-Xu Xiake
This statement was made by Xu Xiake when he visited Yunnan in the twelfth year of Chongzhen (1639), and it was recorded in Xu Xiake's Travels. Who is Shi Zhai, and what is his virtue and ability? Why did Xu Xiake give him such a high evaluation?
He is Huang Daozhou, a rural sage in Fujian, and a great scholar in the late Ming Dynasty. Although little known now, he became famous in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.
Min hai Cai zi juvenile tour
Huang Daozhou was born in Tongshanyuan, Zhangpu (now Dongshan, Fujian) in the 13th year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty. The ancestors of the Huang family used to be an official in the imperial court, and then moved from Puyang, Fujian (now Putian, Fujian) to Tongshan to avoid official disasters. Daozhou's father Huang is the fifth generation descendant. Although fishing is a living, the habit of reading has been preserved for generations. Daozhou is the second son, and his eldest son Daozhou is 17 years old.
Zhou Tao was very clever since he was a child, and he began to go to school at the age of five. One day, in the Analects of Confucius class, Zhou Xiao asked the lecturer, "Why do saints only teach people to read, but teach people to be filial?" Why do saints only teach people honesty, but Ceng Zi teaches people to save trouble? "Mr. Wang was suddenly confused by this question and didn't know how to answer it.
There have been many such strange questions since childhood, because he likes reading and dabbles in a wide range. He knows nothing about the subset of classics and history, the rhyme of poetry, the five elements of yin and yang, and even alchemy, especially the Book of Changes. But Huang's father is very strict with him. He is not allowed to read miscellaneous books, but only scientific research books. There is often a dispute between father and son in the direction of reading, which is ostensibly to cater to and secretly disobedient. Huang's father is honest, very understanding of Neo-Confucianism and good at breaking Chinese characters. He is a real first teacher in Daozhou.
Daozhou has been aiming at four directions since he was a child and likes to travel far. 14 years old traveled to Boluo, Guangdong Province, and wrote "Fu on Luofu Mountain", which was deeply appreciated by local gentry and celebrities and was known as "Bohai Talent". Because he is young, many rich families in Boluo want to betrothed their daughters to him, but he politely declined.
Teenagers enjoy reading, traveling, writing and answering questions, and live a very comfortable life. After entering the youth, Daozhou began to care about the country and the people, often writing letters to the court, and sometimes crying because he was worried about state affairs.
At the age of 23, Daozhou suffered great changes-Huangfu died suddenly! The death of Huang's father made Daozhou realize that the only backer in his spiritual home was gone, and he was helpless from then on. At this time, he was down and out, not only failed in his studies, but also was so poor that he even borrowed his father's money.
From then on, he seemed to be a different person, became silent, and began to manage the official career economy with heart. At the age of 23, he began to give lectures to support his family. At the age of 25, he married Lin and moved to Zhangpu. At the age of 26, I gave birth to my daughter Ben. At the age of 27, he was a scholar. At the age of 34, he was chosen as a scholar. He chose Jishi Shu and was awarded editing qualification by Hanlin College.
When I first entered the official career, I saw iron bones.
In the second year of the Apocalypse (1622), Daozhou Jinshi Zhong Gang almost lost his office. At that time, Wei Zhongxian was in power, and the whole court was in a foul state. There are Wen (No.1 scholar) and Zheng Zhi, who impeach Wei Zhongxian. Wen and Zheng were successively impeached and dismissed from office and returned to their hometowns. Because on the way to Beijing, and some discouraged, Daozhou was very entangled, hesitant, and finally broke his word. For this, he was ashamed all his life. However, full of enthusiasm for serving the country, he wrote Thirteen Words on the Strategy of Zhongxing, and put forward thirteen suggestions for enriching Qiang Bing and revitalizing Chaogang, but none of them were adopted. Although Daozhou opposed eunuchs, he kept his distance from Lindong Party. Although he lives in Zhou Qiyuan's home, he refuses to participate in any club activities of Lindong Party, which shows that he has always been wary of forming a political party.
