Among the four criteria of lineage, appellation, chastity and location mentioned above, the first three, namely the trinity of lineage, appellation and chastity, are the basis of Oracle Bone Inscriptions's staging, so some scholars think that these three criteria are the "first criteria" of staging. According to the "first standard", we can determine a number of standard Oracle Bone Inscriptions films with definite dates, including both Oracle Bone Inscriptions whose dates are determined by titles and Oracle Bone Inscriptions whose dates can be determined by Zhen people. By sorting out and summarizing these standard Oracle Bone Inscriptions films, other standards can be derived. The so-called "calligraphy style" is Oracle Bone Inscriptions's writing style. Dong Zuobin summarized the characteristics of calligraphy in each period as follows: the first period was majestic, the second period was sincere, the third period was decadent, the fourth period was vigorous, and the fifth period was rigorous.
Dong Zuobin's discovery of "Ren Zhen" and the establishment of "Ten Standards" in dating research are his great contributions to the study of Oracle bones. The invention of "Dating Example" is an epoch-making event in the study of Oracle Bone Inscriptions.
With the continuous emergence of archaeological materials and the gradual improvement of people's understanding level, contemporary Oracle Bone Inscriptions scientists further put forward the "two-system theory" of Oracle Bone Inscriptions's staging, that is, all Oracle Bone Inscriptions unearthed in Yin Ruins can be divided into two systems, and the Oracle Bone Inscriptions staging of the two systems is both related and different. But this new staging theory is still under discussion.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions's early collection and spread to Oracle Bone Inscriptions's early collection, as mentioned earlier, began with Wang. Wang was a famous epigraphist at that time. He enjoyed a high reputation among the ruling and opposition scholars in the late Qing Dynasty, especially among the gentry in Shandong. He has a special position, strong financial resources and high perception. After realizing the nature and value of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, he immediately began to actively buy and collect Oracle Bone Inscriptions. As early as the autumn of the 25th year of Guangxu (A.D. 1899), Wang bought Oracle bones 12 for the first time from Fan, an antique dealer in wei county, Shandong Province, at a price of two taels each. In the spring of the following year (1900), Fan brought more than 100 pieces of Oracle bones with words to Wang and got a lot of money. Later, Wang bought more than 800 pieces of Oracle bones from Fan for 220 silver. In addition, Wang once bought hundreds of Oracle bones from Zhao Zhizhai, another antique dealer in Wei County, Shandong Province, for more than 100 taels of silver. In this way, in a short period of one year, Wang successively bought at a high price and collected more than 500 pieces of Oracle bones/KLOC-0. In the autumn of 1900, Wang committed suicide in his garden for some political reasons. Thousands of Oracle bones in his collection were thrown aside, and no one could help him. After Wang's death, all his Oracle bones were later transferred to Liu E. Liu E (Figure 2 1), also known as Tieyun and Dieyun, was born in Hongdu, Dantu, Jiangsu. Born in the 30th year of Qing Daoguang (1850) and died in the 2nd year of Xuantong (19 10). He was a strange man in the late Qing Dynasty. He is knowledgeable and versatile. He was proficient in mathematics when he was young. He used to practice medicine and do business, but he was not satisfied and turned to abandon business and go into politics. In the 14th year of Guangxu (1888), the Yellow River burst near Zhengzhou, Henan Province and flooded. The Qing government sent Wu Dacheng to deal with the disaster in the Yellow River, and Liu E joined Wu Dacheng's family as a donor and participated in the preliminary treatment of the Yellow River affairs as a fellow villager. Because I am proficient in mathematics, good at design and calculation, I can work with migrant workers, make meritorious deeds in river management, rise from my hometown to the magistrate, and go to Beijing as a backup. After arriving in Beijing, he observed the situation of the country at that time and thought that to help the decline and promote the disadvantages, we should start with building railways and rejuvenating the country through industry. So he wrote to Emperor Guangxu, proposing to build a railway in Tianjin (Zhenjiang, Jiangsu) and requesting cooperation with Europeans to develop Shanxi iron ore. He was framed and accused as a traitor. Liu E can also write novels, and the famous satirical "Travel Notes of Lao Can" is written by him. He is also a profound epigraphy scholar. Wu Dacheng, who came to power when he participated in river pretreatment, was a famous stele engraver at that time. After Liu E went to Beijing as the alternate magistrate, he had a deep relationship with Wang. He was surprised to see the king's Oracle bones, which aroused his great interest. After the death of Wang, in the 28th year of Guangxu (1902), Wang Hanfu, the eldest son of Wang, sold the cultural relics hidden at home in order to pay off his father's debts. Liu E heard the news and bought the Oracle bones hidden by Wang. Prior to this, in the 27th year of Guangxu (190 1), Liu E began to collect Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Later, he bought more than 300 pieces of Oracle bones that Fan sold him from Yu Fang. At the same time, Liu E also bought more than 3,000 pieces of Oracle bones through the antique