Ji Kang and Guqin Music Guangling San
Ji Kang not only made great achievements in literature and thought, but also left precious wealth for future generations in music.
Ji Kang likes music since he was a child. He has a special affection for music and is extremely talented. Ji Kang's Biography of the Book of Jin said that Ji Kang's "learning can't be closed to the teacher, and learning can't be ignored" has a lot to do with his wild and unconstrained thoughts and unconstrained manners.
Ji Kang can be described as a wizard in Wei and Jin Dynasties. He is good at flute, piano and melody. In particular, his love for piano and music has left a variety of fascinating legends for future generations. According to "Taiping Guang Ji", 317 quotes from "Gui Ling Zhi" say:
Ji Kang was playing the piano under the lamp when suddenly there was a man with a long beard and a black belt, who was very familiar with him. Is to blow out the fire and say, "shame and evil win glory." Try it, dozens of miles away, there is a pavilion called Yuehua. The reason for voting in this pavilion is to kill people. No.3 middle school (Ji Kangzi) is fearless in the heart of No.3 middle school. The first time I saw it, I played the piano first, played an elegant voice, and the air cheered. Zhong San caressed Qin and called, "Who are you?" A cloud; "As an old friend, you didn't stay here. Wen Jun plays the piano, and the music is very harmonious, so I came to listen. It is inappropriate to meet a gentleman, because he died unfortunately and lost his reputation. However, if you love your piano, you should meet each other and not blame. You can make a few more songs. " At noon, it resumed as a festival of playing the piano: "Long time no see, why not come?" What is the plan between the numbers? "But he knocked his head with his hand and said," When you hear the sound of playing the piano, you won't feel enlightened. If the situation is temporary. "Invited with * * *, discuss the interest of the voice, clear words, said," you try it with the piano. "Play straight away, there will be a reference. First of all, it is not as good as it is. Swear to China: Don't teach anyone. Morning language: "Although we met once today, it can last for thousands of years. It's a long time. You can't be disappointed. "
Ji Kang has a very expensive piano. For this piano, he sold it to an old merchant in Dongyang, and asked the minister for a piece of river patrol jade, cut it into thin slices and embedded it on the surface of the piano as a piano emblem. The piano bag is made of jade curtain towel and shrink silk. This piano is priceless. Once, his friend Dan Tao tried to cut the piano after drinking, and Ji Kang threatened his life, which made the rabbit suffer a great disaster.
Ji Kang's four piano pieces, Long Qing, Short Qing, Long Bian and Short Bian, are called "Ji's Four Alleys" and "Nine Alleys" together with Cai Yong's Cai's Five Alleys, which are a famous group of piano pieces in ancient China. Yang Di once regarded playing Jiunong as one of the conditions for getting a bachelor's degree, which shows its great influence and high achievements.
In the face of Sima's dark rule, Ji Kang was filled with indignation. In order to express his resistance, he often fled into the mountains and invited the seven sages of the bamboo forest to travel together. Yuan Yanbo's Biography of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest says: "Uncle Ji tastes mountains and rivers at night, and when he meets mountains, he wears his hair in winter, weaves grass in summer as a dress, plays the stringed piano, and has five tones." It is because of Ji Kang's cynical performance that he has made remarkable achievements in music creation and performance.
Guangling San mentioned above is a large-scale piano music in ancient times, which was published at least in the Han Dynasty. Its content has always been different, but the general view is to associate it with the piano music of Nie Zheng's assassination of korean king. Nie Zheng Stabbed the King of Korea, mainly describes the tragic story that Nie Zheng, the son of a sword maker, stabbed the King of Korea to death in order to avenge his father's death, and then committed suicide. In this regard, Cai Yong's Cao Qin has a detailed description.
The extant spectrum of Guangling San was first found in the Magic Secret Spectrum (1425) compiled by Zhu Quan in Ming Dynasty, which contained subheadings about stabbing Korea, rushing to the crown, getting angry and reporting swords. Therefore, ancient Qin composers stabbed Guangling San and Nie Zheng to death in korean king.
