Palindrome, which is one of the wonderful figures of Chinese antithetical couplets (pā). The couplets written in this form can be read both in sequence and backwards, which not only has the same meaning, but also is quite interesting. For example, there is a mountain named Jigong Mountain in Xia
Henan Province, and there are two landscapes in the mountain: Douji Mountain and Longyin Rock. Someone has made a pair of insightful palindromes
fighting chickens on the mountain
hidden dragons in the hidden rocks
Second,
Spring Festival couplets are a kind of couplets, which is a unique literary form. It depicts the background of the times and expresses good wishes with neat, dual, concise and exquisite words, which is China's literary form. Every Spring Festival, no matter in urban or rural areas, every household should select a pair of bright red Spring Festival couplets and stick them on the door to add a festive atmosphere to the Spring Festival.
Spring Festival couplets originated from Taofu (rectangular mahogany boards hanging on both sides of the gate in the Zhou Dynasty). According to the History of Etiquette in the Later Han Dynasty, the peach symbol is six inches long and three inches wide, and the words "shentu" and "Yu Lei" are written on the mahogany board. "On the first day of the first month, a peach symbol was made for the household, and it was named immortal wood, which was feared by all ghosts." Therefore, the Qing Dynasty's "Yanjing Shi Sui Ji" said: "Spring Festival couplets, that is, Taofu also."
Third,
Reduplicated words, also known as "repetition", refer to words composed of two identical words. When people create couplets, they often apply overlapping words to the creation of couplets, that is, overlapping words. In the creation of couplets, the use of reduplication is very extensive and can be seen almost everywhere.
tourist attractions have many overlapping words. A pair of overlapping couplets in Suzhou Wangshi Garden "Looking at the Pine and Reading the Painting Pavilion"
"Yingying Yanyan, with flowers and leaves, is in the morning and evening;
ups and downs, warm and cold, looking everywhere. "
Commentator: Ye Fengruochen Comment Date: September 25, 29 : 38 Fourth,
The meaning of elegiac couplet is a special couplet for mourning the dead, funeral service and sacrifice. It is a mourning for the dead, but also a comfort to the living, which is social and representative of its times.
Features: Writing elegiac couplets should be positive in intention, in tune with the spirit of the times and play a positive role for the people. In writing, it is required to be targeted and authentic, and the elegiac couplet cannot be written as a general couplet, which is applicable to both Zhang San and Li Si. And it should be artistic, be particular about antithesis, be particular about levelness and skill, be concise and concise, and make people unforgettable.
writing: elegiac couplets can be written on a long piece of white paper or on a long piece of white cloth (silk).
Font: The font for writing elegiac couplets can be block letters, running script, running script, official script, seal script, etc., but it is better for most people to recognize it.
5.
The so-called couplets are couplets pasted on the pillars. Because the previous sentence is opposite to the next sentence, for example, the previous sentence is "the wind blows the sky and the moon" and the next sentence is "the rain washes the mountains loose", so it is also called "door-to-door couplets" and "couplets".
People in China like to stick it on both sides of the door during the Spring Festival, so as to highlight the festive atmosphere. For example, on the left, it says "Welcome to the Olympic Games once again" and on the right, it says "Vientiane Renews Looking at China", so it is also called "Spring Festival couplets".
Couplets are independent chapters composed of two neat dual sentences. Its basic characteristics are that the number of words is equal and the tone of words is relative; Similar parts of speech and syntax; Semantically related, the language potential is equivalent. Couplets, as a literary genre and cultural phenomenon, are bred in "parallel prose" and "regular sentences", formed after "parallel prose" and "regular poems", and are independent of "parallel prose" and "regular poems"; In contrast to calligraphy art, it is developed on the basis of "parallel prose" and "regular poetry".
Couplets are a literary brand and a cultural phenomenon, which has the most China characteristics and cannot be translated, rewritten or transplanted.