dealer Zhao Zhizhai. In addition, Liu E sent his third son Liu to Henan to collect more than 65,438+0,000 films. In this way, Liu E collected more than 5,000 pieces of Oracle bones in various ways. In the 29th year of Guangxu (1903), Liu E selected and printed 1058 pieces of Oracle bones collected by himself, compiled them into a book, Hidden Tortoise in the Iron Cloud, and published them in the form of lithographs. This is the first published descriptive work of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, which provides great convenience for scholars who were engaged in Oracle Bone Inscriptions studies at that time and later. Oracle Bone Inscriptions changed from an antique collection to a scientific research object, which can be said to originate from the printing of this book. In the second year of the late Qing Dynasty (19 10), while continuing to study ancient cultural relics such as Oracle bones, Liu E was framed and exiled to Xinjiang by the Qing government on the charge of "selling grain and millet privately" because he had bought rice from the Russian army to help the hungry people in Beijing. On the way to exile, Liu E died of grief and indignation. After Liu E's death, the Oracle bones he collected for many years were scattered all over the place, with about 1000 pieces. First, they belonged to his cousin Bian Zixiu, and then they were sold by Bian to the wife of Hatton, a British Jew in Shanghai. After liberation, they were returned to the Shanghai Cultural Relics Management Committee and are now in the Shanghai Museum. The other part, about 65,438+0,300 pieces, was first collected by Ye Yusen, then resold to Zhou Liankuan, and now it is also collected in Shanghai Museum. The other part is about dozens of dollars, bought by American John Calvin Ferguson; In addition, Shang Chengzuo, Shu Shicheng, Chen Zhongfan, Wang Yue, Shen, Li Chengquan, Hu Guangwei, Hu Houxuan and other scholars successively bought some Oracle Bone Inscriptions originally collected by Liu E. In short, Liu E collected the most Oracle Bone Inscriptions materials in his early days, but it was also the most scattered after his death. After Wang and Liu E, Luo Zhenyu did the most work of collecting and spreading Oracle Bone Inscriptions (Figure 22). Luo Zhenyu, uncle Yan, was born in Shangyu, Zhejiang. On the occasion of the rise of new learning in the late Qing Dynasty, Luo Zhenyu followed the trend of the times and founded the Agricultural Society and the Oriental Literature Society in Shanghai successively, and edited and published the World Journal of Agriculture and Education. Sister Dan and other magazines. But he is better at studying ancient cultural relics and epigraphy. With his rich knowledge of ancient cultural relics and identification ability, he also does some antique business in Beijing and Shanghai. In the year when Wang started looking for Oracle Bone Inscriptions (1899), Luo Zhenyu also heard of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, but it was not until two years later (190 1) that Liu E came to Jiangnan with Oracle Bone Inscriptions rubbings that he saw them in Liu E's home. It was at his instigation that Liu E published the book Hidden Tortoise in the Iron Cloud. When Liu E published this book, Luo Zhenyu prefaced it according to his knowledge and understanding of Oracle Bone Inscriptions at that time. From then on, Luo Zhenyu became extremely interested in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. In the thirty-second year of Guangxu (1906), after Luo Zhenyu moved to Beijing, he used his savings from antique business to actively search for Oracle bones and bought many through antique dealers. In the year of Xuantongyuan (1909), Luo Zhenyu bought a large number of Oracle bones from antique dealers, so he paid attention to inquire about the true source of Oracle bones. Until the second year of Xuantong (19 10), antique dealers brought thousands of pieces of Oracle bones from Henan and asked him to buy them. After he bought 700 exquisite Oracle bones, he managed to find out that Oracle Bone Inscriptions's land was in Xiaotun Village, West Wuli, Anyang, Henan Province, instead of Tangyin, Henan Province, which had been rumored all along. At the same time, he identified more than a dozen royal temples in the late Shang Dynasty from Oracle bone inscriptions, and concluded that Oracle bone inscriptions were relics left by royal divination in the late Shang Dynasty. Because Luo Zhenyu realized the important value of Oracle bone inscriptions and deeply felt that this precious cultural relic was being destroyed, on the verge of destruction and in urgent need of rescue, he entrusted antique dealers to Henan to try their best to buy Oracle bones. In just one year (19 10), he bought more than 10000 pieces of Oracle bones from antique dealers in Liulichang, Shanxi and Beijing. But he is still not satisfied. The next year, he sent his younger brother Luo Zhenchang and his brother-in-law Fan to Xiaotun to find local farmers to dig and get more Oracle bones. After collecting these Oracle bones, Luo Zhenyu selected more than 3,000 pieces of exquisite Oracle bones with important academic value and made rubbings. According to the content and nature of the inscription, it is divided into eight categories and compiled into a book with 20 volumes. The first three volumes are published in the first, second and third volumes of Sinology Series. 19 1 1 After the outbreak of the Revolution of 1911, Luo Zhenyu, who claimed to be an old man in the Qing Dynasty, fled to Japan, and the Sinology series was suspended, and the preface to the Book of Yin Ruins was temporarily suspended. When Luo Zhenyu fled to Japan, he took all his Oracle bone collection with him. After several twists and turns on the way, it was damaged by more than half. After arriving in Japan, it took Luo Zhenyu nearly a year to re-edit the book "Pre-compilation of Shuzheng in Yin Ruins" into eight volumes, and printed it with a photographic plate on 19 12. 