Ji Kang's "Guangling San" is a section of this ancient famous song processed by Ji Kang. In the long-term spread process, it is like a folk song, which embodies the hard work of singers of all ages. According to Shi Shuo Xin Yu Liang Ya:
The city sentenced me to the east city, and my attitude remained unchanged. Suoqin plays it. Play Guangling. At the end of the song, he said: "Yuan Xiaoni tried to learn this kind of sketch, but I don't agree with Jingu. Guangling sketch is absolutely out of date!"
It was the Guangling San played by Ji Kang before his death that made this classical piano piece famous all over the world. Guangling San is famous for Ji Kang to some extent. But the so-called "no more than today" does not refer to the tune itself, but mainly reflects Ji Kang's angry words when he was dying. In fact, Qin Le's Guangling San has been preserved by Magic Secret Music.
It is precisely because of Ji Kang's profound musical skills that before his execution, 3,000 students * * * asked Sima to be a teacher, but they were not allowed, so that "a person who studies at home is always miserable" (Book of Jin). Therefore, Ji Kang's name has always been associated with Guangling San.
The total score of Guangling San is forty-five, which is divided into six parts: finger, minor order, major order, orthography, disorder and postorder. Zheng Zheng used to sympathize with Nie Zheng's unfortunate fate; After the affirmative voice, it expressed the praise and praise for Nie Zheng's heroic deeds. Positive voice is the main part of music, which shows the emotional development process of Nie Zheng from resentment to indignation, and profoundly depicts his revenge will of not fearing violence and preferring death to surrender. The whole song always runs through the interweaving, ups and downs, development and changes of the two theme tones. One is the tonal theme of the second paragraph of Zheng Sheng:
The other is the first chaotic tone at the end of the big sequence:
Affirmative tone is mostly at the beginning of a paragraph, highlighting its leading role. Chaotic themes are mostly used at the end of paragraphs, which makes all kinds of changing tunes come down to the same tone, which has the function of marking paragraphs and unifying the whole song.
The melody of Guangling San is passionate and generous. It is the only existing Guqin music in China with a fighting atmosphere with Mao Ge, which directly expresses the fighting spirit of the oppressed against the tyrant and has high ideological and artistic quality. Perhaps Ji Kang saw the rebellious spirit and fighting will of Guangling San, so he loved Guangling San so much and had such deep feelings for it.
Guangling San was once a smash hit in history. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Mr Guan Pinghu, a famous guqin musician in China, arranged and played according to the tunes contained in The Magic Secret, which brought this wonderful guqin back to the world.
Ji Kang is not only famous for playing Guangling San, but also has unique contributions in music theory, namely Fu Qin and On Sound without Sorrow and Music.
Fu Qin mainly shows Ji Kang's understanding of Qin and music, but it also reflects Ji Kang's view that it is different from Confucian traditional thought.
The Theory of Sound without Sorrow and Music is the author's direct and concentrated criticism of the Confucian thought of "ruling the world with music". Among them, Ji Kang's insight into music shines brightly.
Cai Yan and His Eighteen Beats of Hu Jia
Cai Yanzi Wenxi was the daughter of Cai Yong, a famous writer, musician and calligrapher in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. Influenced by a good family environment since childhood, "erudition is better than temperament." According to the biography of Cai Yan, "Wen Xi, a six-year-old girl, played the piano all night with unique strings. Yan said:' the first string', so I asked it because it was broken. Yan said:' the fourth string' ... "It can be seen that she has a high musical talent since she was a teenager.
However, Cai Yan's life is extremely miserable. At first, she wandered around with her guilty father, and later married Wei Zhongdao. Soon, her husband died, leaving Cai Yan childless. There are frequent wars at this time. In the second year of Di Xian Xingping (195), he was captured by Dong Zhuo's men to the South Xiongnu, married Zuo, stayed there for twelve years, and gave birth to two sons. After Cao Cao unified the north, the situation was relatively stable, so he sent messengers to redeem Cai Yan with gold and silver, and then married Dong Si. This extremely painful life made her suffer from human sufferings, so she wrote her special feelings into a long poem "Eighteen Beats of Hu Jian" (this poem has been controversial in academic circles, and neither side has sufficient evidence, so there is no conclusion. See "Hu Jian Eighteen Beats Discussion Collection" for details. But its content is to describe Cai Yan's life experience.
