Descriptive words are very practical, including advertisements, instructions, abstracts, tips, rules, articles of association, comments, scientific sketches and so on.
Explanatory text generally introduces the shape, structure, category, relationship and function of things, and explains the principle, significance, characteristics and evolution of things.
Literary discourses are discourses that introduce scientific knowledge through literary forms.
The characteristic of expository writing is "saying", which has certain knowledge. This kind of knowledge, whether it comes from relevant scientific research materials or from personal practice, investigation and investigation, is strictly scientific. If we want to make things clear, we must grasp the characteristics of things and then reveal the essential attributes of things, that is, we must explain not only "what" but also "why". Generally speaking, the application of explanatory text only needs to explain the characteristics of things, and explanatory text must reveal the origin and essence of the problem.
Explanatory writing is a style that objectively explains things, with the purpose of giving people knowledge: or explaining the state, nature and function of things, or clarifying things. Chinese stone arch bridge belongs to the former. Taking Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge as examples, the characteristics of Chinese stone arch bridges are illustrated, which are not only beautiful in shape, but also firm in structure. Language of Nature belongs to the latter, and the article scientifically explains the knowledge of phenology. Explaining the characteristics of things and clarifying things are two types of expository writing.
In order to explain the characteristics of things clearly, or to explain things clearly, there must be appropriate interpretation methods. Common interpretation methods include examples, classification, enumeration of data, comparison, drawing charts, definition, explanation, analogy, imitation of appearances, quotation, hypothesis and so on. The best method should be chosen according to the object of explanation and the purpose of writing. On the one hand, it obeys the needs of the content, on the other hand, the author has the freedom of choice. Whether to adopt a certain interpretation method or a variety of interpretation methods, whether to adopt this interpretation method or that interpretation method, can be flexible, not fixed.
The instructions should be in order, which is a necessary condition to make the contents of the instructions orderly. The common order of interpretation is: chronological order, spatial order, logical order. The chronological order of description is similar to that of narration. Spatial order, we should pay special attention to the location of space, pay attention to the location and direction of things, such as inside and outside, size, up and down, front and back, left and right, southeast and northwest. Logical order, usually expressed by reasoning process. What order is adopted mainly depends on the characteristics of the objects expounded by the author. Explain the development and changes of things, and the time sequence is easy to express clearly. It is difficult for readers to understand the structure of buildings without spatial order. Explain things in logical order, so as to reflect the internal relations of things.
The accuracy and scientificity of explanatory language is the premise of explanatory language. Time, space, quantity, scope, degree, characteristics, nature, procedures, etc. All require accuracy. The explanation is practical. A slight mistake is a drop in the bucket. On the premise of accuracy, the explanation language is famous for its simplicity and vividness. Because of the different language styles of the object and the author, the language of explanation is also varied: either general or specific; Or concise, or plump; Or concise, or detailed; Or plain and simple, or humorous, in short, eclectic. Reading discourse and writing discourse can be linked. The four points mentioned above should be grasped, and attention should be paid to reading and writing, but the requirements should be in line with the students' reality.
Analysis and interpretation should pay attention to the following aspects:
Structure of expository text
1. The structure of the explanatory text includes: coherence, summation, juxtaposition, progression and contrast (the structure includes paragraphs). A complete exposition is often a comprehensive application of several structures.
2. Grasp the meaning of the structure.
Description order
1. The order of interpretation is: spatial order (also called factual order), chronological order (including development order), logical order, etc.
2. Find out the meaning of order.
means of interpretation
1. Interpretation methods include: definition, explanation, examples, enumeration of numbers, analogy, comparison, classification, citing data, imitating appearances, and making charts.
2. Understand the role of various methods.
Example: Here, we use the explanation method of example to explain in detail. ...
Comparison: Here, compare … with … and highlight (specifically) …
Column number: The explanation method of column number is used here to accurately explain … (the number of … is listed and accurately explained …).
3. Explanatory texts sometimes borrow other rhetorical devices to help explain, and the functional analysis of these devices should closely focus on the object of explanation and follow the requirements of explanatory texts.
Language of expository writing
1. The basic requirements of explanatory language are scientific, accurate, concise and clear; Literary discourse also requires vividness and vividness.
2. Analyze the basic requirements of descriptive language: first, the function of explaining the characteristics and essence of things; second, the rigor and scientificity of explanation; third, the vividness and image.
3, explain the language point:
Table number, table source, table degree, table frequency, table range.
Problem solving thinking and skills
(1) Clarify the object of explanation: When reading an article about things, whether it is the whole article or the whole paragraph, we must first grasp what the article explains, that is, the explanation.
What is the object; When reading an explanatory article, you should find out what it explains.
How to find a suitable explanation object?
1, look at the topic, many topics are the object of explanation. Such as (Chinese stone arch bridge).
2. Grasp the first enclosed sentence and the central sentence. A good expository often uses this sentence to highlight the things and characteristics to be explained.
