In 960 AD, the generals of the Later Zhou Dynasty launched a mutiny in Chen Qiao, made Zhao Kuangyin emperor and established the Song Dynasty. In order to avoid the chaos in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, Song Taizu adopted the policy of emphasizing literature and restraining military power. On the one hand, it strengthened centralization, on the other hand, it deprived military commanders of their military power and entered the period of Song Zhenzong and Song Renzong. 1 125, the state of Jin invaded the south on a large scale and was destroyed in the Northern Song Dynasty. Zhao Gou succeeded to the throne in Yingtianfu (now Shangqiu, Henan Province) and established the Southern Song Dynasty. After the Shaoxing peace talks, he and the State of Jin took the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River as the boundary. Later, song and yuan war broke out and the Yuan Dynasty captured Lin 'an on 1276. After the war between Yashan and Shanhai, the Southern Song Dynasty perished.
Song Dynasty was an era of high prosperity in China's ancient commodity economy, culture, education and scientific innovation. In Song Dynasty, Neo-Confucianism revived, science and technology developed rapidly, and politics became more enlightened.
The famous historian Chen Yinque once said: "The culture of the Chinese nation has developed for thousands of years and reached its peak in the Zhao and Song Dynasties."
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Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin (March 2, 9271-June165438+1October14,976), a native of Jiamaying, Luoyang, was originally from Zhuozhou, Hebei. Zhao was born in a military family, the second son. In 948, Guo Wei, the envoy of the Tang Dynasty, made great contributions. In 19951year, Guo Wei proclaimed himself emperor. After the establishment of the Zhou Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin was appointed as an imperial envoy, and Zhou Shizong was inspected from the official to the front of the temple. In 960, in the name of "pacifying the two countries", he lied that Qidan joined the Northern Han Dynasty and invaded the south in a large scale, led troops to war, launched a mutiny in Chen Qiao, proclaimed himself emperor on behalf of Zhou Dynasty, established the Song Dynasty, and made Kaifeng its capital. On 16. During his reign, he strengthened centralization, advocated literati politics, and created a prosperous period of China's civilian administration. He was a wise and kind emperor and an outstanding figure who promoted the development of history.
Zhao Guangyi, a native of Song Taizong (939-997 AD), was named Tingyi, the second emperor of the Song Dynasty. His real name was Zhao Kuangyi, and later he changed his name to Zhao Guangyi to avoid the anonymity of his brother Song Taizu. After he ascended the throne, he changed his name to Zhao Huan. In the ninth year of Kaibao (976), after the death of Song Taizu, Zhao Guangyi proclaimed himself emperor. Qian Chu, the king who ascended the throne, and Chen, who separated from Zhangzhou and Quanzhou, were forced to cede territory in 978, the third year of Taiping and Xingguo. The following year, I personally conquered Taiyuan and destroyed the Northern Han Dynasty, ending the five dynasties and ten kingdoms regime. Two attacks on Liao in an attempt to recapture sixteen states failed, and Liao was put on the defensive. And further strengthen the centralization, during the reign, change the bad habit of attaching importance to martial arts and neglecting literature since the end of the Tang Dynasty. Zhao Guangyi was in the reign of ***2 1 year, and Daoism lasted for three years (997). Zhao Guangyi died and the temple was named Taizong. Posthumous title Zhiren should play a magical role in Taoism and be buried in Yongxi Mausoleum. Zhao Guangyi's family members include Zhao Kuangyin, Zhao Kuangyin and Zhao Tingmei.