The length of couplets varies, with only one or two words short; It can be as long as a thousand words. There are various forms of couplets, such as right, opposition, flowing pair, couplet pair and set sentence equivalence. However, no matter what kind of couplets are used and what form they are used, they must have the following characteristics:
First, the number of words should be equal and the sentence breaks should be consistent. In addition to deliberately leaving the position of a word to achieve a certain effect, the number of words in the upper and lower couplets must be the same, no more or less.
second, it should be flat and even, and the tone should be harmonious. The traditional habit is to "pucker up and fall flat", that is, the ending of the last sentence in the upper couplet is puckered up, and the ending of the last sentence in the lower couplet is flat.
Third, the main parts of speech are relative and in the same position. Generally speaking, virtual to virtual and real to real means noun to noun, verb to verb, adjective to adjective, quantifier to quantifier, adverb to adverb, and the relative words must be in the same position.
fourth, the content should be related and connected from top to bottom. The meanings of the upper and lower links must be connected with each other, but they cannot be repeated.
In addition, the traditional method of hanging couplets must be written straight and pasted vertically, from right to left and from top to bottom, and cannot be reversed.
The horizontal criticism closely related to couplets can be said to be the title and the center of couplets. Good horizontal criticism can make the finishing point and complement each other in couplets.
antithetical couplets are one of the unique literary forms in China. Their wonderful combination with calligraphy has become a colorful artistic creation of the Chinese nation. Couplets are called "couplets", which are named after the columns hanging in the halls and houses in ancient times.
6.
thimble couplet
This kind of couplet takes the foot word of the previous clause as the head word of the next clause, so that two adjacent clauses are connected end to end, which is also called "lianzhu pair" and "lianjin pair". The classic sentence is as follows:
There is joy in poverty
Everything comes with fate, and there is no need for anything else.
The water truck will follow the car, and the water will stop when the car stops
The fan will blow out, and the wind will make it
A big belly can accommodate things that the world can accommodate
Laugh when you open your mouth, and laugh at ridiculous people in the world
the content of birthday couplets. It is superior to be practical, refined, neat and charming.
Therefore, when writing a birthday couplet, we must clearly understand the object, establish the main idea, choose appropriate words and phrases, and note it with smooth momentum. It is appropriate for people, vivid for things, and vivid for things, not for China, so that people can understand its meaning after reading it, causing * * *.
For the sake of its few characters, the birthday couplets contain many meanings. Therefore, classical Chinese is often used, and idioms, allusions and proper names are often used.
However, when using idioms, allusions and proper names, we must first understand their meanings, such as "Hua Jia" for the 6th birthday and "Gu Xi" for the 7th birthday. However, it would be wrong to use the word "Antarctic" to wish a woman a birthday and the word "Baopo" to wish a man a birthday.
Commentator: Ye Fengruochen's comment date: September 25, 29 1: 15 Eight,
Most of the loveless couples come by accident, but it is by no means possible for "lang lang Pei" or "Luandian Yuanyang" to succeed. The sentence must also have a complete meaning, and if it is unexpected, it can be interesting, but it can be interesting.
The so-called loveless pair, also known as the claw pair, is a word game that arose among the literati in the late Qing Dynasty. Its characteristic is that the literal antithesis should be as neat as possible, and the contents on both sides should be as far apart as possible. It also stipulates that improvisation belongs to the right and cannot delay time;
For example, Part One: Samsung Brandy. The second part: Huangmeitian in May. Among them, the words are relative, and the upper part refers to the weather, and the lower part refers to the name of the wine, which is irrelevant and is a model of no love.
as we all know, couplets generally require that the contents of the upper and lower couplets be relevant and closely coordinated. However, there is a kind of couplets, which only pays attention to the relative words of the upper and lower couplets. As for the content, they are all different, which is absolutely irrelevant, which makes people feel curious and interesting. This is the so-called "heartless pair".