(2) Grasp the characteristics of things: the characteristics of things are mainly manifested in the aspects of structure (inside and outside), shape (size, length, etc. ), properties (hard, soft, cold, hot, etc. ), changes (dynamic, static, fast and slow), causes (simple and complex), functions (wide, narrow, positive and negative) and so on. Generally speaking, the main points to be explained in explanatory texts are often the characteristics of things.
(3) Inductive interpretation methods: When reading the explanatory text, mark the interpretation methods used in the article while reading, then summarize the main methods used, and then analyze the role of these interpretation methods in accurately explaining the characteristics of things.
(4) Summarize the main points paragraph by paragraph, and clarify the order of explanation: When summarizing the main points, pay attention to the function of the first closed sentence, the last concluding sentence or interrogative sentence, and the function of the statement that defines or explains the concept. You can sketch out these sentences when reading. It is best to use complete sentences when summarizing the main points, and the meaning should be concise. On the basis of summarizing the main points paragraph by paragraph, the full text is divided into relatively independent parts by the method of "similarity merging", and the general idea of each part is summarized, and then the general idea of each part is connected in turn, so that the interpretation order of the full text can be clearly displayed. What order of interpretation is used depends on the object of interpretation. Generally speaking, time sequence is used to explain the evolution of things; Spatial order is used to describe architecture; Introduce high-tech products or explain the relationship between things in logical order.
(5) overall perception, grasping the center: on the basis of clear explanation order, it is easy to see the basic structure of the article by analyzing the relationship between paragraphs and parts. If it is a total score structure, we should also focus on the combination principle of "scores", whether it is parallel, progressive or contains the total score relationship. Progressive structure should focus on how the meaning of each layer develops step by step, from phenomenon to essence, from individual to general, or from result to reason, and so on. After mastering the structure, it is best to draw a schematic diagram of the structure. The center of interpretation is to induce an explanation to explain what is explained.
What kind of characteristics, or explain what kind of things. On the basis of clarifying the order of explanation and grasping the structure of the article, it is not difficult to summarize the center of explanation.
(6) Experience the accuracy of language: accuracy is the characteristic of language. Analyzing the language of explanatory writing is to see how words and sentences accurately explain the characteristics of things to be explained.
Pay attention to analyze the function of keywords.
Explain the function and significance of this method.
1. Example: Make the article more specific, convincing and objective.
2. Comparison: Explain that some abstract or unfamiliar things can be compared with specific or familiar things for readers to compare.
Get a concrete and vivid impression.
3. Definition: The prescriptive explanation of the essential features of a concept in concise language is called definition. Definition can accurately reveal the essence of things, which is a common practice in scientific and technological discussion.
The method used.
4. Draw a chart. In order to explain complex things clearly, we can also use charts to make up for the lack of simple words and explain some things more directly and concretely.
5. Make an interpretation. Explain some characteristics of things from one side. This method is called hermeneutics.
6. for example. Using the similarity between two different things to compare, highlight the characteristics of things, and enhance the vividness and vividness of interpretation is called
For example.
The interpretation method of metaphor in explanatory text is consistent with that in rhetoric. The difference is that there are simile, metaphor and metonymy in figurative rhetoric, and simile is often used for explanation.
And the metaphor is not appropriate.
7. Imitation. In order to make the explained object more vivid and concrete, we can imitate the appearance, which is called imitation. {and description should be distinguished, although they are the same, no
Guo has different styles. }
8. Quotation information. In order to make the content of the explanation more substantial and specific, you can quote materials to explain. The cited materials range from classic works, famous sayings and aphorisms to formula laws.
Allusions, proverbs, etc.
9. classification According to certain standards, the interpreted objects are divided into different categories and explained one by one. This method of explanation is called classification.
10. Column number. In order to make the things to be explained concrete, you can also use the method of column data to make readers understand. It should be noted that the quoted figures must be accurate, and inaccurate figures must never be used. Even the estimated figures should have reliable basis and try to be approximate.
Explanatory writing is a kind of style that introduces and explains things and things with explanation as the main expression.
Explanatory texts generally have three characteristics:
First, the scientific content. The content of the explanatory text must be true and accurate, based on conclusive materials, truthfully reflect the characteristics, essence and laws of objective things, and be strictly scientific.
Second, the order of the structure. Things and events are sometimes complicated. In order to make readers have a clear understanding, there must be a certain order and order when explaining their characteristics. The common order of interpretation is chronological order (procedural order is also a kind of chronological order), spatial order and logical order. This order of explanation is often reflected in the structural level of the article, so when reading the explanatory text, it is consistent to clarify the structural level and grasp the order of explanation.
Third, the accuracy of language. Explanatory text is very practical, and the result will be "a thousand miles away" if the language is "right", so the language of explanatory text is required to be accurate and give readers a scientific understanding. Today, with the rapid development of science and technology, the application of expository writing is more and more extensive. Textbooks, popular science books, knowledge sketches, comments and explanations of various disciplines are explanatory texts. It can be said that expository writing is closely related to our daily study, life and work.
How to read the explanatory text?
