I. The establishment of the Sui Dynasty: 1. Founder: Emperor Wendi Sui (Emperor Wendi Sui)
2. Establishment time: 58 1 year.
3. Capital: Chang 'an
Second, the unification of the Sui Dynasty: 1. Time: 589.
2. What happened: The Sui army went south, destroyed the last dynasty of the Southern Dynasties and unified the north and the south.
3. Significance: It ended the separatist regime since the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, created the "great unification" situation in Sui and Tang Dynasties, and laid the foundation for its economic and cultural prosperity.
Third, the rule of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty: 1. Policy: reform the system, develop production, attach importance to government-run, and advocate thrift.
2. Results: The country is unified and stable, the people's burden is light, and the society and economy are prosperous.
3. Performance: population explosion, expansion of cultivated land and abundant granaries.
4. Grand Canal opened: 1. Objective: To strengthen the north-south traffic and consolidate the rule of the dynasty over the whole country.
2. Conditions: national unity and stability, social and economic prosperity.
3. Opening date: 605 years.
4. Founding Emperor: Emperor Yang Di.
5. Route: (1) With Luo Yang as the center, Zhuo Jun in the north and Yuhang in the south, with a total length of more than 2,000 kilometers.
(2) It is divided into four sections: Yongji Canal, Tongji Canal, Han (hán) ditch and Jiangnan River.
(3) It connects five major rivers: Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River.
6. Status: The longest canal in the ancient world.
7. Significance: (1) becomes the north-south traffic artery of China.
(2) It has greatly promoted the economic exchanges between the north and the south of China.
(3) It is of great significance to the future economic development of China.
5. The demise of the Sui Dynasty: 1. Extinction time: 6 18.
2. The main reason for the demise: Yang Di was unable to be tyrannical in the later period of his rule, which led to the peasant uprising in the late Sui Dynasty.
3. The way to be overthrown: under the attack of the rebel army, it was destroyed with the dynasty.
Lesson 2 "The Rule of Zhenguan"
1. The establishment of the Tang Dynasty: 1. Time: 6 18.
2. Founder: Ethan (Tang Gaozu)
3. Capital: Chang 'an
Second, Emperor Taizong's The Rule of Zhenguan: 1. Reason: (1) Emperor Taizong realized the greatness of people's power from the peasant war.
(2) Learned the lessons of the Sui Dynasty: ① The rulers should not oppress the peasants excessively.
(2) The government should be frivolous and develop production.
The emperor should be diligent in political affairs.
(4) Ministers should be honest.
2. Politics and measures: (1) Develop production and ignore taxes.
(2) Avoid extravagance and keep it simple.
(3) merge counties and get rid of disadvantages.
(4) Appoint talents and accept counseling with an open mind. (For example, Fang and Du Ruhui were appointed as prime ministers, and those who dared to speak out were also appointed. )
3. Performance in managing the world: political clarity, rapid economic development and gradually enhanced national strength.
Three. Wu Zetian's "politics opens a new century, lofty aspirations": 1. Ruling measures: (1) Continue to develop agricultural production.
(2) Pay attention to selecting talents.
2. Performance: The economy has further developed and the national strength has been continuously enhanced.
3. Role: Kaiyuan, Ryan, Guan Zhen, Hong Zhi.
(Note: Wu Zetian is the only female emperor in China history)
Lesson 3 "Kaiyuan Shi Sheng"
I. Reason: 1. Appoint talents and make great efforts to govern. (such as the appointment of Yao Chong and others as prime ministers. )
2. Pay attention to local bureaucracy. Decentralize outstanding central officials to local posts and personally assess the county magistrate's achievements. )
3. Promote frugality.
Second, performance: 1. Political clarity.
2. Unprecedented economic prosperity: (1) Agriculture: ① Water conservancy projects: more than 40 large-scale water conservancy projects have been built.
(2) Agricultural technology: The cultivation method of seedling and transplanting is widely used in southern China, which greatly increases the yield and makes Jiangnan an important commodity grain base.
③ Crops: There are many new varieties of vegetables, and tea production plays an important role in Jiangnan agriculture.