In Song Gong Mingzhi's "The Story of the Middle Wu Dynasty", a gentleman named Ye went out to write a couplet: "The cockscomb flower has not been released." Someone said, "Mr. Setaria."
words are relative, but their meanings are irrelevant. The first sentence is a subject-predicate sentence, which means that the cockscomb flower is not yet open, but the antithesis sentence becomes a sentence with a partial structure, and "green bristlegrass" becomes the attribute of "sir", which greatly mocks Mr. Ye.
Key points
There must be three key points for an unfeeling pair
First, word for word;
2. Up and down must have a strong ambiguity effect, taking it as the standard to make people smile or amaze;
third, borrowing method is widely used.
The first point is as mentioned above, and it is like:
Shanglian: I want to solve my worries only by drinking alcohol;
bottom line: it's better to enjoy the scenery and complain than to write poetry.
IX.
Inscribed name couplets, as the name implies, are couplets embedded with names.
Inscription couplet was first produced in the Western Jin Dynasty, and it is called "* * * language".
Shi Shuo Xin Yu contains: Once, when Lu Yun and Xun Minghe paid a visit to Zhang Hua, a writer, Zhang Hua asked Lu Yun to introduce himself in * * * language, so there was an inscribed couplet: "Xun Minghe in the sun, Lu Shilong in the clouds."
The inscribed couplet is concise in language, full of emotion and clear in meaning. With the evolution of history and the development of art, many words and forms have been formed, and the forms are more active. As far as the seven-character couplet is concerned, its word lattices include crane's top lattice, swallow's chin lattice, deer's neck lattice, bee's waist lattice, crane's knee lattice, Yanling lattice and phoenix's tail lattice, which enables the author to use various techniques more flexibly to create more distinctive works and endow the names of people or businesses with the aura of heaven and earth, the philosophy of sages, the elegance of elegance, the sentiment of poetry and prose, and the rhythm of calligraphy.
The author should not only master and skillfully use all kinds of methods of embedding names, but also have profound cultural accomplishment, otherwise it will be difficult to embed them in a stable and appropriate way.
Embedding couplets are widely used in wedding couplets and inscribed couplets, and the embedding methods are also varied according to the situation. Inlaid couplets are generally divided into whole inlays and sub-inlays, and sub-inlays can also be divided into several types.
1. Whole embedding:
It is to embed the whole name in the couplet and keep the integrity of the name. For example,
Lin Xiangru and Sima Xiangru, whose names are similar, are not like Wei Wuji and Changsun Wuji, but they are unscrupulous.
The couplet was written by Li Mengyang, a great writer in the Ming Dynasty, and the antithesis was correct by a poor Confucian scholar with the same surname and the same name. Li Mengyang came up with a tricky couplet to make him right, intended to tease. Who knows that the poor coward answered the dialogue smoothly and so brilliantly that Li Mengyang admired him. Four names are embedded in the couplet, and then the names are converted.
embedding the end of a sentence is called tail embedding, which is also called hiding the end.
inserting famous names into couplets regularly is called inserting.
(2) horizontal embedding: a name embedded in a couplet is called horizontal embedding. For example, when Mr. Yu Xinle was a child, he answered the teachers' association:
Yu Jian Xinle Yu Xinle
Historical records can be copied from Shi Kefa
(3) Embedding:
A name is horizontally embedded in the upper association and then horizontally embedded in the lower association. The two couplets are horizontally embedded to form a system to hint at the theme. For example, Wang Xiangqi gave Yuan Shikai a couplet:
The people are still the same, and the country is still the same
All in all,
(4) Concealed embedding:
The name that can be embedded appears under the condition of a makeover, and the method of chopping characters is generally used. For example, a candidate satirizes politics and examiner Wu Shengqin engages in malpractices for personal gain:
How can you read words with few eyes
You are expected to be famous for your lack of Jin 'an
The author takes apart the word "save iron" to combine the meanings with the meanings, which directly pokes its pain.
