Question 1: What does Kutani Taniguchi mean in Japan? Kutani Taniguchi is a famous pottery in Japan.
Question 2: What is Kutani ware in Japanese tea sets? What are the characteristics of Kutani ware? The origin of "Kutani ware" can be traced back to the mid-17th century AD. It is said that it was manufactured under the orders of the local ruler Maeda Toshiharu.
"Kutani ware" is painted porcelain ("fire" means ceramic in Japanese). It is named after its birthplace, Kutani, Japan, and has a history of 350 years. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Chinese painted porcelain was introduced to Japan. It was loved by the local people and developed rapidly. Therefore, Japanese painted porcelain has a strong Chinese style.
The earliest ancient Kutani ware was influenced by the dyeing and painting of Kyushu's Arita ware and interacted with the porcelain style of the Kaga region in the north. It is said that the first master of Kaga Daishoji Temple, Maeda Toshioharu, ordered his retainer Goto Saijiro to go up the Daishoji River along the Daishoji River and open a kiln in Kutani, a remote village in the mountains, which lasted until the early Genroku years. In order to distinguish it from the "Resurgence of Kutani" that started at the end of the Tokugawa period, it is generally called "Old Kutani-yaki".
Color is the biggest feature of ancient Kutani ware: the glaze is rich and delicious and has a superb artistic conception. The strong color and the slightly turbid and matte texture form a perfect harmony, showing the highest level of Japanese painted porcelain. Another technique is to coat the plain porcelain with cyan, green, purple, yellow and other colored glazes. Because there is no red, it is commonly known as "green hand", and there are many masterpieces with lofty artistic conception.
Question 3: I have Jiutani porcelain at home. Let’s see if it has any collection value. 10 points At first glance, it looks like a Japanese porcelain bowl. Kutani (also known as Kutani Ceramics) In the early Edo period of Japan, around the first year of Meiretsu (AD 1655), the lord of the Daishoji Temple of the Kaga Domain was named Toshiji Maeda and ordered his retainer Goto Saijiro to make pottery in Hiden Arita. Kutani Village in Enuma County, Kaga Province, is a famous place where people practiced Buddhism, introduced techniques, and brought back potters. Among them, Goto Saijiro guided a person named Tamura Gonzaemon, and "Kutaniyaki" was created. Because there are not many collectors of small Japanese porcelain bowls in our country, their prices are not high.
Question 4: I saw two plates at a friend’s house. Please ask an expert to take a look. Does the word “九谷” on the bottom of the other one mean hemp? From Kutani Little Japan, my personal opinion is for reference only, thank you!
Question 5: I am looking for an antique appraisal bowl. The pattern is green pine, crane, chrysanthemum, symmetrical on all sides, and inscribed Kutani. Can anyone who knows the product help explain it? Can it be based on the shape of the Japanese porcelain Kutani ware? The visual inspection is Kutani or imitation Kutani ware in the 20th century
Reasons
Let’s look at the origin first. The origin of “Kudani ware” can be traced back to the mid-17th century AD. According to legend, it was in accordance with the instructions of the local ruler Maeda Toshitoshi. At that time, because a kind of ore material that could be used to make porcelain was discovered here, Maeda Toshiji sent craftsmen to the porcelain production place, which is now Arita Town, Saga Prefecture, to learn the porcelain firing technology and start manufacturing. porcelain. The porcelain produced during this period is called "ancient Jiugu". At the end of the 17th century AD, the production of "Kutani ware" stopped for a time; later in the 19th century AD, the production of "Kutani ware" started again. The unique style of "Kutani ware" is that its painting lines are bold and bright, and its colors include green, yellow, red, purple and navy blue. It has a strong Chinese style. According to research, during the Japanese invasion of China in the 1930s, "Kutani ware" artifacts landed in Beijing with the Japanese invasion. After the Japanese surrendered in 1945, some Kutani-yaki artifacts were not taken away and are still scattered among the Chinese people.
Kutani-yaki porcelain has an elegant artistic style and unique skills. It is very good at using luxurious decorative materials such as gold and silver for decoration or painting. The decorative technique of this product is the art of Jiutani fired colored porcelain. The art of Jiutani fired colored porcelain is good at absorbing nutrients from the essence of ancient culture and art. The paintings are rich in content. There are flowers and birds, mountains and rivers, scenery, etc.; there are fish patterns, cranes, gods and other auspicious themes; there are also people and children; there are also patterns of pine, bamboo, plum, chrysanthemum and so on. There are also potters who are deeply influenced by Chinese culture such as the Seven Sages of the Ancient Chinese Bamboo Grove and depict Chinese-style patterns.