④ Improvement of farm tools: The structure of the plow was improved, a crankshaft plow was made, and a new irrigation tool cart was created.
⑤ The ability to resist natural disasters is enhanced.
(2) Handicraft industry: ① Silk weaving industry: There are many kinds of homemade products and superb silk weaving technology.
② Ceramic industry: Yue kiln celadon, Xing kiln white porcelain and world craft treasure Tang Sancai are the most famous.
(3) Commerce: ① Metropolis: Chang 'an, Luoyang, Yangzhou and Chengdu.
② Chang 'an City: 1. City squares and cities are separated, squares are residential areas and cities are commercial areas.
At that time, it was not only the center of national communication, but also an international metropolis.
3. The warehouse is full and the population has obviously increased.
The Tang Dynasty entered its heyday, which was called "the prosperous time of Kaiyuan" in history.
(Note: The prosperous period of Kaiyuan appeared in the early period of the reign of Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, and the Anshi Rebellion occurred in the late period of the reign of Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, which became the turning point of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline, and then the peasant uprising broke out at the end of the Tang Dynasty. In 907, the Tang Dynasty perished. )
Lesson Four The Birth of Imperial Examination System
1. Birth background: 1. Since Wei and Jin Dynasties, most officials have been selected from the children of dignitaries.
2. Many people who are from humble origins but have real talents and practical knowledge cannot be appointed as senior officials in the central or local governments.
2. Birth: 1. Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty began to select officials through examinations.
2. Yang Di During the reign of Yang Di, the imperial examination system in China was formally established.
Third, the birth role: 1. A scholar of humble origin can learn to be an official by his own talent.
2. The power of selecting officials is also centralized from local to central.
Fourth, perfect: 1. Emperor Taizong attached importance to the cultivation and selection of talents. (The scale of Chinese studies has been expanded, the school houses have been expanded, and the number of students has increased. )
Wu Zetian initiated the imperial examination and martial arts.
3. Tang Xuanzong took poetry as the main content of the Jinshi exam.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) influences: 1. The imperial examination system improved the employment system and gave talented scholars the opportunity to serve in governments at all levels.
2. The imperial examination system promoted the development of education.
3. The imperial examination system also promoted the development of literature and art. ..
4. The imperial examination system lasted for 1300 years in the feudal society of China, and it was not abolished until the late Qing Dynasty.
5. The imperial examination system in Tang Dynasty also influenced the neighboring countries at that time.
Lesson 5 "Family Harmony"
1. The relationship between the Tang Dynasty and ethnic minorities: 1. The local governments of ethnic minorities have always maintained close ties with the Central Plains Dynasty.
2. The Tang government set up institutions in the border areas to strengthen its jurisdiction. (For example, Emperor Taizong and Wu Zetian successively established Anxi viceroy and Beiting viceroy, which are the highest administrative and military institutions in Xinjiang today. )
Second, Tang and Tubo: 1. Tubo is the ancestor of Tibetans.
2. Tubo lives in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
3. Social life: nomadic and farming make a living, and the level of textile industry and smelting and casting industry is also very high.
4. Songzangambu and Princess Wencheng: (1) At the beginning of the 7th century, Songzangambu unified the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as the capital.
(2) Songzan Gambu admired the Central Plains civilization and proposed to Tang several times.
(3) Emperor Taizong married Princess Wencheng to him.
Meaning: 1 The economic and cultural exchanges between Tang and Fan became increasingly close.
2. The friendly relations between China and Tibet have been strengthened.
5. Kridê Zukzain and Princess Jincheng:1.At the beginning of the 8th century, the Tang Dynasty married Princess Jincheng to Tubo Zampa Kridê Zukzain.
2. Kridê Zukzain wrote to the Emperor of the Tang Dynasty that Tubo and the Tang Dynasty were a family.
Significance: The relationship between Tang and Tubo is getting closer and closer.
1. Tang and Uighur: 1. It is the ancestor of Uighurs.
2. Nomads in the Serenge River Basin.
3. Relationship with the Tang Dynasty: Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty named his leader Huairen Khan.