The piano music of the same name based on Hu Jia's Eighteen Beats is an excellent classical music in the music history of China. It tells the tragic experience of Cai Yan's life in a very touching style, reflects the profound disaster brought by the war to the people, and expresses the protagonist's deep yearning for the motherland and the deceased and the painful feelings of parting. This song was very popular in the Tang and Song Dynasties. According to the statistics of Mr. Cha Xifu, an ancient pianist, there are 39 different versions of Qin Qu * * *, among which only the biography of Qin Shi (16 1 1) written by Sun Pixian in the Wanli period of Ming Dynasty is one word.
Eighteen beats of Hu Jia is a novel style music created by Cai Yan, which transforms the tone of eighteen beats of Hu Jia into guqin. In fact, she combined the North-South style, which to some extent reflected the intersection of North-South music culture.
"Beat" is a piece of music, and eighteen beats is eighteen paragraphs. The following introduces the music effect of Eighteen Beats of Jin Hu.
The first beat is the introduction of the whole song, which summarizes the author's tragic experience of being born in troubled times and reduced to a foreign land. The opening tune is as follows:
Two three stanzas are the core tones of the whole song, from which the basic tunes of the whole song are derived. The mood of the first beat fluctuated greatly, which also laid the foundation for the continued development of each song. The second beat has a decorative tone change, which expresses a strong emotion. It was not until the tenth beat that the sadness of leaving home deepened step by step and constituted the first part of the music. The eleventh and twelfth beats are the turning point of the whole song, especially the twelfth beat is the only paragraph with cheerful and clear tone, which expresses the joy of the nation and the joy of returning to China. Music starts with high notes and has a wide rhythm, forming a stretch phrase:
This melody has a high range and shows an extremely excited mood.
13 to 17 beats are the second bisection of music, which still focuses on expressing sadness, mainly expressing yearning for young children. The eighteenth beat is the end of the whole song, ending the whole song in passion.
[Attachment] Music score of some paragraphs in Hu Jia's Eighteen Beats
Ruan Ji and his drunkenness
As one of the "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest", Ruan Ji has not only made important achievements in literature, but also stood out in music.
Influenced by his father Ruan Yu, Ruan Ji is a piano expert. In his poem "Yong Huai", he said, "I can't sleep at night, but sit and play the piano", which shows his anguish and sadness caused by his firm refusal to cooperate with Sima's family under the dark rule.
As a kind of literary creation with individual characteristics, Ruan Ji's poems are obscure and tortuous, "words are in the eyes and ears, and feelings are on the barren table", but as a musical work, Ruan Ji can express his infinite inner feelings in this form that is enough to express his feelings. According to legend, the drunkenness he created vividly shows Ruan Ji's true mentality of being afraid, worried, angry and avoiding under the dark rule of Sima's killing dissidents.
According to Zhu Quan's "Magic Secret Spectrum", "It's a song, written by Ruan Ji. Sighing is out of place, so I forget the world, care about the skeleton, and commit myself to drinking for fun and lifelong ambition. If it's interesting, it's really an addiction and there's a way to save it. Beauty is in it, so it is not vulgar, and the one who reaches it gets it. " This passage tells the true meaning of Ruan Ji's "drunkenness".
Drunkenness leads to a dream of death, which is included in the music scores of Magic Secret Spectrum (1425), Feng Xuanpin (1539) and Rebuilding the True Story (1585). According to Mr. Yao Bingyan's score (refer to Wind Music 198 1 Jianyi, music of Yao Bingyan's lyre), "Drunk" adopts three-beat rhythm, which is rare in guqin music. The musical theme of this song is a phrase that keeps jumping up and down:
This theme is characterized by taking stable tones such as modal tonic and dominant tone as the fulcrum at the beginning and end of each beat, and embedding a big jumping interval in the middle, thus causing the effect of reversing the weight of the beat and depicting the drunken and stumbling manner. The following two sections repeat the inflection sentence, which is characterized by emphasizing the unstable mode tone and changing rhythm and expressing the author's inner despair and pain:
The whole song deepens feelings through five cycles, and fully expresses the protagonist's ambivalence that he is strongly dissatisfied with the dark reality and can't find a way out through the image of a drunk. The musical technique is concise, the image is full, and the thought is profound, which is also the musical embodiment of the literati's high cultural accomplishment. Alcoholics are the treasures of ancient music in China.