Many painters are skilled and experienced in painting techniques, and their paintings are meticulous and detailed. Ceramic art masters perfectly inject their pursuit and wishes for a better life into their porcelain paintings.
The gold color in the glaze can be clearly seen in this product. Underglaze gilding is a technique in which the porcelain is first gilded or coated with gold powder, and then a transparent glaze is applied. After firing, the transparent glaze appears as if gold is rising, forming a deep color. However, there is only one place for this product, that is between the two cranes. If the patina is insufficient, the period is at least after the Meiji period. Please attach a few more pictures for detailed identification
Question 6: What does meter mean? The length unit "meter" (meter, metre) in the International System of Units originated in France. In May 1790, a special committee composed of French scientists recommended using one 40 millionth of the total length of the Earth's meridian passing through Paris as the unit of length - meter. It was approved by the French Congress in 1791.
2. Interpretation
Rice mi 1. (uncooked) rice 2. other grain husked rice metre; rice; rice mǐ (1) (pictographic, oracle bone character shape. Like rice grains trivial vertical and horizontal "Mi" is a radical of the Chinese character, and the word "米" is related to rice and grain. Original meaning: the shelled seeds of cereals and other plants) (2) Same as the original meaning [rice; shelled or husked seed] rice, millet. Like the shape of solid grain. DD "Shuowen". Press, the four notes are like rice, and the ten between them are divided into nine grains. Rice has Yu's itch. DD "Book of Rites? Mingtang Wei" (3) Another example: corn; peanuts (4) Specifically refers to rice [rice] A thousand dendrobiums of rice, a lot of paper for repairing books. DD "Shishuo Xinyu? Yaliang" Palm the comings and goings of rice and millet, and identify its contents. DD "Zhou Li? Local Officials" (5) Another example: rotten rice in the warehouse, wealth is higher than Beidou (white rice is rotten in the warehouse, money is higher than Beidou. Describes extremely rich); Mi cable (a linear food made of rice flour, Also known as rice noodles or rice noodles); Mihang (a business dealing in grain trading); Mixi (rice washing water); Miz (fine bran of rice); rice wine (wine brewed from rice); Mimai (rice and wheat) . Generally refers to grains such as rice and wheat) (6) refers to a very small or very small amount. Still a bit [a bit] The wild rice floats on the waves and sinks into the black clouds, and the lotus room falls pink in the cold dew. DD Du Fu's "Eight Poems of Autumn" Another example: rice grains of pearls (rice, noun as adverbial, describing smallness); Mi Xue (adverbial, rice-like small snow beads, common name for graupel); rice grains of snow (Mi Xue) (7 ) The unit of length in the basic unit of the International System of Units, equal to the length of 1,650,763.73 wavelengths of radiation in a vacuum corresponding to the transition between 2p10 and 5d5 of the krypton-86 atom [American meter; British metre]. Such as: Metric system (8) Surname
Edit this paragraph 4. Surname
The surname Mi (Mǐ) has three origins: 1. It comes from the name of the country, with the country as the surname. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there was an American country in the Western Regions (southwest of Samar Khan, the current Soviet Union of Uzbekistan), which was an agricultural and animal husbandry country. During the Han Dynasty, it was attacked by the Xiongnu and moved to China. In the Tang Dynasty, it became a vassal state of China. Later, they gradually moved inland to the Central Plains and multiplied from generation to generation. They took the name of the country and their surnames, and later formed the Mi family. 2. Derived from the surname Mi. According to "A Study of Surnames", Mi Fu of the Song Dynasty claimed to be a descendant of the Chu State in the pre-Qin Dynasty. His original surname was Mi, which was later changed to the homophone word Mi. 3. Originated from China *** Ancient surnames: ① The surname Mi mainly comes from the Mi family of Kangju State in the ancient Western Regions. The Mi family originally lived in Zhaowu City (today's Gaotai County, Gansu Province) and was one of the "Nine Zhaowu Surnames". Later, they belonged to the Huns and moved to the Amu Darya and Syr Darya river basins in Central Asia to establish the country of Mi. The former site is in the southwest of Samarkand, Uzbekistan. After Americans entered China, their descendants took Mi as their surname. During the Changqing period of the Tang Dynasty (821-824), the famous musician Mi Jiarong was hailed by Liu Yuxi as "singing an unexpected voice in Liangzhou" and "being able to change the old voice into a new one". He was a native of Mi from the Western Regions. ② The "Mi" in the *** name "Minale" is also the source of the surname Mi.
