The Three Kingdoms period (AD 220-280, starting with 184, 190 or 2008) was a period of division and confrontation between the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Western Jin Dynasty in China's history. There were three regimes: Cao Wei (Wei State), Shu State and Wu State. The Three Kingdoms period is magnificent and full of vitality, which often evokes the memory of future generations. There are a large number of Three Kingdoms in Tang and Song poetry. During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the deeds of the Three Kingdoms became a common topic in traditional Chinese opera and folk literature. The History of the Three Kingdoms written by Chen Shou in Jin Dynasty is of great reference value. Based on the History of the Three Kingdoms in Ming Dynasty, Luo Guanzhong compiled the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which became one of the four classical novels in China, and its colorful historical connotations spread all over the world.
academic
During the Han and Jin Dynasties, great changes took place in academic thought, which was mainly related to the changes of traditional thought and political struggle, of which the former accounted for a large proportion. From friendship, attention to seaweed, and response to responsibility, it is all attributed to Shen Han. Because it is hypocritical and reactionary, it is natural and straightforward, belonging to Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi. Due to political corruption in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the situation was chaotic. Cao Cao and Zhuge Liang adopted the ideas of famous artists or legalists to restore social order. Cao Cao advocated reward and punishment and the rule of law. Put forward the concept of "meritocracy" and break the standard of family tradition or famous education. Zhuge Liang also advocated the concept of the rule of law, cultivated the legal system after entering Shu, and enforced justice. Put forward the view that "the key to governing the country is to recommend talents". He also attaches importance to military law. For example, in the Battle of Jieting, Ma Su was beheaded for violating military orders, and he reduced himself to the third class. Wei Chu's thought of name and law at the end of Han Dynasty provided a foundation for the metaphysical trend of thought in Wei and Jin Dynasties, which made celebrities shift their focus from the specific problems of name and law to the abstract speculation of metaphysics based on political darkness. In the study of Confucian classics, Zheng Xuanzhi's study of Confucian classics at the end of Han Dynasty was highly respected. But in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Wang Su inherited his father's learning and annotated the classics. His views on Confucian classics are different from those of Zheng Xuan, so it is difficult for Zheng and Wang to refute each other. At the end of Cao Wei, Sima Shi usurped Wei as Jin. At that time, politics was dark, intellectuals' thoughts tended to be reactionary, their spirits were depressed, and there was no way out. Those who tend to Cao Shi are mostly people who have lost power and influence. They criticize politics and advocate nature through open talks. It tends to maintain the famous religion and gradually divide the Confucian style. Because Wang Su is the grandson of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, he established an official school, and once denied Shen Zheng and made Wang Xuecheng the patriarch. Metaphysics was the most prominent thought in Wei and Jin Dynasties. Its basic teachings are Laozi, Zhuangzi and Zhouyi, collectively known as San Xuan. Metaphysical scholars like to talk about Hyunri, but don't talk about secular things, which is called nonsense and popular in Wei and Jin Dynasties. In the gestation period of 240-248, the representatives were Yan He and Wang Bi. Metaphysics holds that a thing needs to know the "origin" of the principle behind it in order to understand the "end" of what is usually seen, and then advocates the theory of "unity of end and origin" He also regards "essence" as "Tao", analogizes it as "nothingness" without form (reason and potential), regards "end" as "existence" of actual phenomena, and thinks that "everything originates from nothingness". After that, Sima Yan usurped the Jin Jian of Wei. Represented by Ruan Ji, Ji Kang and other seven sages of bamboo forest, they turned their focus from ideological theory to life problems. At that time, the politics was dark, and Sima suppressed the literati and decorated himself by advocating fame and education. Ruan Ji and Ji Kang advocated that Confucian ethics suppressed human nature and hypocrisy, and emphasized the liberation of human nature and the sincerity of nature. They took the lead in realizing this theory and formed an atmosphere of emancipating personality. After the Western Jin Dynasty, the discussion spread to the political arena, and the dignitaries who held power also talked about Hyunri, showing a group of dignitaries who were alive and about to be born. Pei Wei proposed a revision of "nature" and advocated "advocating ontology" to correct "the disadvantages of false birth". Guo Xiang further proved that "famous religion" is "nature", and the development of metaphysics came to an end.