4. Later it was renamed as Uighur, and after the disintegration, its department moved to Gansu and Xinjiang.
2. Tang and Mo Hong: 1. Unification: At the end of the 7th century, Mohong, a branch of Mohong nationality, unified ministries and established political power.
2. Relationship with the Tang Dynasty: Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty named his leader as the king of the Bohai Sea, and from then on, the late Su regime was named "Bohai Sea".
3. Impact: The economy is developing rapidly, and it is known as "Haidong Guo Sheng".
Three. Tang Dynasty and Nanzhao: 1. Liu Zhao residents are the ancestors of the Yi and Bai nationalities.
2. Distributed in Cangshan Erhai Lake, Yunnan.
Nanzhao unified six imperial edicts.
4. Relationship with the Tang Dynasty: Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty established the leader as the king of Yunnan.
5. Representative building: Chihiro Pagoda
Lesson 6 Friendly Exchange with Foreign Countries
I. Characteristics of Tang's foreign relations: 1. Diplomacy is extensive and active.
2. Open policy and frequent foreign trade activities.
3. China enjoys a high reputation in the world, and all countries call China "the Tang people".
Second, the Tang Dynasty and Japan: to the Tang Dynasty: 1. The starting time of envoys is Sui and Tang Dynasties.
2. Many dispatch times: Zhenguan years.
3. The purpose of sending envoys is to learn from the Tang Dynasty.
4. Influence: (1) Japan carried out political reforms on the basis of the Tang Dynasty system.
(2) Japanese characters were created with reference to Chinese characters.
(3) In social life, some fashions of people in the Tang Dynasty still remain.
Du Dong, Jian Zhen: 1. Time: during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty.
2. Course: At the invitation of Japanese monks, I traveled to Japan until the sixth time.
3. Contribution: (1) Spreading the culture of the Tang Dynasty.
(2) The well-designed Zhao Ti Temple in Tang Dynasty is considered as a Japanese artistic pearl.
Third, the contact between Tang and Silla: 1. Send diplomatic envoys to study the culture of Tang Dynasty.
2. Many Silla businessmen came to China to do business, and Silla products ranked first in the imports of the Tang Dynasty.
3. Imitate the Tang Dynasty to establish a political system.
4. Adopt the imperial examination system.
5. Introduce China's scientific and technological achievements in medicine, astronomy and calendar calculation.
6. Korean music was also introduced to China.
Fourth, the communication between Tang and Tianzhu: Xuanzang's Journey to the West: 1. Time: Early years of Zhenguan
2. From: Chang 'an
3. Activities: (1) Visit the famous Buddhist temple in Tianzhu.
(2) Studying in Nalanduo Temple, the highest institution of Buddhism, and becoming a master of Buddhism.
(3) In the later period of Zhenguan, I returned to Chang 'an with a large number of Buddhist scriptures to focus on discussion.
4. Masterpiece: Significance of "The Tale of the Western Regions of Datang": It has become an important classic for studying the history and Buddhism of Central Asia, Indian Peninsula and Xinjiang.
Lesson 7 Brilliant Sui and Tang Culture (1)
1. Building: 1. Large scale, vigorous momentum, neat but not rigid, gorgeous but not delicate.
2. Representative building: (1) Zhao Zhouqiao: ① Construction time: Sui Dynasty.
② Designer: craftsman Li Chun
③ Features: scientific design, convenient transportation and beautiful appearance.
④ Status quo: The oldest stone arch bridge in the world is more than 700 years earlier than that in Europe.
(2) Chang 'an, Tang Dou: ① Features: neat planning.
② Status: It is the largest city in the world.
③ Representative buildings in the city: Daming Palace and Hanyuan Hall.
Second, block printing: 1. Present situation: Printing is one of the four great inventions in ancient China.
2. The representative diamond sutra: (1) Printing year: 868.
(2) Status: It is the earliest block printing in the world, marked with the exact date.
Third, Tang poetry: 1. The Golden Age of the Tang Dynasty: (1) Rich in content, diverse in style and numerous poets.