[Attached] The Music of The Drunk
In addition to the musical work Drunk, Ruan Ji also has a musical theory work "On Music".
Based on Ruan Ji's thoughts in Taiwan Province, we can find that Yue Lun has obvious Confucian preaching color, which reflects another aspect of Ruan Ji's inner world, as he thinks: "The body of heaven and earth is the music, and the nature of all things is also." "Lu Lu evil, Yin and Yang and; Sound and sound are appropriate, but everything. It is not easy for men and women to find their own position, and the monarch and his subjects are not committed. Everywhere, Kyushu has festivals. " Ruan Ji also denounced The Voice of Zhengwei as "the enchanting song" and "the voice of fornication". Of course, this kind of ideological understanding is obviously related to Sima's dark politics, but it is not isolated. In the depths of Ruan Ji's thoughts, there are many things that he obviously opposes. For example, his son Ruan Hun "is like his father, but he also wants to achieve it." Infantry (Ruan Ji tasted as an infantry captain and was called Ruan Infantry in the world) said:' Zhong Rong (Ruan Ji's nephew Ruan Xian Zi) has already predicted, so you can't reply' (Shi Shuo Xin Yu). Shen Yue saw this clearly. He said, "The reason why you can't know what you have is because you are ignorant" (On the Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest). Ruan Ji rebelled against Sima Jia from another angle. That is, he was originally defending the ethical code, but because he was dissatisfied with Sima's authoritarian power, he deliberately behaved strangely. So he endured great inner pain to resist Sima's family. The duality of Ruan Ji's thought and behavior is actually the expression of real "people" in real society.
(The above music materials about Ji Kang, Cai Yan and Ruan Ji are all based on Liu Zaisheng's A Brief History of Ancient Music in China. )
Other literati musicians
Ruan Jun
One of the seven sons of Jian 'an is Ruan's father. Cao Cao is good at music. When he heard of Ruan Yu's nickname, he made him an official, but Ruan Yu refused to go to his post. Later, Cao Cao cherished his talents and adopted various methods to force him to come to power. Ruan Yu was helpless and fled into the mountains. Cao Cao still wouldn't let him go. He sent someone to burn the mountain forest and finally found him. Ruan Yu was probably moved, so he expressed his willingness to keep the archives with Cao Cao and Cao Cao and Chen Lin. However, Ruan Yu was reluctant, so when Cao Cao gave a banquet to entertain the guests, Ruan Yu didn't say a word. When Cao Cao got angry, he was driven into the ranks of musicians in order to humiliate him. However, Ruan Yu was not ashamed that he could understand the melody and was good at playing drums. So he improvised and sang, "The Gate of Case. Lu is open and Wei should be lucky. "Celebrate the tour of Kyushu, and people complain about things. Scholars know that they are dead, and women play for happy people. Good people are smooth, others can be chaotic. " The tune was harmonious and wonderful, and Cao Cao was very happy.
Ruan Yu later became an important literati member of Cao Shi Group.
Ruan Xian
Ruan Xian, whose real name is Zhong Rong, is one of the "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest". Ruan Ji's nephew and an uncle are all called "Ruan Daxiao". Dan Tao thinks that he is "chaste without desire, deeply aware of the troubled times, and everything is immobile. It is inappropriate to be an official "(see Biography of the Book of Jin), but Emperor Wu of Jin thought that he was too drunk to use it. Like Ruan Ji, he let go of his birthday and was wild. He had a close relationship with his aunt's Xianbei handmaid in private. Mother died and should have returned to China, but Ruan Xian asked to leave her, which was unacceptable to the ethical code at that time. Later, when the handmaid left, Ruan Xian borrowed a donkey to ride behind her, and finally got her back, and gave birth to a son named Ruan Fu, who was laughed at by the world.
Ruan Xianmiao knows melody and is good at playing pipa. In ancient times, there was a pipa called Ruan Xian. He once discussed temperament with Xun Xu, who thought he was far less than Ruan Xian and was extremely jealous. As a result, Ruan Xian was demoted to Shimei Magistrate.