literature
Among the three countries, Cao Wei literature is the most prosperous, which can be divided into early Jian 'an literature and late Zhengshi literature. Jian 'an literature opposes the weak poetic style and is called "Jian 'an Style" or "Han Wei Style" by later generations. This is because since Cao Cao and others loved literature, scholars from all over the world have absorbed it. The representative figures of Jian 'an literature are "Three Caos" and "Seven Scholars of Jian 'an". Other writers include Han Danchun, Chae Yeon, Fan Qin, Lu Cui, Yi Ding, Yang Xiu and Xun Wei. Cao Cao has heroic spirit, simple and desolate style, wrote short songs and stepped out of Xiamen to let the counties know his meaning. Cao Pi and Cao Zhi are brilliant. Cao Pi wrote a literary criticism, Dian Lun, which led the conscious development of literature. Cao Zhi has a romantic temperament, and has written articles such as Luo Shen Fu. Seven sons of Jian 'an, Cai Yan, Yang Xiu and others pay attention to reality and face life directly. Their works reflect the social changes and people's sufferings since the end of Han Dynasty, such as Eighteen Beats of Hu Jia by Cai Yan. At the beginning of the literary period, because the political situation at that time was controlled by the Sima family, the literati were oppressed and it was difficult to face the reality. Contemporary writers include Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest, Yan He, Xia Houxuan and Wang Bi. Most of the first writers knew Laozi and Zhuangzi and had a special liking for metaphysics. They are not as persistent as Jian 'an writers and indifferent to social reality. Ji Kang's prose and Ruan Ji's Poem of Singing for the Huai still inherit the "Jian 'an Style" and dare to face Sima's regime directly, so their literature has distinct characteristics. "Wen Xin Diao Long" mentioned that "Ming Dow is the beginning, and the poem is mixed with immortal heart. The followers of peace are superficial. However, Ji Zhiqing is beautiful, and its meaning is far-reaching and can be marked. " It shows that Ruan Ji and Ji Kang are both representative poets of Zhengshi literature. Sun Wu writers include Zhang Hong, Xue Zong, Hua and Zhao Wei. Zhang Hong, who has a long history of Sun Quan, made friends with Kong Rong and Chen Lin, the seven sons of Jian 'an. Xue Zong is a famous Confucian in Jiangdong, ranking as the master of Prince Sun Quan. Hua Tuo was a writer in the last years of Sun Wu. Shu and Han writers include Zhuge Liang, Ying Zheng, Chen Shou and so on. As a generation of politicians, Zhuge Liang's works include this example. Although his literary color is not as gorgeous as others, its content is simple, sincere and touching, which shows his determination to explore the north. Fu Qin's five-character poem Travel Far is the only reliable poem handed down from Shu to Han. There are also many scholars who annotate this book in Shu, such as Xu Ci, Meng Guang, Yin Mo and Li Chuan. In the late Shu and Han dynasties, both Qiao Zhou and Zheng Zhen were addicted to literature. Qiao Zhou even wrote On the Enemy of the Country to discuss the disadvantages of excessive use of military force, and there was also the Poetry Art that Zheng Zhen expressed his opinions through the text of the previous generation of Confucian scholars. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, scholars who studied fiber drawings and techniques also appeared, such as Ren An and Zhou Shu, followed by Zhou Qun and Du Qiong.
religion
This period is the development period of Buddhism and Taoism. Due to the constant natural and man-made disasters, people have sought religion to comfort their souls and make them develop gradually. The primitive religion of Yi people in South China and Central China has a strong witchcraft style. Its nature is myth worship, with the characteristics of polytheism and nature worship. It has a long history in the southwest of China, forming an early primitive religion. Huang Lao's learning in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Taiping Dao founded by Zhang Jiao and Wudou Mi Dao founded by Zhang Daoling are all prototypes of Taoism, which was called Shi Tiandao in the Western Jin Dynasty. Taiping Road in Zhangjiao pays more attention to "keeping one" in Taoism. Taiping Jing is the main classic, also known as Taiping Qing Ling Shu. The content is complex, "his words are home to Yin and Yang and five elements, and there are many strange words". His social thought not only protects the interests of the ruling class, but also calls for fairness and sympathy for the poor. After Zhang Jiao had a large congregation, he led his brothers Sean, Zhang Bao and his subordinate Zhang Mancheng to launch the "Yellow Scarf Uprising" at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, which was finally defeated by the Eastern Han Dynasty court and gradually declined. During the reign of Emperor Shun of Han Dynasty, Zhang Daoling entered Hemingshan, Sichuan Province, created a script, and created a five-bucket rice road. This religion may be a combination of Huang Lao's learning and local religion, and most of the runes come from Bashu witchcraft. The teachings of Wudou Mi Dao and Taiping Dao are basically the same, serving the study of Huang Lao. Zhang Lu made the "drinking ceremony" in the hall recite 5,000 pieces of Laozi, and the Tao Te Ching became one of the main classics. Jules, an old Xiangzi, reflects the early Taoist interpretation of Qian Wen, an old Woods. Spread by his son Zhang Heng (Taoism) and grandson Zhang Lu, it is popular in Sichuan and Hanzhong. After Zhang Lu surrendered to Cao Cao, Wudou Midao spread from Pakistan and Han to the south of the Yangtze River.