(2) There are nearly 50,000 poems handed down from generation to generation by more than 2,000 poets.
2. Three poets: (1) Li Bai: ① Life period: prosperous Tang Dynasty.
(2) Masterpiece: The early development of Baidicheng was difficult in the middle of Sichuan.
The characteristics of poetry: unrestrained, fresh and elegant, rich in imagination, light in artistic conception and light in language.
4 honorific title: the poet is immortal.
(2) Du Fu: ① Life period: Tang Dynasty turned from prosperity to decline.
② Masterpieces: Three Officials and Three Farewells.
③ Poetic features: boldness of vision, melancholy and sadness, and simple and dignified language.
4 honorary title: poet saint
(3) Bai Juyi: ① Life Period: Middle Tang Dynasty
(2) reflect the facts, straightforward, easy to understand.
Lesson 8 Brilliant Sui and Tang Culture (2)
1. Calligraphy: 1. Summary: China's calligraphy entered another peak in Sui and Tang Dynasties.
2. Representative figure: Yan Zhenqing: (1) Creative font: Yan Ti.
(2) Features of fonts: vigorous and honest.
(3) Evaluation: After Wang Xizhi, he is the most accomplished calligrapher in the history of calligraphy in China.
(4) Masterpiece: Demonstration of Temple Monument.
Liu Gongquan: (1) Create font: Liu Ti
(2) Font features: square and strong bones.
(3) Masterpiece: Mysterious Tower Monument
3. Yan Shu and Liu Shu are also called "Yan Liu Jin Gu".
Second, painting: 1. Summary: During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the art of painting was highly developed. Religious paintings have a strong flavor of life, and figure paintings, landscape paintings and flower-and-bird paintings appear in large numbers.
2. Representative figure: Yan: (1) is good at drawing character stories.
(2) Painting features: vigorous brushwork, lines like coiled silk, and both figures and shapes.
(3) Masterpieces: Statues of emperors in past dynasties and walking maps.
Wu Daozi: (1) Honorable Name: "Painting Sage"
(2) Painting features: focus on line changes, strong three-dimensional sense and unrestrained style.
(3) Masterpiece: Born of Gautama Buddha.
(4) Created a precedent of freehand brushwork in later generations.
3. Sculpture: 1. Overview: Grottoes developed greatly during the Sui and Tang Dynasties.
2. The most famous grottoes represent Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes: (1) Location: Dunhuang, western Gansu.
(2) Artistic content: murals, colored sculptures, Buddhist scriptures and documents.
(3) Status: One of the biggest art treasures in the world.
Music and dance: 1. Background: Absorb the traditional music and dance of all ethnic groups in the western regions and neighboring countries, and then make innovations.
2. Features: magnificent, diverse in style, beautiful and harmonious, sonorous and warm.
3. Masterpieces: Song of the King of Qin Breaking the Array, Dance of Feathers and Dance of Hu Xuan.
Lesson 9 the era of coexistence of state power
1. The rise of Khitan and the mutiny in Chen Qiao: 1. The Rise of the Khitan:1At the beginning of the 20th century, Bao Zheng, the leader of the Khitan, unified the ministries, established the Khitan State, and made Beijing its capital.
2. Five Dynasties: After the demise of the Tang Dynasty, the Yellow River Basin ruled for five generations in succession, collectively referred to as the Five Dynasties.
3. Chen Qiao mutiny: In 960, Zhao Kuangyin, a general of the later Zhou Dynasty, launched a mutiny in Chen Qiao, and established the Song Dynasty with Kaifeng as its capital, known as the Northern Song Dynasty in history.
Second, the establishment of Xixia: 1. Nationality: Tangut.
2. Time of establishment:165438+early 20th century.
3. Founder: Hao Yuan
4. Capital: Xingqing
Iii. Peace War in Liao, Song and Summer: 1. During the period of Emperor Taizong of Liao Dynasty, since the occupation of sixteen states in Youyun in the late Tang Dynasty, the contradiction with the Central Plains regime deepened.
2. After the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, we failed to use troops against Liao, so we had to adopt a defensive policy.