Ruan Xian's book "Law Discussion" has been handed down from generation to generation. See the note of Shi Shuo Xin Yu Yu Shujie.
Ruanzhan
Ruan Zhan, Qian Li, son of Ruan Xian. Sex is pure without desire and self-satisfied. Reading requirements are not very high, but they are very tacit. Good at playing the piano, no matter high or low, as long as you want to listen. Its ancestors did leave a legacy. Ruan Zhan was an official in the state of Jin, so he was omitted.
Xu Xun
Xun Yu was born in Yin Ying (now Xuchang, Henan). The young Cong Hui was praised by Zhong You. Long, well-read, Cao Shuang, a former general of Wei, moved to Zhong Shutong as assistant minister. Cao Shuang was punished, and he was not afraid of being implicated in hanging him. Later, he served as an Anyang order, transferred to a title of generals in ancient times, and worked as a corps commander. Wei's death is related to Jin, which is deeply appreciated. He was appointed as a supervisor, an assistant to the supervisor, a doctor of Guanglu, a secretary supervisor and an official.
Xun Xu is in charge of music and Jia Chong is in charge of * * * law. Engaged in law and behavior in this world. When I heard Niu Lingduo, a businessman from Zhao, on the road in my early years, I was fascinated. When he was in charge of music, he felt that the rhyme was not well tuned. He thought, if only he had Zhao's cowbell, let the county send someone to send it, and finally found the original cowbell.
Fake attack
False attacks, the main achievements in literature, but also familiar with temperament, once changed 12 pieces of Han Yuefu into Wei advocacy songs. See the literature section of this book for details.
Zuo yannian
Zuo Yannian, a junior high school student in Huang (220-226), was favored for his ability to compose new songs and change old ones, and later became a corps commander of Xielv. He is proficient in temperament and is good at being a Zheng Sheng. See the literature section of this book for details.
Du Kui
Du Kui, a virtuous man, was named Uttaro because of his temperament. In the middle of five years (188), he was dismissed due to illness. After avoiding the Jingzhou Rebellion, Liu Biao asked him and Meng Yao to be the Emperor of Han Dynasty. After Liu Cong surrendered to Cao Cao, Cao Cao asked Du Kui to make a drink offering for the army, take part in too many entertainment activities, and let him compose elegant music. Du Kui is good at clock rhythm, smart and omnipotent. At that time, she sang elegant music with Yin Qishan, the singer Yin Hu could sing the temple fair songs, the dancer, the first generation dancer Fu Qiaoxiaozhi, and the principal Du Kui studied classics, collected distant stories and taught storytelling for musical instruments. It has made great contributions to the excavation and arrangement of ancient music.
Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor, and Du Kui was a captain of Taileling, Xie Lu. As early as the Cao Cao era, Chai Yuqiao, a copper casting worker in the Han Dynasty, was very clever, and many of his wares were loved by the nobles at that time. Du Kui asked Chai Yu to cast a bronze bell, but the sound was unclear and unsatisfactory. Du Kui has repeatedly asked Chai Yu to destroy the recasts. Chai Yu was very dissatisfied, saying that Du Kui was arbitrary and refused to comply. So they told Cao Cao that Cao Cao took the clock made by Chai Yu, listened to it again and again according to the requirements of society, and then thought that Du Kui was right and Chai Yu was wrong, and condemned Chai Yu and others for raising horses. To xelloss, xelloss especially dotes on Chai Yu. He once made Du Kui and Zuo (Ma Zhen) equal to blowing sheng's guqin among the guests. Du Kui didn't want to do it, so xelloss was very unhappy. Later, Du Kui was implicated in something else, and Cao Pi asked Zuo (Ma Su), Du Kui and others to learn from Chai Yu. Du Kui thinks that exercisers are elegant music and have achieved a lot since Cao Cao, so he is not satisfied with what Cao Pi has done. Later, Cao Pi removed his palace post.
Du Kui has disciples Dunn Shaw, Zhang Tai, Sanfu and others, and all the officials are very happy. Disciple Chen Wanguan addressed to the company commander. Although Zuo Yannian and others are good at temperament and Zheng Sheng, their hobbies and achievements in ancient music are not as good as Du Kui's.