art
During the Three Kingdoms period, Sun Wu had many celebrities who were good at all kinds of arts, which were called the Eight Wonders of Wu at that time. There are Wu Fan, Liu Dun, Zhao Da, Yanwu, Huang Xiang, Cao Buxing, Song Shou and You Zheng. For example, Yanwu is good at playing Weiqi, and no one of his peers can win, so he is called "Chess Saint". As for Cao Buxing, he is good at painting, while the emperor is good at calligraphy. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was chaos in the world, and many paintings were destroyed or lost, causing losses. With the development of Buddhism, paintings with the theme of Buddhism began to appear. Painting in the Three Kingdoms period did not achieve greater success because of political turmoil and social chaos. Before the Three Kingdoms, painting mainly belonged to the technical profession of "Garden of All Works", but it was not yet artistic. During this period, the content of realistic themes began to appear, which was also promoted by ethics. His works include Map of Vimalakīrti and Story Map of Sakyamuni. He once connected 50-foot-long silks to draw a portrait of a person, which was agile and dexterous, and spanned the period of religious propaganda. Painters also moved from the Central Plains of the Yellow River Basin to the Yangtze River Basin. At that time, the famous painters were Cao Buxing, Mrs. Wu Wangzhao, and Huan Fan,, Cao Mao, Zhuge Zhan and others were good at painting. Sun Wu and Cao Buxing, who are good at sketching and painting Buddhist paintings, are known as "Buddhist calligraphy". His works are full of three-dimensional sense, and are praised by the world as "a grass comes out of water" and nicknamed "Cao Jia Xiang". Sun Wu's wife, Mrs. Zhao, the sister of Prime Minister Wu, was good at calligraphy and landscape painting, and was known as the "needle" at that time. She was the first to draw topographic maps of mountains and rivers in various countries for Sun Quan. At the end of the Han Dynasty, Yang Xiu was said to have paintings such as Xijing Map. Cao Fan is good at drawing historical figures of Dan Qing and Cao Mao. Zhuge Zhan of Shu Han also painted. Calligraphy art rose in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. From the Three Kingdoms to the Western Jin Dynasty, official script was still official script, and most of the inscriptions at that time were written in official script. Cao Wei's inscription is square, solemn and rarely interesting. Sun Wu's famous inscriptions include Tianfa Monument, Zen Mountain Monument and Gulang Monument. Among them, the Tianfa Oracle tablet commands the square in a round shape, which is vast and magnificent. The main calligraphers in this period are Zhang Zhi, Zhang Chang, Dan Wei, Zhong You and Huang Xiang. Zhang Zhi is good at Cao Zhang. He created modern grass. Famous works include "No.1 Scholar's Post" and "I want to reply now". Zhang Zhizhi's younger brother Zhang Chang is good at Cao Zhang and Li Shu. Dan Wei summed up his own experience in calligraphy and wrote "Bi Jing". Among them, "if a husband wants to do a good job, he must first sharpen his tools." This is his famous saying. Zhong You's "Declaration Form", "Recommended Season Table" and other works are all classics in regular script. The emperor was good at seal script and official script, especially Cao Zhang. Popular works include Urgent Chapter, Post of Civil and Military Generals, Monument to the Temple of Heaven and so on.