3. In Song Zhenzong, the Liao army has been hitting the cities along the Yellow River, threatening Tokyo. Prime Minister Kou Zhun urged the emperor to personally expedition, and Song Zhenzong personally expedition. Repel the Liao soldiers, make peace with Liao, form an alliance, and name it Yuan.
4. Temple Alliance: (1) Contents: ① Withdrawal of troops in Liao Dynasty.
(2) Song Dynasty gave Liao old coins.
(2) Significance: After a long time, there was peace between Liao and Song Dynasties.
Fourth, the war between Xixia and Northern Song Dynasty: 1. After Yuan Hao proclaimed himself emperor, he fought with the Northern Song Dynasty for years, and both sides suffered heavy losses.
2. The content of the negotiations between Xia and Song Dynasties: (1) Yuan Hao became the minister of Song Dynasty.
(2) New Year coins given to Xixia by the Song Dynasty.
3. Significance of Xia song heping: Border trade flourished, and Xixia actively absorbed Central Plains culture.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Jin's confrontation with the Southern Song Dynasty: 1 Jin: (1) Ethnic group: Jurchen nationality.
(2) Establishment time:1early 2nd century.
(3) Founder: Akuta Wan Yan (Jin Taizu)
(4) Capital: Huining, then moved to Yanjing and renamed Zhongdu.
(5) Strengthening: First destroy Liao, then destroy Northern Song.
2. Southern Song Dynasty: (1) Background: The Northern Song Dynasty perished and Song Huizong and Song Qinzong were captured.
(2) Establishment time: 1 127.
(3) Founder: Zhao Gou (Song Gaozong)
(4) Capital: Lin 'an
6. Yue Fei resists gold: 1. In the early years of Southern Song Dynasty, 8 Jin Army went south several times, and Yue Fei recovered Jiankang from 8 Jin Army. ..
Yue Fei defeated Jin Jun in Yancheng and recovered a lot of lost land.
3. Yue Jiajun has strict military discipline and is deeply loved by the people; Yue Jiajun fought bravely, and Jin Jun was very afraid.
Seven. Yue Fei's death: 1. Killers: Song Gaozong, Qin Gui, etc.
2. Crime: the crime of "rebellion"
3. Cause of murder: Song Gaozong and powerful minister Qin Gui are worried that anti-Kim forces will grow and threaten their rule.
4. Ending: Song and Jin made peace and reached a peace agreement.
Eight. Song-Jin peace talks: 1. Content: (1) In the Southern Song Dynasty, Jin became a vassal and gave him ancient coins.
(2) The two sides draw a dividing line from Huaishui to Dasanguan.
2. Significance: The confrontation between Song and Jin Dynasties was formed.
Lesson 10 the economic center of gravity moves south
1. The agricultural center moves south: 1. Reason: (1) Northerners moved south, bringing advanced production technology and increasing labor force.
(2) The change of natural conditions makes the south relatively suitable for agricultural production.
2. Achievements: (1) Due to the introduction of excellent varieties of Zhancheng rice from Vietnam, rice spread rapidly in the south of the Yangtze River, and rice jumped to the top of grain output in the Song Dynasty. Therefore, the south has become a grain-producing center.
3. Results: The development of agriculture in South China surpassed that in North China in Song Dynasty.
Second, the handicraft center moved south: 1. Silk industry: (1) Sichuan silk products are "the best in the world".
(2) The silk production in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces is very high, and many silks used by the imperial court come from Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces.
(3) During the Northern Song Dynasty, the silk industry in South China developed greatly.
2. Cotton textile industry: During the Southern Song Dynasty, the cotton textile industry in Hainan Island developed to the southeast coastal areas.
3. Porcelain making: (1) Modern people in China porcelain history in Song Dynasty.
(2) Jiangnan area has become the focus of China porcelain industry.
(3) The ice-cracked porcelain fired in Geyao, Zhejiang Province gives people a unique aesthetic feeling.
(4) Jingdezhen, which rose in the Northern Song Dynasty, later developed into a famous porcelain capital.