Three years later, Daozhou proved his integrity in another way. The fifth year of the Apocalypse (1625) was the most rampant period of Yan Party, and Wei Zhongxian was the only one in the ruling and opposition. Zhou Tao was promoted as a lecturer, a banquet and a book fair official because of his rigorous and decent compilation of historical books. Although the book fair officer is not a real post, it is an important post with good room for improvement. On his first day in office, Daozhou changed the old rule of kneeling down and offering books. Under the eyes of the public, Wei Zhongxian presented a book to the emperor in a flat step, and everyone else was dumbfounded. The next day, Daozhou resigned and returned to his hometown.
On his way home, he visited Wen and Zheng, and then returned to Zhangpu to give lectures, write books and study. Because Lin died unfortunately on the way to Beijing, Daozhou, 42, married Cai Sinong's niece, 15 years old. Jade Qing, who is considerate, modest and gentle, is not only a life partner of Daozhou, but also a spiritual partner of Daozhou, with whom she gave birth to four sons. Under the influence of Daozhou, she also became a famous calligrapher. Shortly after the marriage, Huang's mother died and Daozhou stayed at home. During this period, Xu Xiake came to visit, and the two formed a "cut liver".
The ups and downs of Guanhai are only the initial heart.
Apocalypse, Chongzhen succeeded to the throne, set things right, eliminated Yandang Group, called Daozhou to Beijing to resume his post, presided over Zhejiang provincial examinations, and won the right Chunfang right Zhongyun (six grades). At this time, the domestic troubles and foreign invasion of the imperial court, including the peasant uprisings of Li Zicheng and Zhang, and the rapid rise of the late Jin Dynasty in the northeast, were all eyeing the Ming Dynasty. Chongzhen used Yuan Chonghuan, an old general, as the overseer of Hebei and Liaoning, and built the Ningjin defense line. However, after bypassing the defense line, Jin entered the customs from Mongolia and took the capital directly. Yuan Chonghuan saved him, but after driving away the late Jin, he was wrongly imprisoned, involving the second assistant Qian Longxi. No one dared to speak, and Daozhou saved Qian Longxi and was finally suspended. Before leaving for home, with the support of Qing Yu, he went to the countryside again, advised Chongzhen not to use "villain", satirized the style of benevolence, angered Chongzhen, and was cut back to his hometown at the age of 48. Daozhou is known as the "first courtier in ancient and modern times" because he dares to speak out and share his worries for the country.
After Daozhou returned to his hometown, Dida and Rongtan Academy were opened successively, and the research on Yijing and Confucian Classics became more and more mature. "Ask Rongtan" is a question-and-answer quotation from Daozhou when he taught in Rongtan, Zhangzhou, and was later compiled into a book by students. The content of this book is all-encompassing, which changed the habit of empty talk and decadence in the late Ming Dynasty and put forward a new academic trend of paying attention to practicality and advocating practice, which was well received by later generations.
At the end of the eighth year of Chongzhen (1635), Daozhou officials were reinstated, but they refused to work in Beijing because of their carelessness in officialdom. The following year, Jin changed its name to Qing and besieged Beijing again. Upon hearing the news, Daozhou immediately recruited 36 Xiang Yong to enter Beijing. After the Qing army entered Beijing, it retreated. Daozhou dismissed Xiang Yong and resumed his post in North Korea.
Chongzhen ten years (1637), in February, Daozhou presided over the branch, in May, he was promoted to Zuo Yude (positive five grades), and in December, he was promoted to Zhan Shifu (positive four grades). During this period, Daozhou resigned many times without authorization. Two years ago, Zheng Zhi was falsely labeled as the "mother of the staff" for violating the record of style and benevolence. After Daozhou arrived in Beijing, he tried his best to rescue him. He realized that "three sins, four shames and seven shames are worse than sparseness" and deliberately mentioned that his writing style was worse than Zheng Zhi's. For saving Zheng Zhi, Daozhou suffered many political attacks in the following weeks.