Zhao Heng (968- 1022), the third son of Song Taizong, was formerly known as Hanwang, Xiangwang and Shouwang, and was once the official Yin of Kaifeng. 1997 When the Prince ascended the throne, Wang Qinruo and Ding Weisong took each other as phase. They often used Fu Ruizhi's words in the gobbledygook to confuse the ruling and opposition parties, and the emperor was also addicted to meditation, so he did not raise the problem of "internal troubles and foreign invasion" in the Song Dynasty, which made it increasingly serious. In the first year of Jingdezhen (1004), the Liao State, founded by the Khitans, invaded, and Prime Minister Kou Zhun urged the emperor to make a personal conquest. The two sides fought in the Zen Temple, 300 miles away from the capital Bianjing, and the Song Dynasty defeated Liao. However, because the true Sect was afraid of the momentum of Liao and ignored Kou Zhun's opposition, a large number of gold and silver were turned over as "ancient coins" every year. The collapse of Zhao Heng's reign in twenty-five years brought the Northern Song Dynasty into a period of economic prosperity. Zhao Heng is the author of the famous proverb "There is a golden house in the book, and there is Yan Ruyu in the book".
Song Renzong, commonly known as Zhao Zhen (1012 May 2000-1April 30, 063), was the fourth emperor of the Song Dynasty in China (1March 23, 022-1April 30, 063). The first name is Zhao beneficiary, his sixth son, and his biological mother is. In the seventh year of Dazhong Xiangfu (10 14), he was crowned as the king of Shouchun County, in the eighth year of Dazhong Xiangfu (10 15), and in September of the first year of Tianxi (10 17), he was appointed as the Crown Prince. In February of the first year of Ganxing (1022), Zhenzong collapsed and Renzong proclaimed himself emperor. At that time, it was 13 years old, and 1023 was changed to Yuan Tiansheng. 1063 died in the capital of song dynasty palace at the age of 54. He reigned for forty-two years and was the longest-serving emperor in the Song Dynasty. His mausoleum is Yong Zhaoling, and Wen Sheng, the God of Renzong in posthumous title, is the emperor of Wu Ruizhe and Xiao Ming. Historians summarize the period when Renzong was in power and personally governed the country as "Renzong was governing the country". The prince in the popular "civet cats for princes" refers to Song Renzong. Since ancient times, in Bao Gong's plays, he has also been established as a monarch.
Song Yingzong Zhao Shu (1February 03216-1June 067 5438+1October 25), formerly known as Zhao Zongshi, later renamed Zhao Shu, was the son of Zhao Yunrang, the king of Pu, and was adopted as the heir by Song Renzong. He was the fifth emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty. Song Yingzong was brought up in the palace by Injong, who had no children and was named Zhao Zongshi. He served as a left supervisor and deputy director of the government. Later, he served as general of Right Feather Army, secretariat of Yizhou, ambassador of Yong Yue State and defense ambassador of Qin Zhou. In the seventh year of Jiayou (1062), he became the Crown Prince, renamed Zhao Shu, and became the Duke of Julu County. In the eighth year of Jiayou (1063), Zhao Shu proclaimed himself emperor. After Zhao Shu proclaimed himself emperor, he appointed old minister Han Qi and others, unwilling to reform. There was no war with Liao and Xixia. In the fourth year of Zhiping (1067), Zhao Shu died of illness in Funing Hall in the palace at the age of 36 and reigned for five years. Posthumous title was Wu Xiaoxuan, the Emperor of Wensu, whose temple number was Yingzong, and was buried in Yonghou Mausoleum (now Xiaoyi Fort in Gongyi, Henan). In the sixth year of Yuanfeng (1083), in November, Jia Jian made contributions to Emperor Wu.
Song Shenzong Zhao Xu (1048-65438 May 25th +65438 April 1 0085), the eldest son of Yingzong, was the sixth emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty (reigned 1067-1085). In the eighth year of Jiayou (1063), lord protector was sealed; Later, a chapter was added to the book, and he was named King of Huaiyang County. In the first year of Zhiping (1064), it was named Wang Ying. For three years, he was made Crown Prince, and the next year, he was a god, at the age of 20. After he ascended the throne, he was deeply dissatisfied with political weakness and always appreciated Wang Anshi's talent. So in order to revitalize the Northern Song Dynasty, he immediately ordered Wang Anshi to carry out political reform. History calls Wang Anshi's political reform, also known as Ning's political reform. The reform failed because it went too fast. On March 5, 2008 (65438+April 1 0085), Zongshen collapsed in Funingtang, aged 37. He was buried in the west steps of the main hall, and the temple was named Zongshen. His ministers went to see Emperor Yingwu, and on124, Yi You will be buried in Yongyuling.