science and technology
Ma Jun is good at mechanical application, increasing output, and making the lost compass, which has won the reputation of "the world's famous cleverness". He improved the loom of the Han Dynasty, making the pattern three-dimensional, comparable to Shu brocade. At the end of the Han Dynasty, Bilan's dragon bone car was improved, and a keel waterwheel was invented to irrigate higher farmland. Some terraces are still in use now. He also transformed the catapult into a rotary catapult to improve the throwing quantity and speed. Zhuge Liang invented "Mu Niu Liu Ma" to facilitate transportation on the mountain plank road. Its structure has different opinions in the literature of past dynasties, and scholars generally identify it as a unicycle and a four-wheeled vehicle, but there is no exact answer at present. He invented the crossbow, also known as "Rong Yuan", which can fire ten arrows continuously. In addition, it is said that the Kongming Lantern, which was designed by Zhuge Liang to transmit signals, is recognized as the originator of hot air balloon. According to "The Times of the Later Han Dynasty", Zhuge Liang also made the prototype of the pike at the earliest, gradually replacing the spear. Liu Hui is a mathematician. He has been interested in mathematics since he was a child. He studied China's ancient mathematical classic Nine Chapters Arithmetic. Cao Wei Jingyuan wrote nine chapters of arithmetic notes in four years (263), with his own annotations, which is easy to understand. Later, Liu Hui wrote the tenth volume of Nine Chapters Arithmetic Notes, namely "Heavy Difference" (hereinafter referred to as "Calculation Classics of Islands"), which made China's surveying reach its peak. As for other technologies and astronomy, there is Chen Zhuo, who served as Sun Wu and Taishiling of the Western Jin Dynasty. He collected information from various factions, perfected the star official system in China, and drew a star map for future generations. Pei Xiu's "Six Maps" occupies an important position in the map history of China. Puyuan is good at forging chains. He worked as a knife for Zhuge Liang in Gu Jie (now southwest of Meixian County, Shaanxi Province). Its knife can split a bamboo tube full of iron beads, which is called the magic knife. Because Sun Wu is located in the south of the Yangtze River, the waterway is developed and the shipbuilding technology is developed. Some of its warships have five floors up and down, and some can accommodate 3000 soldiers. Han Shu is rich in well salt, and the production capacity is improved by using local natural gas to make salt.
Cao Wei's Military System
The official and military systems of the three countries are similar to those of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The central army of Cao Wei is divided into Han army and foreign army. "'Zhong Jun' comes from' foreign troops'. The difference between Chinese and foreign armies was formed in the Jian 'an period of Han Dynasty (196-220), and was formally established in the division and names of Chinese and foreign armies in the early years of Huang Dynasty (220-226). Before Jian 'an, Cao Cao Group was only one of the main separatist forces. Cao Cao welcomed the promise of the imperial capital and relied on the emperor to make the princes, especially after the battle of Guandu defeated Yuan Shao and won the three States of Hebei, Hebei and Qinghai, its ruling area gradually took on a national scale. At this time, the situation was big, and it was no longer possible to lead an army to fight everywhere as in the past, so the method of staying in the chariot appeared. Pacify a place, leave some troops behind, and one person will be the commander in chief, in charge of all the troops in the area. This system left on the chariot is actually the origin of the military commander-in-chief and the system of various armies prevailing in Wei and Jin Dynasties. This happened after Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao to occupy Hebei and merged with other states. After Battle of Red Cliffs, the situation of tripartite confrontation among the three countries was formed, which gradually became a system and developed into the later viceroy system. In fact, the national army is divided into internal and external, and the name of internal and external is naturally formed. Soldiers led by generals and governors who stay outside are called foreign troops; The army directly under the central government is called Zhong Jun. " "The Military System of Past Dynasties" describes the development of Wei: "At the beginning, Cao Gong set up his own barracks in Xiangfu to lead the army. Besides, Emperor Wen added the middle camp, so there were two camps, Wuwei and Zhongli, which led the generals and unified the five factions. " Wu is the closest guard of Cao Wei Group. According to the History of the Three Kingdoms, it was set up in the 13th year of Jian 'an (208). At that time, as soon as Cao Cao became prime minister, he set up his own military camp in the prime minister's office. At that time, there were only a few imperial troops in the Han Dynasty, and under the control of Cao Cao, once Wu Weiying was established, auspicious symbols became even more important to the Han Dynasty. The commander-in-chief of Wu was originally a corps commander of Wu Wei, and was later transferred to General Wu Wei. Cao Wei is a general of Wu Wei. He is very close to the emperor. Wei Wendi put the Central Base and the Second Battalion under the command of the Central Leader, while Wei Mingdi put Xiaoqi and the Second Battalion of Guerrilla under its command. The military system of the past dynasties only mentioned Wuwei and Zhongli Battalion 2, and there were some omissions. "Wuwei, Zhongli No.2 Battalion, Leading General, Five Schools in One" is also incorrect. In fact, Cao Wei successively placed five new battalions, Wuwei, Zhong Lei, Kegan, Xiaoqi and Guerrilla, under the command of Zhong Jun. Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, the five battalions of North Military Vehicle Riding, Infantry, Shooting, Yue Riding and Changshui in the Cao Wei period still existed, but the number of soldiers was pitiful. The status of the fifth school is not as good as that of general tachileik, and it is impossible to command tachileik and other new camps. The establishment of foreign troops stationed in different places was inconsistent at first, and commanders were often appointed and replaced temporarily by the central government. When I arrived in Wei Wendi, things changed. "Military System of Past Dynasties": "In the third year of the Emperor, he was appointed as the full-time commander of the state army, and added the rank of general of four towns, and appointed the general as the commander of Chinese and foreign armies." The commander-in-chief of Cao Wei's state army is a military chief stationed in various places on behalf of the central government, and leads the central army, which is different from the soldiers in the state and county. The so-called four towns refer to the titles of General Zheng Dong, General Cheung Nam, General Zheng and General Zheng Bei, General Zheng Dong, General Cheung Nam, General Zheng and General Zheng Bei. Except for the title of General Si Ping, these are not fixed military posts, but temporary titles. From these titles, we can also know that the generals who are in charge of the military affairs of each state represent the central government to conquer and suppress. Chinese and foreign armies, that is, the China army and foreign armies, "put the general in charge of the Chinese and foreign armies", and the general commanded the Central Army of the whole country, and became the supreme military commander of Cao Wei. It was the Cao Wei regime that was established, not the Eastern Han Dynasty. At first, Qiu was still the highest military and political chief. After the general was released, Qiu's most important power was divided up, so Chen Fuliang said that the general was "in Qiu's position". To sum up, Cao Wei's central army system is like this: |-central army-commanding, guarding soldiers-all battalions will be unified with the central army-generals ||-foreign troops. In addition to the central army and foreign troops, Cao Wei also has state and county soldiers as local soldiers. Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty went on strike to recruit soldiers, and the strength of counties and counties was very weak. By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, some prefectures and counties were dominated by separatist regimes, and their armies gradually became stronger, while most of them were eliminated or merged one by one. Cao Cao unified the north, and the separatist regimes, large and small, were either armed, destroyed or incorporated. In northern counties, only the Central Army is often stationed in Tun, and there is no local armed forces. At that time, Sima Lang, the prime minister's chief book, suggested that all counties should establish local armed forces, so as to "prepare four foreigners outside and be unscrupulous inside". "The Military System of Past Dynasties": "From Sima Lang's words, I ordered the state and county to be soldiers, and there was no captain, so I was a satrap or a secretariat and handsome." The state and county soldiers are responsible for guarding the state and county, and if necessary, they should also be transferred to the war. The status of state and county soldiers is lower than that of China army and foreign troops. "The status of state and county commanders is different from that of Chinese and foreign troops ... if you are in the case of China's army, you will be rewarded; For example, counties and counties, although they are highly successful (The Book of Jin, Duanzhuo Biography), have greatly expanded their power. Therefore, the "Military System of Past Dynasties" holds that "the military power of Cao Wei regime gathered outside the state animal husbandry and belonged to the generals and Qiu". Therefore, someone later went to Wei Mingdi to demand that the secretariat and the satrap be deprived of the right to lead troops in the border counties, and also sent generals to guard them, so as to prevent the secretariat and the satrap from "concentrating on military affairs and not diligent in civil affairs" instead of "practicing business alone" (Biography of the Three Kingdoms Shu Wei and Du Shu). Cao Wei's military system and the soldiers stationed in the fields are worth mentioning, but Chen Fuliang neglected this point. There are two kinds of reclamation in Cao Wei: civilian reclamation and military reclamation, which are the methods of renting official land in Han Dynasty and the popularization of reclamation in border counties. The management mode of folk villages is as follows: the old farmer is in charge of the folk villages in the whole country, the commander of Dian Nong is in charge of the folk villages in a county, the captain of Dian Nong is in charge of the folk villages in a county-level unit, and the chariot Sima is in charge of a production unit-Yitun. There are 50 settlers in each village. The task of Mintun is to plant rice, millet, mulberry and hemp, and 50-60% of the harvest will be turned over to the government. Soldiers in the field should not accept military service, but should implement the management of military law departments into the study of military system. The purpose of land reclamation in the early years of Jian 'an was to bind the refugees to the land, provide a lot of rent for the government and meet the needs of the army; At the end of Wei Dynasty and the beginning of Jin Dynasty, for the benefit of aristocratic families, rulers often carved up reclamation and carved up reclamation customers, and the reclamation system was devastated. The military garrison started later than the civilian garrison. Generally, the original military establishment is maintained, and it is set on the border with Wu and Shu, so that soldiers can share the defense. Wu Dong also; There are soldiers roughly similar to Cao Wei. Famous soldiers, Cao Shi brothers, Xiahou brothers, Zhang,,, Yu Forbidden and.