In the eleventh year of Chongzhen (1638), the cabinet was changed, and Daozhou, as the first candidate on the candidate list, was expected to join the cabinet. However, due to internal troubles and foreign invasion, Chongzhen paid more attention to Yang Sichang, who could put forward counter-insurgency strategies. Therefore, Daozhou lost the election, and Yang Sichang seized the opportunity to join the cabinet. Daozhou opposed Yang Sichang's cheating and his policy of raising money for the poor, so he impeached Yang Sichang for cheating. Due to the special time node, Chongzhen questioned Daozhou's motivation and argued with Daozhou on the platform. Because Chongzhen was suspicious and indefensible, Daozhou was speechless and humiliated, and the monarch and his subjects broke up in discord. Soon, Daozhou was demoted to seven levels and transferred to Jiangxi. Daozhou went home on leave and didn't go to work. After Daozhou returned to his hometown, he guarded the tomb in Beishan, Zhangpu, and built a pavilion with ten Peng Xuan and nine strings to show his mind.
At the beginning of the 13th year of Chongzhen (1639), due to the recommendation of Xie Xuelong, the governor of Jiangxi Province, the jesters around Daodao were framed to form a clique, arrested in Nanchang and escorted back to Beijing. Because Tao has a reputation for being honest and clean, many decent people spontaneously went to rescue him, only to be suspected of forming a party. As a result, Daozhou was beaten by court staff for 80 years, and then repeatedly tortured to extract confessions, but he refused to plead guilty. Under the condition of being devastated physically and mentally, Daozhou completed Yi Zhengxiang, a landmark work of Yi Xiang Mathematics, in prison.
At the end of the second year, Daozhou was released from prison and stayed in Youyang, Sichuan forever under the rescue of Zhang Pu, the leader of the Fu Society. Eight months later, on the way to the garrison, he was relieved of the garrison and reinstated. He asked for leave and went back to his hometown, but he didn't take office in Beijing. After returning to China, Zhou Jianming Hecheng Yeshan Academy held many lectures and questions, with a very wide audience.
Celebrate the past and the present with righteousness.
In March of the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644), Li Zicheng went to Beijing and was hanged in the Ming Dynasty on Chongzhen. Daozhou cried with his disciples for three days after hearing the news. In May, Hong Guang regime was established, and Daozhou was appointed as assistant minister of official department. Zhou Tao's "Current Affairs" offered suggestions for the restoration of the Central Plains, but the Nanjing court was tired of party struggle and had no time to take care of it. Zhou Tao was disappointed and refused to take office. Records of Ma Shiying repeatedly urged Zhou Tao to leave, but he was promoted to do history on the way. After going to work, I was extremely disappointed to see that Manchu was United as one, without any resistance to fighting spirit. I went to Shaoxing to worship Yuling. During the festival, the Qing army went south and died. In Hangzhou, the courtiers of Nanming established another king Lu to supervise the country. A few days later, the Qing army attacked and the regime of King Lu perished. Subsequently, with the support of Daozhou and Fujian company commander Zheng Zhilong, the Tang King ascended the throne in Fuzhou and established the Longwu regime. Daozhou served as the cabinet record, a university student of Wu Yingtang, and two officers and men. But the military, politics and finance are all controlled by Zheng Zhilong.
Zhou Tao argued against the Qing Dynasty, while Zheng Zhilong only wanted to use the Longwu regime as a bargaining chip, and they were in the same boat. Helpless, without soldiers, money and food, Daozhou relied on 120 blank letters of appointment for junior officials to recruit students and hometown children, and went north to fight against the Qing Dynasty with poles and hoes. After a dozen small victories, he finally met the main force of the Qing army and was defeated and captured. He refused to surrender many times in prison, humiliating Hong Chengchou who came to surrender. In March of the following year, he died in Nanjing at the age of 62.
A hundred years later, Qing Qianlong praised Zhou as "a generation of perfect people" and devoted himself to death; Two hundred years later, Daoguang summoned Daozhou to worship Confucius Temple, which was admired by thousands of people.
Tao and Zhou are rich in works, most of which are included in Sikuquanshu, covering Yi-ology, Neo-Confucianism, politics, history, literature, music, military affairs, astronomy, art and other disciplines. His paintings are delicate and elegant, indifferent and distant, open and bright. Daozhou called calligraphy "seven or eight times, don't worry about it", but he is proficient in the style of kai, xing, Cao, seal and official script. His calligraphy is vigorous, simple and natural, which influenced many calligraphers of his time. The famous calligrapher Sha Menghai called him "the first calligrapher in Ming Dynasty".
December 20 17, myna Yu Dongshan