes that developing production reasonably and making the people "keep healthy and die without shaking" is the beginning of implementing benevolent policies and the initial measure to increase the number of people. "Don't go against the farming season, the valley can't win food. If you don't count, you can't eat fish and turtles. Axes and pounds enter the mountains in time, and wood and wood can't be used. " Three sets of comparative sentences put forward three measures to develop production and the effects produced by taking these measures. The sentence pattern of "can't … win" gives people an inexhaustible feeling, which greatly increases the persuasiveness and appeal of the article. Then, it summarizes the first three groups of parallelism sentences with "the grain and the fish and turtle can't beat the food, and the wood and wood can't beat the use", and based on this conclusion, it introduces a new conclusion: "The king is also the beginning." Here, the author closely links the three meanings and three aspects, and closely links the problem of "making the people add more" with the practice of king.
12. For a house of five acres, the trees can be mulberry, and the fifty can be clothed.
tree: verb, plant.
zhi: auxiliary word, meaningless.
clothes: wear.
silk: silk fabric.
dolphin: pig.
bi: pig.
13, chickens, dolphins, dogs, and pigs, there is no time to lose, and seventy people can eat meat.
livestock: livestock.
none: yes or no, no.
miss: miss.
time: opportunity.
its: substitute chicken, dolphin, dog and bird.
seize: delay.
14. Don't seize the time for a hundred acres of land. If you have a family of several, you can go hungry.
hours: farming hours.
15. I sincerely respect the teaching of order, apply it with the meaning of filial piety, and those who award it will not be put on the road.
caution.
in ancient times, it refers to schools.
teaching: enlightenment.
Shen: tell it again and again.
filial piety: respect parents.
Xi: love your brother.
righteousness: truth.
16, 7 people are carnivorous, Li people are not hungry or cold, but they are not kings, and they have nothing.
award the same spot.
white hair: gray hair.
negative: carrying things.
Dai: carrying something.
Li min: ordinary people.
Wang: famous works move, and he is king.
Wei you: negative pronouns are used as object postpositions.
6 Natural paragraph: Explain the reason of the success of kingly way:
Mencius further put forward the benevolent policy of educating the people and making the people submit, which is also the fundamental measure of "making the people more". "Five acres of house, the tree to mulberry, fifty can clothing. Chickens, dolphins and dogs are livestock, and there is no time to lose. Seventy people can eat meat. A hundred acres of land, don't seize the time, a family of several people can be hungry. " These three groups of parallelism sentences also put forward three measures to develop production and the effects produced by taking these measures. Compared with the above three measures, these three measures are obviously a step forward and have stronger subjective initiative. Mencius not only advocated nurturing the people, but also advocated teaching the people: "I would like to teach in order, apply it with the meaning of filial piety, and those who award the white will not bear to wear it on the road." Here, the author uses four groups of parallelism sentences to describe his own ideas layer by layer and render them vividly, showing a bright future for Liang Huiwang. Then, using the sentence "seventy people eat meat in clothes and silk, and the people are not hungry or cold", it is logical to draw the conclusion that "however, there is no king, there is nothing left", which echoes the previous "the beginning of king".
17. Dogs eat human food but don't know it, and they don't know it when they are hungry.
Inspection: constraint
Painting: same way, road.
tuo: people who starve to death.
Fa: Open the granary and give relief to the people.
18. When a person dies, he says,' It's not me, it's years old.'
then: the table turns.
years old: reaching maturity.
19. What's the difference between stabbing people and killing them, saying,' It's not me, it's a soldier'?
he yi: what's the difference?
in: and.
2. Wang is innocent, and the people of the world are very important.
sin: blame.
s: then.
to: to, here refers to submission.
7 natural paragraph: explain the attitude of "making people more".
Mencius criticized the ruler's political abuse and proved his right from the opposite side. The first two paragraphs have already explained the truth of king, and this paragraph takes care of the beginning of the article. Liang Huiwang keeps saying that he is "dedicated" to the country, but "dogs eat food without knowing it, and they are hungry without knowing it". How can they be "dedicated"? The sharp contrast between "dogs eat people" and "coated with hunger" profoundly reveals the social inequality at that time. Then, the author refutes the governor's prevarication of blaming the year 2 with metaphor: it is as absurd to blame the year 2 for being poor, just as it is absurd to blame the weapon for stabbing people and killing them. It is not the famine years that harm the people, but the tyranny of the rulers. The last two sentences, "Wang is innocent, and the people of the world are very important", are concise, and don't blame the age, but reflect on yourself, get rid of political abuse, be benevolent, and be king, so that the people can live in houses, farm fields, eat enough, wear warm clothes and use enough, receive education, and know etiquette, so as to make them surrender. "There are so many people in the world" answers the question that "there are not many people" put forward by Liang Huiwang at the beginning.
the third part (5 ~ 7 natural paragraphs) expounds the concrete content of Mencius' "benevolent policy"-the fundamental measures to increase the number of people.
VI. Understanding Classical Chinese by Inference
1. Contrary to one's will:
That is, when you encounter a place that you can't read, you can skip it. After you understand the general idea of the full text almost, you can assume an explanation according to the context, and sometimes you can even guess. This method is called "Contrary to one's will" and "reverse" means "cater to", as in this article.
2. Inference is made by using the methods of duality, parallelism and intertextuality:
As mentioned in this article, "If you don't count, you can't win the game.". We can infer the meaning of the sentence "several times" from the sentence "axe weight".
3. Inferred from the up-and-down thinking and logical relationship:
If the meaning of the sentence "No, it's not a hundred steps straight, but it's also a walk", you can stop after one hundred steps or fifty steps according to the above. With pot calling the kettle black, what is it? ".
VII. Homework. Part 2: The teaching plan of Farewell to Cambridge
Talking about the teaching material
1. The position and characteristics of the teaching material
Cultivating students.