Shu-Han military system
Roughly the same as Wei, but each has its own characteristics. The central army of Shu, which was ruled by the armies of past dynasties, said, "There are five armies in Shu. There is one general, one supervisor and one guard, including one division, one supervisor, one guard, one code and one army, one former division, one general, one supervisor, one guard and one supervisor, and then one supervisor, one general and one concurrently. Its learning must be slightly like Korean. " The fifth army is the front, back, left, right and middle army. Zhong Jun, like Cao Wei, is also a garrison; The front, back, left and right armies are slightly equal to Cao Wei's foreign troops. The Central Army of Shuhan has one or two military division generals, who are the highest military commanders in the country. The organizational system of the five armies is not exactly the same. The China Army has a guard, a supervisor, a strategist, a guard, a leader and a standard army. The front and rear armies each have a guard, a supervisor, a strategy, a leader and a standard army; The left and right armies each have a guard, a supervisor and a guard. According to the six books of the reflection, the commanders of the front, rear, left and right armies were former generals, rear generals, left generals and right generals respectively, and only the commander of China's army was the Guards; According to Wang Ping, Liu Min, Jiang Wei and others, the front, back, left and right armies often take the guard army or the prison army as their respective commanders. Therefore, it remains to be further investigated whether the official titles such as former generals are another name or a new name of the Guards, or whether they are official posts in different periods. There are many different names for grass-roots troops in Shu. "Military System of Past Dynasties": "Soldiers are distinguished by sudden generals, invincible, arrogant, young and strong, scattered riding and martial riding, and cannot be completely covered by Shu people." "Liu, there are tens of thousands of three auxiliary streams, and they are regarded as soldiers and named as soldiers of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty." This list is not complete. According to the statistics of the Military Records of the Three Kingdoms, there are grass-roots units in Shu with the following titles: the Han army originally had the establishment of the Ministry of Peace, some in Shu, and some in some units. Tunjiang, Shu has Tunjiang and the establishment of wasteland. General Tu, the general of the stormtroopers, and the Shu army often have a special vanguard. Never before, never after, maybe they are an excellent and brave team. The Flying Army is mainly composed of Qingqiang, a branch of Qiang nationality, and is divided into five parts. Tiger step, a brave infantry team. Tiger riding, a brave cavalry team, in addition to scattered riding, martial riding and other cavalry teams. Baibai is decorated with white feathers by ethnic minorities. Miao people are composed of Miao people (ethnic minorities in Hunan and Sichuan). In addition, there are foreign soldiers, composed of ethnic minorities in Jingzhou. From these titles, we can see that the Shu regime not only made the Han people in Shu a soldier, but also recruited a large number of foreign troops, forming foreign troops such as Feijun, Qingqiang, Youzi and so on. It can also be seen from the situation of soldiers in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty that Shu Han also organized foreign refugees into an army. Famous soldiers: Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Ma Chao, Huang Zhong, Zhao Yun, Wei Yan and Jiang Wei.