Song Zhezong (107765438+1October 4th-165438+February 23rd, 2000), formerly known as Zhao Maid, was the seventh emperor of the Song Dynasty (1April 0851-/. Zhao Xu was made king of lord protector and Yan 'an in his early years. In the eighth year of Yuanfeng (1085), Zongshen was critically ill and made Zhao Xu the Prince. In the same year, nine-year-old Zhao Xu acceded to the throne, and his grandmother, Empress Dowager Gao (), listened to politics. Gao Qi used Sima Guang and others to restore the old law, which was called "Geng Hua" in history. In eight years (1093), Gao died and began to lead the government. After Zhao Xu came to power, he ordered the promulgation and implementation of the new law of Yuanfeng, stopped the prime ministers of the old party such as Fan Chunren and Lu Dafang, and started new parties such as Zhang Dun and Ceng Bu. Militarily, the battle of Hehuang was restarted, the Qing Dynasty was incorporated, and two wars of Xiaping City were launched to make Xixia surrender. In the first month of Fu Yuan's third year (1 100), Zhao Xu died of illness at the age of 24 and was in office for fifteen years. Posthumous title Xiande Qi Xiaodi, a temple named Zhezong, was buried in Yongtai Mausoleum.
Song Huizong, named Evonne (A.D. 1082 165438+203510.2 ~165438+5.6), was the 11th son of Song Shenzong and the eighth emperor of the Song Dynasty, and he also had a high artistic level. He was successively named King Suining and King Duan. Zhezong died childless in the first month of A.D. 1 100, and made him emperor in the same month. In the second year, the year number was changed to "Jianzhong Guo Jing". Song Huizong reigned for 26 years (165438+February 23, 2000-165438+1October 126), was captured and tortured to death, and was buried in Yongyou Mausoleum (now 35 miles southeast of Shaoxing County, Zhejiang Province). He created the calligraphy font that was later called "Thin Gold Book". In addition, the flowers on his calligraphy and painting are similar to the elongated word "heaven", which is said to symbolize "one person under the sun". Later generations commented that "Song Huizong can do anything, but he can't be alone!" !
Song Qinzong, whose real name is Zhao Huan (1100 ~1156), was originally named Zhao Xu, also known as Zhao Xuan. He was the last emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty and the eldest son of Evonne, Song Huizong. Born on April 13th in the third year (A.D. 1 100) and December in the seventh year of Xuanhe (A.D. 1 125), Jin people invaded the south, and Hui Zong Zen was in his place, and he was in office for 1 year and two months. He is indecisive, capricious and lacks judgment on political issues. During the Jingkang Rebellion, he was captured by the Jin people and went to the north. In the 26th year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (AD 1 156), he died in Yanjing at the age of 57 and was buried in Yongxianling (now Gongxian County, Henan Province).
Song Gaozong generally refers to Zhao Gou (1107.5.21-187.1/0.9), the founding emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty, who reigned for 35 years and was once known as Kang Wang. Evonne Song Huizong's ninth son, Zhao Huan Song Qinzong and Webster's Queen's half-brother. In the thirty-second year of Shaoxing (1 162), Zen was placed in Zhao Tuo, the Crown Prince, and he was honored as a god of honor, immortal, heaven, benevolent, virtuous, Wen Shaoye, Wuwei and inexplicable. Xichun died in the 14th year (1 187), and he was one of the rare longevity emperors in China history. Posthumous title Shengwen Xiao Xian, temple number. In the second year of Shao Xi (1 19 1), Jia She was appointed as Wen Zhaoren of SHEN WOO, which made great contributions to ZTE. When he was in office, he was forced to use generals such as Yue Fei and Han Shizhong to resist gold, but most of the time he still used peacemakers such as Huang Qianshan, Wang Boyan, Wang Lun and Qin Gui. Later, Yue Fei was executed, and Li Gang, Zhang Jun, Han Shizhong and other ministers of the Ministry of War were removed. Zhao Gou is good at calligraphy. He is good at truth, line and cursive script. His brushwork is free and easy, natural and smooth, and won the charm of Jin people. He is the author of Mohan Ji, and the ink handed down from ancient times is cursive "Luo Shen Fu".