(5) overlapping:
refers to the regular overlapping of two or more nouns in a couplet. For example, there is a couplet in Xieliubian:
In front of the winter night lights, Xiahou reads Chunqiu Zhuan
On the east gate, Nanjing people sing North West Chamber
(6) Anti-embedding: this kind of embedded words starts from the end of the couplet and goes to the beginning of the couplet in sequence. Please see the second part:
Ji Zi dares to talk high, which is contrary to my opinion.
The vassal and minister made mistakes in our country, and asked if there was any time when our economy was
upside down
as Zuo Zongtang, and the next part was embedded with Zeng Guofan.
X.
Tea couplets are couplets with tea as the theme, and they are a carrier of the literary art and calligraphy form of tea culture.
There are often such couplets and plaques on the doorways or stone pillars of teahouses, teahouses, tea gardens and tea kiosks all over China. The couplets in the tea shop are as follows:
Ruicao shoots to divide the tongue,
Famous flowers gather flowers to form a dragon ball.
Que Tongue and Long Tuan are both famous teas.
The couplets in the teahouse are as follows:
Tea smells like mountains and clouds,
Water is sweet and the soul of frost and snow is deep in the spring.
praise the excellent tea and water used. Tea couplets beautify the environment, enhance the cultural atmosphere and promote the taste of tea. Zheng Banqiao, a famous scholar in Qing Dynasty, wrote many couplets in his life, among which there are many excellent tea couplets, such as:
Celebrities have never been able to judge water,
since ancient times, eminent monks have loved to fight tea. It's for Yangzhou Qinglian Zhai. Common tea amounts are: "Lu Yu's legacy", "Ming Jia Shi Zhen", "Tea Garden" and "Xiangcuitang".
Xi.
Set sentence couplet is a special creative technique. "Set" does the solution of "aggregation" and "set" here.
It selects two related sentences from ancient and modern literati's poems, essays, inscriptions and classics. Form a couplet according to the requirements of rhythm, antithesis and leveling in couplets. It not only keeps the words and phrases of the original text, but also makes the language muddy and innovative, giving people an artistic appeal of "shine on you is better than blue".
At the same time, the couplet can naturally remind people of the original works collected, which invisibly provides people with a broad artistic space, which is of great benefit to edifying sentiment and exchanging souls.
Sentence-set couplets can collect different poems of the same author, poems of different authors, poems of the same generation and poems of different generations. There are also restrictions on the scope of set sentences. For example, it must be relative between Tang poems and prose. No matter what the scope of the set sentence is, when the integrated works are skillful, we must not let the provisions of the set sentence tie our hands and feet and affect the quality of the works.
the origin of sentence-set couplets is about the same as that of poem-picking. He Wenhuan said in his Textual Research on Poems of Past Dynasties: "Jing Gong (Wang Anshi) started as a poem with a set of sentences, many of which are full of rhyme, all of which are in line with the sentences of predecessors, and the semantic duality is often more intimate than this poem." Wang Anshi can be regarded as a master of couplet, however, couplet did not start from Wang Anshi. According to Liaohuazhou Leisure Record, couplet appeared as early as the early Song Dynasty.
There is a wide range of couplets, including poems, words, parallel prose, tablets, posts, religious classics and even idioms, vernacular Chinese and common sayings.
XII.
The so-called industry refers to commerce, some industries and handicrafts. Some industries, such as restaurants, inns and blacksmiths, have existed since ancient times, and industry associations appeared earlier. With the development of handicraft industry, the division of business is very fine.
by the end of the Qing dynasty, the transportation, water and electricity industries were out of view, which enriched the content of industry associations. Today, there are more branches of economic sectors, and new "industries" emerge one after another, and industry associations have also made new developments and changes. Couplet writers not only often have to participate in various commercial couplets, but also often write couplets for new enterprises and shops, so it is more important and practical to create good trade couplets.
summarizing the experience of previous industry association creation and combining the characteristics of new industry association creation, we should pay attention to the following aspects to write a good industry association.
1 Tracing the history
2. Introducing products
13.
Missing, also known as argot and hidden deficiency.