③ Mi Kai'an, the border commander in the Yuan Dynasty (*** in Datong Prefecture, Shanxi Province), later surrendered to Ming Taizu in the sixth year of Hongwu (1373). The following year, he was transferred to Shaowuwei, Fujian Province. After resigning at an old age, he settled in Shaowu and became the ancestor of *** with the surname Mi in today's Fujian Province. People with the surname Mi *** are mainly distributed in the Central Plains region. 4. Historical celebrities with the surname Mi Mi Fu: a calligrapher and painter in the Northern Song Dynasty. His first name was Fu, with the courtesy name Yuanzhang, and his nicknames were Xiangyang Manshi and Haiyue Waishi. A native of Wu (now Suzhou, Jiangsu Province), he settled in Runzhou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province). He successively served as Zhiyongqiu County, Lianshui Army, Taichang Doctor, Zhiwuweijun, Huizong Shizhao as a doctor of calligraphy and painting, and an official as a member of the Ministry of Rites, Wailang, known as Minangong. He behaved crazily and was known as Mi Dian. His cursive writing was inspired by Wang Xian's brushstrokes and his brushwork was graceful. He was known as one of the "Four Great Masters of the Song Dynasty" together with Cai Xiang, Su Shi and Huang Tingjian. He painted landscapes and figures, mostly using the splash-brush technique of ink dots, which made him his own style. His surviving calligraphy works include "Tiao Xi" Poems", "Shu Su", "Hongxian Poems", "Elegy to the Queen Mother", etc. He is the author of "History of Calligraphy", "History of Painting", "Baozhang...gt;gt;
Question 7: What are the five grains? Millet, beans, hemp, wheat, rice
History of the five grains
What are the five grains
"Grain" It is the simplified Chinese character for "gu", which originally refers to grains with shells; things like rice, Ji (jiji, i.e. millet), broomcorn millet (also known as yellow rice), etc. have a shell on the outside, so they are called cereals. The sound of the word Gu comes from the sound of shell.
The earliest record of the term "grain" can be found in "The Analects of Confucius". According to the record in The Analects of Confucius: More than 2,400 years ago, Confucius took his students on a long trip. Zilu was lagging behind. He met an old farmer carrying a bamboo basket with a staff and asked him, "Have you seen the Master?" The old farmer said: "My limbs are not working, and the grains cannot be distinguished. Who is the master?"
Dear reader, can you distinguish the grains?
Wu Gu means five kinds of grains. Books older than "The Analects" such as "The Book of Songs" and "The Book of Books" only mention "hundred grains" and nothing about "five grains". From hundreds of grains to five grains, have the types of food crops been reduced? No. In the past, people often gave a proper name to several different varieties of a crop, which made the list too much. Moreover, the word "hundred" here is just used to mean many, and there are not really a hundred kinds. The emergence of the term "grains" indicates that people have a relatively clear concept of classification, and also reflects that there were five main food crops at that time.
When the term "grain" was first coined, there was no record of what it actually meant. The earliest explanation we can see now was written by people from the Han Dynasty. There are two main explanations for people after *** and the Han Dynasty: one is rice, millet, millet, wheat, and bean (i.e. soybean); the other is hemp (referring to cannabis), millet, millet, wheat, and bean. . The difference between these two statements is that one has rice but no hemp, and the other has hemp but no rice. Although hemp seeds can be eaten, their fibers are mainly used to weave cloth. Grain refers to grain. The former statement does not include hemp among the five grains, which is more reasonable. But on the other hand, the economic and cultural center at that time was in the north, and rice was a southern crop. Its cultivation in the north was limited, so it was possible that the grains contained hemp but not rice. "Historical Records? Tianguan Shu" "Every year is good and evil" (predicting good times and bad years). The crops mentioned below are wheat, millet, broomcorn millet, bean sprouts and hemp, which belong to the latter theory. Probably because of these reasons, people after the Han Dynasty and the Han Dynasty had two different interpretations of grains.