Zhao Yue, Song Xiaozong (1 1 27165438+1October 27th-1June 28th, 1994) was the first city in the Song Dynasty. Emperor Gaozong said that he put national affairs first and didn't need to visit him many times. During the reign of Emperor Taizong, Xiaozong always respected the wishes of Emperor Gaozong. When he was young, he vowed to revitalize the great ambition of the Southern Song Dynasty, and during his administration, he cleared up the grievances of Yue Fei, named Yue Fei as the Duke of Hubei, named Zhang Xian as the loyal general, and named Yue Yun as the loyal man. Unfortunately, during his reign, he was controlled by Emperor Gaozong and never realized his wish.
Song Guangzong Zhao Dun (1 147- 1200), the temple name Guangzong, was the third emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty (reigned1194), and reigned for five years. The main family members are Song Xiaozong, Song Ningzong, Princess Wen 'an and Fu Jieyu. He was over 40 years old when he acceded to the throne. He is not only politically groggy, but also afraid of his wife. His queen, Li, is a famous jealous woman in history. 1/kloc-0 abdicated in 1994,/kloc-0 died in 200 at the age of 54.
Song Ningzong Zhao Kuo (11165438+1October 18/September 22418), the 13th emperor of the Song Dynasty, and the second son of Cixi Li. Dalu was born in Gongwangfu in the fourth year1October 19 (1119) and was named Zhao Kuo the following year. In the fifth year of Xichun (1 178), he was made an observer of Mingzhou and a duke of England. In the fifth year of Shao Xi (1 194), he was made a prince. Soon, Song Guangzong was forced to abdicate, and Zhao Kuo succeeded to the throne with the support of ministers such as Han Biaozhou and Zhao Ruyu. In the second year, the country name was changed to Qingyuan. After Song Ningzong acceded to the throne, Zhao Ruyu and Han Shuzhou were appointed as prime ministers, and the two factions of Zhao and Han fought fiercely. In the first year of Qingyuan (1 195), Ningzong ousted Zhao Ruyu, the sole right of the Korean party. The following year, Theorem was regarded as pseudoscience, and Zhao Ruyu, Zhu and others were forbidden to hold official positions and take the imperial examinations, which was a "party ban in Qingyuan". In the fourth year of Jiatai (1204), Ningzong chased Yue Fei as the king of Hubei, and two years later, Qin Gui knighted him, which dealt a blow to the capitulators. In the seventeenth year of Jiading (1224), Ning Zong died in Funing Hall of Lin 'an Palace on September 18. He reigned for 30 years, aged 57, and was buried in Ji Yongling. In the third year of Li Zongbaoqing (1227), posthumous title was Emperor Shirley Wu, who was the guardian of heaven.