Wudong military system
It's a mess, just like Wei. Its military characteristics, such as "Military System of Past Dynasties", say: "Wuduozhou is a teacher, and his learning is slightly different from that of Han." Wu Dong was founded in the south of the Yangtze River, with natural barrier in the north, East China Sea and South China Sea in the southeast, and many lakes and Shui Ze in the mainland. The watery natural conditions, especially the rich products and developed economy, determined that its water army was stronger than Wei and Shu, so that it hit Cao Wei's army several times with the defeat of boatmen. The general buildings in Wu Dong are large in scale, numerous in number, and have many names, such as Dragon, Fighting Ship, Louchuan, Feiyun, Gaihai, Chilong, Chi Ma, Chang 'an, Dabao, Taizhou, Qinglong Battleship, and Chenxi Mansion. According to the Book of Wu, it was a small boat that could carry 80 horses at that time (The Story of the Three Kingdoms, Wu Sunquan, was quoted in the second year of Jiahe). According to the records in autumn, during the Western Jin Dynasty, more than 5,000 ships were received (quoted from The Story of the Three Kingdoms, Wu Shu, Sun Haochuan), including transport ships and warships, a considerable part of which belonged to the water army and were used to transport munitions. In this way, although we can't know the specific number of Wu Donghai's warships, its scale can be imagined. At that time, Wu Donghai's sailors not only patrolled the Yangtze River at all times, but also swam in the vast sea area. Commander-in-chief of Wu Dong's navy is the commander-in-chief of the navy. The Central Army of Soochow is the same as Cao Wei and Shu Han. There are five armies: front, back, left, right and middle. The generals in the army also include the guards, commanders, standard troops and military horses. Once the war breaks out, the commander-in-chief always commands the five armies, and each army has a commander-in-chief. Masters, Zhou Yu, Lu Su, Lv Meng, Lu Xun, Lu Kang, Cheng Pu, Han Dang, Zhou Tai, Gan Ning.
Cao Wei economy
In Wei, Shu and Wuzhong, Wei has the largest population and the widest reclamation area, which is also the reason why Wei is the strongest in China. After Cao Cao welcomed Di Xian into Xuchang, he reclaimed land near Xuchang on the principle that "the skill of governing the country by a husband lies in the abundant food in Qiang Bing". As a result, "raising the people makes a promise and gets a million." Therefore, Cao Cao set up field officials in various counties, recruited refugees to cultivate land, and popularized the system of cultivating land, in order to change the situation of "white bones exposed in the wild, thousands of miles away without chickens crowing" caused by the warlord melee in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. It is precisely because of the success of the reclamation system that it has become "the field of agricultural officers and soldiers, the voice of chickens and dogs, and the buildings belong to each other". It is precisely because of the land reclamation measures that the northern society turned the corner and finally achieved the goal of "conquering all directions without transporting grain and labor, and then destroying thieves and leveling the world."
Han Shu economy
Yizhou has been known as a land of abundance since ancient times, and Emperor Gaozu was able to win the world on the basis of abundant materials. Zhuge Liang and Fazheng are engaged in iron smelting, salt boiling, cotton weaving and other important handicrafts, and set up full-time officials to strengthen management. The above-mentioned series of measures have greatly increased the national tax revenue and laid the conditions for the three pillars. Later, Guan Yu lost Jingzhou, and Liu Bei defeated Wu, which brought Shu to the brink of collapse. Therefore, Zhuge Liang expanded the scope of handicraft industry and increased the production of millet economically to help speed up the pace of restoring national strength. Although Shu is the weakest of the three countries, Chengdu, the capital city, is still one of the commercial cities at that time. "The mountains are rich in goods, the stars are bright and the flowers are splendid." (Shu Du Fu)
Wu Dong economy
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Central Plains was in constant war and the place was in ruins. People in the north took their families across the river to take refuge. There are many refugees in the north, including wealthy businessmen. They traveled from the north to the south of the Yangtze River, and at the same time brought production technology and culture, bringing new blood to the poor south of the Yangtze River at that time. At first, the agricultural technology in Jiangnan was very backward, and Niu Geng was not known. With the injection of post-production technology, agricultural production technology has been gradually improved, and the population has gradually increased, which has changed the previous situation of vast territory and sparse population. Sun Shi's three generations, Sun Jian, Sun Ce and Sun Quan, gradually expanded their ruling territory, and the army became huge. Therefore, the expenditure on grain, grass and military supplies has become a major part of the national expenditure. In order to reduce the burden, the field-by-field system was implemented, and the captain of the electric farm and the captain of the electric farm were set up. The system of reclaiming farmland includes dividing troops and dividing people. The cultivators in the soldiers' camp are tenant farmers and soldiers, and the cultivators in the private sector are farmers. Wu is located in the south of the Yangtze River, standing by the sea, with developed shipbuilding and salt industry. Wu's commercial cities mainly include Jianye and Panyu, among which Panyu is dominated by foreign trade.