Combining these two statements, there are six main crops: rice, millet, millet, wheat, bean sprouts and hemp. The famous work of the Warring States Period, "Lu Shi Chun Qiu" (written in the third century BC), contains four articles specifically talking about agriculture. Among them, "The Examination of Time" discusses the gains and losses of growing crops, millet, rice, hemp, bean sprouts, and wheat. pros and cons. Grain is millet. These six crops are exactly the same as the six mentioned above. The crops mentioned in "Lu's Spring and Autumn Period? Twelve Chronicles" are also these six types.
Obviously, rice, millet, millet, wheat, bean sprouts, and hemp were the main crops at that time. The so-called five grains refer to these crops, or five of these six crops.
However, with the development of social economy and agricultural production, the concept of grains is constantly evolving. Now the so-called grains are actually just the general name of food crops, or generally refer to food crops.
Question 8: What does the five grains refer to? According to the "Huangdi Neijing", the five grains are "japonica rice, adzuki beans, wheat, soybeans, and yellow millet", while in "Mencius Teng Wengong", the five grains are called "rice, millet, millet, "Grains, wheat, bean sprouts" are also called "barley, wheat, rice, adzuki beans, and flax" during Buddhist sacrifices. Then Li Shizhen recorded in "Compendium of Materia Medica" that there are 33 types of cereals and 14 types of beans. There are 47 types in total. Nowadays, cereals usually refer to rice, wheat, sorghum, soybeans, and corn. Grains other than rice and flour are customarily called cereals, so cereals also generally refer to food crops.
Grains: the collective name for food crops. The theory of "five grains" appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The Analects of Confucius: "If the four bodies are not diligent, the five grains will not be distinguished." But the explanations are different. One says it is broomcorn millet, millet, wheat, bean sprouts, and rice; The main difference between these two statements is the presence or absence of rice and hemp. The reason for the disagreement is that there were more than five kinds of crops at that time. The existence of the "hundred grains", "six grains" and "nine grains" is a clear proof. The types of crops vary from place to place. The popularity of the "five grains" theory is obviously influenced by the thought of the five elements. Therefore, generally speaking, grains refer to several major food crops.
Although the concept of five grains has been around for more than two thousand years, the status of these food crops in the national food supply has changed over time. Crops such as millet and broomcorn millet occupy a particularly important position in the original cultivation conditions of northern drylands due to their drought and barren tolerance and short growth period. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, people discovered the characteristics of Shu, which could keep people alive for a long time and make things easier for them. Shu, together with millet, became an indispensable food for people at that time. At the same time, people discovered that winter wheat could be planted during the growing seasons of late autumn and early spring, and could play a role in solving the problem of drought. In addition, the stone round mill was invented at this time, and the consumption of wheat developed from grain food to pasta. , the palatability was greatly improved, so that wheat received widespread attention from people, and thus developed into one of the main food crops, and was compared with millet. In the Confucian classic "Spring and Autumn", it is said that grain is not recorded, but grain and wheat are not recorded. It can be seen that the sage attaches great importance to wheat and grass among the five grains. Agriculturists Zhao Guo and 锸ぶ during the Western Han Dynasty were committed to promoting wheat cultivation in the Guanzhong area. The increase in population in Guanzhong during the Han Dynasty was closely related to the development of wheat farming. Until the Tang and Song Dynasties, the population in the north was greater than the population in the south. But after the Tang and Song Dynasties, the situation changed. The growth of China's population is mainly concentrated in the southeastern region, which is what has been called "diguangren" since the Qin and Han Dynasties. The population density in the south has always been much higher than that in the north. The increase in the population in the south is inseparable from rice production. Rice is very suitable for cultivation in the southern areas with abundant rainfall, but it was not eye-catching at first and was even excluded from the five crops. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, rice's status in the national food supply increased day by day. According to estimates by Song Yingxing in the Ming Dynasty, rice accounted for seven-tenths of the food supply at that time, accounting for an absolute advantage. Rice, wheat, millet, millet and other grain crops accounted for Together, they account for only three-tenths of the total, and have been relegated to a secondary position. Soybeans and hemp have withdrawn from the category of food crops and are only used as vegetables. However, when some crops withdraw from the ranks of food crops, some crops They joined the ranks of food crops. In the late Ming Dynasty, corn, sweet potatoes, and potatoes were introduced to China one after another and became an important part of the main food crops in modern China.
Question 9: What does it mean to laugh but not be sure? Not sure. It means: "It's not funny, but it makes you laugh endlessly." The point of laughter is low and the laughter is excessive. "A woman who smiles uncertainly, ***, cannot be married!