Song Lizong Zhao Yun (120565438+1October 26th-126465438+1October 16), the fifth emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty, the grandson of Zhao Dezhao IX, the son of Zhao Kuangyin in Song Taizu. Jiading, formerly known as Zhao and Ju, established his brother Wang in fifteen years, giving him precious sincerity, and established Jiading as Prince Ningzong in seventeen years, giving him the title of cloud. After Song Ningzong's death, Minister Shi Wei made Zhao Yun emperor. In the first ten years of his succession, he was held hostage by Shi and didn't ask about the state affairs at all. He admired Neo-Confucianism and indulged in debauchery. It was not until he died six years ago that he began to lead the country. At the beginning of his country's leadership, he decided to take some reform measures, such as ousting the historical party, remonstrating Taiwan Province, cleaning up official management and rectifying finance, which was called "Pingduo" in history. In the later period of his administration, he indulged in a dissolute life. State affairs fell into the hands of traitors such as Daquan Ding and Jia Sidao, and the national situation declined rapidly. In the first year of Duanping, the Southern Song Dynasty joined forces with Great Mongolia to destroy gold. In the year of Kaiyuan, Mongolia attacked Ezhou, and Prime Minister Jia Sidao surrendered to Mongolia in the name of Song Lizong, ceding all the land north of the Yangtze River to Mongolia. Ding Jing five years, Song Lizong died in Lin 'an, reigned for 40 years, at the age of 60, posthumous title Prince Zhao Qi as emperor. In March of the first year of Xianchun, he was buried in Yongmuling, Huiji County. In December of the second year of Xianchun, posthumous title made great contributions to road construction, and brought Ming Sheng Xiao 'an back to life.
Song Duzong (1240- 1274 August 12), the sixth emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty, the nephew of Zhao Yun, the son of Zhao and Rui, formerly known as Meng Qi, was named Zi and Chang Yuan. Song Lizong had no children, so he was adopted as his adopted son. He was named Jian 'an King, Yongjia King and Zhongjun successively. In the first year of Ding Jing (1260), he was named Prince. In the fifth year (1264), Ding Jing succeeded to the throne, and the second year was changed to "Xianchun". Zhao Qi reigned in 10 year, when he ascended the throne, the state of Jin had been extinct for many years, while the army of Mongolian Yuan in the north went south in a big way. When the country was in danger, the general power was handed over to Jia Sidao, leaving the great mountains and rivers in the south of the Southern Song Dynasty in darkness. He died in Lin 'an on 1274 at the age of 35. The civilized emperor of posthumous title was buried in Yongshu Mausoleum.
Song Gongzong Zhao Xian (127 1 July 2nd-1323 May), also known as Song Gongzong and Song Gongdi, was the second son of Song Duzong, the seventh emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty. He was born to the Queen, the younger brother of Zhao Min in Song Duanzong and the older brother of Zhao Min in Song Huaizong. Before he ascended the throne, he was made a duke and general of Jia Guo, while Song Duanzong was honored as Emperor Gong, and the Mongols went to posthumous title to worship Emperor Gong and posthumous title to worship Wu Fazong. During Song Gongdi's reign, most political affairs were represented by Empress Xie Daoqing. Xie Daoqing relied on Jia Sidao in the early stage of politics and Chen Zhongyi in the later stage. In the late military period (secret), the imperial edict Jiang Wanzai was photographed on the way to March. Chen fled many times, but Jiang Wanzai did his best to protect the small court in the Southern Song Dynasty for three years, and traveled thousands of kilometers. 1323 In May, he was executed by Yuan Yingzong for violating the literary inquisition at the age of 53.
Zhao Yun (1July 26910-1May 8, 278), the 17th emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty (1June 27614-1May 8, 278). He is the eldest son of Song Duzong and the eldest brother of Song Gongdi. Used to be Gong Jianguo, Ji Wang and wangyi.
Zhao Min (sound: bǐng, Tong C, 1272 February 12- 1279 March 19), also known as Min, was the last emperor of the Song Dynasty (18,/kloc-0). On March 1279 and 19, Song and Yuan fought a decisive battle in the naval battle of Yashan. Song Jun was defeated by the Yuan Army and was wiped out. The Yuan army then surrounded the cliff. Lu Xiufu, the left prime minister, saw that the shame of Jingkang would repeat itself. In Guangzhou Yashan (now Yamen, Xinhui), 8-year-old Zhao Min jumped into the sea and died. Hundreds of soldiers and civilians such as Zhang Shijie and Yang also died.