First, grasp the description object and characteristics. When reading the explanatory text, we should first accurately grasp the explanatory object, so as to distinguish the explanatory text from the explanatory text and further understand the explanatory content. Then we should focus on the characteristics of the object. This is the key to analyzing an expository article. Only by accurately grasping the characteristics of the object of interpretation can we deeply understand the object of interpretation, and take this as a breakthrough to clarify the structural level and central content of the article. To accurately grasp the characteristics of the object of interpretation, we must read and understand the content of the text carefully, especially pay attention to carefully trying to figure out the key words (central sentences, turning sentences, sentences reflecting the author's thoughts and repeated sentences in the article).
Second, clarify the structure and analyze the order. The structure of explanatory text is not complicated. The common structural forms are "general (generalization)-secondary (concreteness)", "general (generalization)-secondary (concreteness)-general (generalization)," secondary (concreteness)-general (generalization) ",juxtaposition and progression. Clarifying the structure can help us understand the author's ideas and the main points of the content more clearly. The order of interpretation is varied. What kind of interpretation order is adopted depends on the characteristics of the object of interpretation and the purpose of interpretation. There are three commonly used interpretation orders: chronological order, spatial order and logical order. Sometimes, an article can use several explanation sequences alternately, such as the article "China Stone Arch Bridge", which has both the time sequence from ancient times to the present and the logical sequence from generalization to concreteness and from whole to part. All kinds of sequences have certain symbols in language. Mastering the language with certain symbolic function when reading can analyze and explain the order more smoothly. In a word, the structure and order of expository texts are inseparable and complementary, and the analysis can be carried out at the same time.
Third, analyze and explain the method. In order to explain the characteristics of things clearly, appropriate interpretation methods must be adopted. Common explanation methods include examples, figures, analogy, comparison, classification, definition, explanation, charts and so on. Reading the explanatory text and understanding the explanatory method used depends on what kind of explanatory method is used, what object is explained, what role it plays, and what language form is used to express the explanatory method.
Come on, this analysis is thorough and solid.
Fourth, experience the language characteristics of expository writing. Accuracy and conciseness are the main characteristics of expository writing. Of course, the language style of expository writing is also varied, each with its own characteristics, some of which are good at simplicity and some are good at liveliness. Based on this, it can be summarized into two ways: simple explanation and vivid explanation. Generally speaking, an expository text that focuses on explaining things focuses on grasping the characteristics of things and explaining them in concise language.
Scientific sketches, which are interesting and literary, need vivid explanations.
In the local senior high school entrance examination, the examination points of explanatory reading ability mainly include:
1. Be able to understand the object of explanation, grasp its characteristics and have an overall perception of the full text;
2. Divide the article structure and paragraph level, clearly explain the order, and master the idea of article layout;
3. Analyze the method and function of the article;
4. Find out the key words (head words and key sentences) and understand their functions in the text (from ideographic and structural aspects);
5. Understand the characteristics of language expression and accurately evaluate the modification and restriction of words.
Grasp the object and its characteristics.
1. The order of explanatory text: spatial order, chronological order and logical order.
2. Interpretation: examples, comparisons, classifications, explanations, metaphors, definitions, imitations, figures and charts.
3. Language requirements of explanatory text: accuracy.
4. Explanatory text: introduce the characteristics of things to everyone by means of explanatory expression, and grasp the essence and characteristics of things.
5. Explanations can be divided into: things and things.
6. Explanatory writing can be divided into simple expository writing and literary expository writing (vivid language).
7. Structure of explanatory text: total-subtotal, total-subtotal, subtotal.
Explain the accuracy of literary words
Description content = description object+description object characteristics
The following articles are some examples:
Our school
Our school, Chaozhou Experimental School, is a brand-new school with advanced teaching equipment: microcomputer room, language laboratory, multifunctional audio-visual classroom, electronic piano classroom and dance classroom; Physics, chemistry and biology laboratories provide a good hardware environment for our teaching and learning. A number of sports venues and facilities, such as 200m 6-ring plastic track and field, plastic basketball court, single and double pole sports area and indoor swimming coach pool, have also been built in the campus.
Our school is an elegant school. It is located on the south side of the west section of Fu 'an Road. On the right of the school is Chihu Village, and on the left is Huijingyuan Community. Above the school gate is the name of the school inscribed by calligrapher Su Hua.
As soon as you enter the school gate, you will face a straight school road. On both sides of the school road are two rows of small trees. The breeze blew, and the young trees swayed gently, as if waving to the students. On the left side of the school road is a spacious playground. There are three flagpoles standing in the middle of the north of the playground. Whenever the national flag is raised on Monday, we will wear bright red scarves and salute the national flag here. Walking through the school road and the ground floor of the primary school teaching building, you can see the beautiful blackboard newspaper. Through the blackboard newspaper, we can learn about the school. Looking through the bright glass window of the classroom, happy faces are like blooming delicate flowers. Lang Lang's reading sound came from every classroom, like a touching children's chorus, scattering wonderful notes into the sky. Rinrin Bell ... As soon as the bell rang, the corridor immediately boiled. Some students jump rubber bands on the playground, some students kick shuttlecock and some students do other activities.
Ah, how happy we are to study in such a school!