19 14, Luo Zhenyu selected the most exquisite and valuable rubbings from his Oracle Bone Inscriptions and printed them into a book. This is the most exquisite book Yin Ruins Book Qi Jing Dialect in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. 19 15 In the spring, Luo Zhenyu returned from Japan and personally went to Xiaotun, Anyang, Henan Province to inspect the actual situation of the Yin ruins and wrote the book "Fifty Days of Dreams". Later, in 19 16, he compiled the Oracle bones, old Oracle bones and other artifacts unearthed in Yin ruins into a book, which was compiled into a book "Catalogue of Ancient Artifacts in Yin Ruins". After that, Luo Zhenyu went to Japan, selected the Oracle bones that had not been rubbinged before, selected more than 1000 pieces, and compiled the book After the Book Flag in Yin Ruins. Later, after more than ten years' efforts, Luo Zhenyu collected Oracle Bone Inscriptions rubbings collected by other people in China in various ways, and selected more than 2,000 pieces from them, which were published as a book "Continued Yin Ruins", which was divided into six volumes. Before liberation, in addition to the first edition of Yin Ruins and the second edition of Yin Ruins compiled by Academia Sinica, these books about Oracle Bone Inscriptions written by Luo Zhenyu were the most important. Therefore, in the early collection and dissemination of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Luo Zhenyu was the scholar who made the greatest contribution. Luo Zhenyu's contribution to the study of Oracle Bone Inscriptions also lies in his determination of the date when Oracle bones were unearthed and included. Because of Luo Zhenyu's contact with a large number of Oracle bone inscriptions, and his deep academic accomplishment and high perception, he made a relatively correct judgment on the content and nature of Oracle bones very early, and tried to explore its real existence. 19 10 points out in the preface to Textual Research of Zhen Department of Yin Shang Dynasty that Xiaotun area in Anyang was the capital of Wuyi in the late Shang Dynasty. In 19 14, he further pointed out that the Xiaotun area in Anyang is the first ancient ruins of Wuyi to the capital. In this way, he not only clearly pointed out the true place of Oracle bone inscriptions, but also shortened the historical period of Oracle bone inscriptions from the previous "Xia Yin" period to the period from Wuyi to Diyi in the late Shang Dynasty for the first time. Although his viewpoint has limitations, it has provided extremely important inspiration and induction for later scholars to deeply study Oracle Bone Inscriptions-related issues, especially to determine the historical age of Oracle Bone Inscriptions from Pan Geng to about 273 years. Therefore, many scholars believe that determining the time of Oracle Bone Inscriptions's appearance and inclusion should be another important achievement in the study of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Luo Zhenyu. Luo Zhenyu has a very rich collection of Oracle Bone Inscriptions. From 65438 to 0940, after Luo Zhenyu's death, his collection of tens of thousands of Oracle bones were lost one after another. After liberation, they were collected by Shandong Provincial Cultural Relics Management Committee, Lushun Museum, Jilin Museum, History Department of Jilin University, Liaoning Provincial Museum and History Institute of China Academy of Social Sciences, and most of them were of high value. As mentioned earlier, Meng and Wang Xiang from Tianjin also contacted Wang and began to collect Oracle bones. Their initial collection of Oracle bones was only about five or six hundred pieces. Later, Wang Xiang was very interested in Oracle Bone Inscriptions and bought four or five thousand pieces of Oracle bones in Beijing and Tianjin. He also selected some of the better ones, printed them into books, and compiled them into a book "On Mountain Master Yin Qi" for publication. After liberation, all the Oracle bones collected by Wang Xiang were returned to the Cultural Relics Bureau of the Ministry of Culture. In the early days, there were many big bureaucrats who collected information about Oracle Bone Inscriptions. In 1904 alone, he bought about 1000 pieces from antique dealers. The Oracle bones hidden in Switzerland were later lost, and some of them may still be preserved in the hands of his descendants. Besides, there is Xu Fang, who bought Oracle Bone Inscriptions from an antique dealer. He bought about 1400 pieces and sold them to yenching university. He Qu compiled Yin Qi and Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Huang Xinfu also bought about 600 yuan and later sold it. Some rubbings were collected by his son Huang Jun in 1935 as the book Pian Yu in Nakano. In addition, Fang Dishan bought about 300 pieces and later returned them to his son Zeng Shou. Huo bought 463 yuan and later donated it to Peking University. Other scholars, such as Fang, Shen, Wang Kui, Huang Zhonghui, Liu, etc. I also bought different quantities. Most of the Oracle bones unearthed in Xiaotun, Anyang during the Northern Expedition were resold by antique dealers in Kaifeng and Shanghai to scholars all over the world. These people made some contributions to the early collection and dissemination of Oracle Bone Inscriptions materials. In the history of the development of Oracle Bone Inscriptions Studies, it should have a certain position.