4. Shipbuilding: The shipbuilding industry in Song Dynasty ranked first in the world at that time. Guangzhou and Quanzhou have developed shipbuilding industry.
Third, the shift of business focus: 1. Commercial cities: (1) The biggest commercial cities in Song Dynasty were Kaifeng and Hangzhou.
(2) In the Southern Song Dynasty, Lin 'an was far more prosperous than Kaifeng in the Northern Song Dynasty.
(Lin 'an: ① There are many people and shops. Morning markets and night markets buy and sell day and night.
(2) Vendors and vendors peddle in the street.
There are many commodities from all over the world in Lin Mang, and the exchanges between domestic and foreign businessmen are endless.
2. Overseas trade: (1) Song Dynasty became an important country engaged in overseas trade in the world at that time.
(2) Guangzhou and Quanzhou are world-famous large commercial ports.
(3) The government encourages overseas trade and establishes and manages shipping companies in major ports.
(4) The foreign trade income of the Southern Song Dynasty occupies an important position in the fiscal revenue.
3. Paper money appears: (1) Reason: metal coins are inconvenient to carry.
(2) The earliest paper money in the world: Jiaozi.
(3) Development: Paper money and copper coins go hand in hand.
(4) Function: It is beneficial to business development.
IV. Transfer completed: 1. From the middle and late Tang Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty, the economic center of gravity moved south.
2. The financial revenue of the Southern Song government mainly comes from the south, especially the southeast.
Lesson 11 Social Characteristics of Thousands of Weather
1. Clothing: 1. Features: You can tell from the clothes you wear the industries that scholars, farmers, workers and businessmen are engaged in.
2. Early Northern Song Dynasty: (1) Officials at all levels: ten cents are not allowed to be decorated with pearls and jade, and there are strict regulations on the color of clothing.
(2) Ordinary people: You can only wear black and white clothes.
3. Mid-late Northern Song Dynasty and Southern Song Dynasty: (1) Ruler: Exquisite and gorgeous costumes.
(2) Laborer: small sleeve's blouse.
4. Woman: (1) Began to bind feet: ① Reason: Advocacy of scholar-officials.
② It shows that the feudal bondage of women is getting more and more serious.
(2) Women mostly wear thin shirts and skirts.
Second, food: 1. North: (1) staple food: pasta.
(2) Meat: mutton
2. South: (1) staple food: rice.
(2) Meat: fish
3. Do as the Romans do: (1) Drink Laba porridge.
(2) Tea drinking is popular.
Three. Residence: 1. Rural areas: (1) Rural people: thatched cottages.
(2) Wealthier people: a group of houses combining huts and tile houses.
2. Cities: (1) Civilians: rectangular houses with grass or tiles on the top.
(2) More exquisite: there is a gatehouse outside, a quadrangle inside, and flowers and plants in the courtyard.
(3) Aristocratic style: the mansion is magnificent, with front hall and back bedroom, connected by cloisters, and flanked by wing rooms and side courtyards.
4. Line: 1. Scholar-bureaucrat: Usually riding a donkey or mule.
2. dignitaries: take a sedan chair.
3. The traffic is developed and the tourism industry is booming. At that time, the hotel was transformed into a mansion.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) Entertainment: 1. Reason: With the prosperity of the city, the social stratum of the citizens in the Song Dynasty has been growing, and the cultural life of the citizens has become increasingly rich.
2. In Song Dynasty, there appeared a place called "Wazi" for entertainment and business.
3. There are: (1) Goulan (for performance) (Artists perform storytelling, singing, zaju, acrobatics, playing football, etc. )
(2) booth (for sale) (selling food, medicine, antiques, calligraphy and painting, transparency, divination, etc.). ).)
Festival: 1. There have been festivals such as Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival.
2. Spring Festival (called New Year's Day in Song Dynasty): (1) A few days before New Year's Day, I swept the pavilions and made preparations for the New Year.
(2) The night before New Year's Day, eat New Year's Eve, worship ancestors and gods, put up New Year pictures, hang peaches and celebrate the New Year.
(3) New Year's Day: set off firecrackers, wear new clothes, pay New Year's greetings and have fun in the street.