Three Kingdoms
In the Eastern Han Dynasty, thirteen counties (three kingdoms administrative regions) managed Henan (now Luoyang East), that is, the areas in central Shaanxi, southwestern Qin and western Henan. It is called "Sizhou". Yuzhou: the jurisdiction of Zhisuo (Qi 'ao, Bo County, Anhui Province), that is, the south, east and north of Anhui Province, the north of Susie and the southwest corner of Shandong Province. Yanzhou: Changyi (now northwest of Lujinxiang County) area, now southwest of Shandong, east of Henan and north of Jiangsu and Anhui. Xuzhou: the jurisdiction of Zhisuo Tancheng (southwest of Tancheng County) is now southeast of Shandong, north of Jiangsu and northeast corner of Anhui. Qingzhou: Located in Hualin area, in the southwest corner of Lubei and Jidong. Liangzhou: Zhisuolong (north of Qingshui County, Gansu Province) is now in the east of Gansu Province. Bingzhou: Jinyang (Taiyuan West) is located in a corner of northern Shaanxi, most of the Qin Dynasty, and Inner Mongolia. Jizhou: the area under the jurisdiction of Zhisuo Gao (north of Baiji Town) is in the southwest of Hebei Province. Youzhou: Zhisuo (Hebei, southwest of Beijing). The jurisdiction is now in the north of Hebei, and Liaoning and Kyrgyzstan have a corner. Yangzhou: Liyang (Wanxian, later moved to Shouchun) governs southern Jiangsu, south-central Anhui and Zhejiang, Fujian and Jiangxi provinces. Jingzhou: Hanshou District (east of Changde City, Hunan Province) is located in the southwest of Henan Province, bordering Hubei and Hunan provinces and Guizhou, Guangxi and Guangdong provinces. Yizhou: Zhuo Zhi (Lu, Guanghan, Sichuan, Houmianzhu, and then to Chengdu) governs most of Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan provinces, and is a corner of Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia. Jiaozhou: Guangxin (Wuzhou, Guangxi).
refer to
Warlords' scuffle in the late Eastern Han Dynasty
References:
I. Historical materials:
1. Biography of Xian Di, He Jin Biography, Dong Zhuo Biography, Liu Yu Biography, Gongsun Zan Biography, Tao Qian Biography, Yuan Shao Biography and Liu Biao Biography.
2. The History of the Three Kingdoms (volume 1), Ji of Emperor Wudi (volume 32), Biography of the First Master (volume 47), Biography of the First Master's Martial Arts, etc.
3. Take a look at volumes 59 to 68.
Second, approachable works:
1. Ma Zhijie: The History of the Three Kingdoms, Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, People's Publishing House, 1993, 10.
2. Wang: History of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Volume 1, Chapter 1, Section 2, Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1999.
Politics of the three kingdoms
References:
I. Historical materials:
1. Biography of the Three Kingdoms.
2. Such as mirror roll 69- roll 78.
3. Cao Caoji.
4. Zhuge Liang set.
Second, approachable works:
1. Ma Zhijie: Chapters 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 of The Three Kingdoms, People's Publishing House, 1993 edition.
2. Wang: History of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Volume I, Chapter 1, Sections 2, 3 and 4, Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1979.
3. Tang: Sun and the late Han Dynasty, "A Trial Interpretation of Nine-grade Zhengzhong System", published in the series History of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sanlian Bookstore, 1955 edition.
Three kingdoms economy
References:
I. Historical materials:
1. Biography of the Three Kingdoms.
2. As a mirror volume 62.
Second, approachable works:
1. Ma Zhijie: The History of the Three Kingdoms contains chapters 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17.
2. Wang: History of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Volume I, Chapter 1, Section 4, Section 5.
3. Tang Chang Ru: "On the gentry system of Cao Wei from the Book of Jin Zhao Zhi Chuan", contained in History of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.