The painting style of the Sui Dynasty, connecting the past with the future, has the characteristics of "fineness, precision and beauty". Painters from all over the world, concentrated in Gyeonggi, are mostly good at religious subjects and are also good at describing aristocratic life. As a human activity environment, landscape painting began to be independent because of its emphasis on proportion and the spatial effect of "mountains and rivers are far and near, thousands of miles away". You 198626
Painting in the Tang Dynasty developed in an all-round way on the basis of the Sui Dynasty, and pommel horse painting made extraordinary achievements. Green landscape and ink landscape have matured one after another, and flowers, birds and animals have attracted people's attention as an independent painting theme. In the early Tang Dynasty, figure painting developed the most, and landscape painting followed the meticulous style of Sui Dynasty. Some famous flower-and-bird paintings have appeared, and the secularization tendency of religious paintings has gradually become obvious and strengthened. From the landscape paintings found on the wall of the tomb buried in Ganling, we can already see a relatively simple axe chop. Flower-and-bird paintings, represented by Xue Ji and Yin Zhongrong, appeared in the form of color setting and ink painting. In addition, the most famous painters in this period were Yan Lide and Consato. Their works and styles enriched the painting circles in the early Tang Dynasty and laid the foundation for the sudden change of painting style in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Although most of their works have not been circulated, we can see their different styles from the murals of the tomb buried with Ganling, the silk paintings unearthed in Xinjiang and the murals of Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes. p3
The prosperous Tang Dynasty is an era of unprecedented prosperity in the history of China's painting development, and it is also an era in which giants and brand-new painting styles appear. Religious paintings tend to be more secular, and the change of paintings has developed. The combination of painting methods in different regions has produced a popular new style, and realistic women with "fat" as the fashion have entered the picture. The portraits of ladies, represented by Wu Daozi and Natalie, have changed from depicting political events in the early Tang Dynasty to depicting daily life, with more accurate and vivid shapes, surpassing previous painters in psychological description and detail description. At this time, landscape painting has gained an independent status, with Li Zhaodao, Wu Daozi and Zhang Yun as the representative painters, with a fine division of labor and a wide range of works. Broken ink landscapes also began to appear. Although the development of flower-and-bird painting is not as mature as that of figure painting and landscape painting, there are many famous people in cow and horse painting, among which Cao Ba, Han Gan, Chen Hong, Han Yun and Wei Yan are outstanding. In addition, Wang Wei, Lu Lengga, Liang Lingzan and other famous painters are also more famous than the times, and their handed down works or copies of later generations can still be seen today.
The painting in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, on the one hand, perfected the style of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, on the other hand, opened up new fields. At this time, Zhou Fang's portraits of ladies and religious paintings were more complete. However, the landscape paintings of Wang Mo and others have changed. The theme of trees and stones prevailed, and ink was gradually used, and ink-splashing landscapes began to appear. The flower-and-bird paintings of Bian Luan, Teng Changyou and Diao Guangyin reflect the progress of flower-and-bird painting. In addition, Li Zhen and Sun Wei were also famous painters at that time. Although most of their works are no longer visible, more and more unearthed works and murals can make us want to see the grand occasion at that time.
Famous painters in Sui Dynasty include Yang Qidan, Zheng Fashi, Dong Boren and Zhan Ziqian, while Sun Shangzi and Wei Chi put more emphasis on writing names than time. They have their own strengths. For example, Yang is good at "Palace Hairpin Group", Dong is good at "Taige" and exhibits "chariots and horses", and Sun is good at "Beauty Charm". Most of them inherited the tradition of the previous generation, and were more influenced by Gu Kaizhi whose style was close to the secret. Sun Shangzi, on the other hand, is "good at fighting and boundless in strength", and Wei Chi, a native of Xinjiang, is good at painting foreign Buddha statues. The content of figure painting in Tang Dynasty changed from taking historical stories as the theme to paying attention to contemporary major political events and heroes. The central plains style and the border region style go hand in hand and influence each other. The portrait of the Central Plains style, represented by Yan, inherited the tradition of Zhang Sengyou in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and made some progress in grasping the character's modeling and temperament, exercising strength with a pen, being elegant in color and rich in generality. The frontier fortress style figure painting represented by monk Wei Chiyi has changeable shapes, a certain sense of concavity and convexity, and strong and vivid colors. p6
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Sui figure painter
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◆ Zhan Ziqian entered Sui in Northern Qi and Northern Zhou Dynasties. In the Sui Dynasty, he was dismissed as a doctor and accountant. He is good at painting figures, chariots and horses, pavilions and mountains and rivers, especially mountains and rivers. His landscape paintings are called "mountains and rivers are far and near, thousands of miles away". Now in the Palace Museum in Beijing &; Lang; You Chuntu & Jean; It is considered to be his masterpiece and the earliest scroll painting in existence. This painting uses the method of cyan heavy coloring to draw the scene of aristocratic spring outing. The pen is fine and powerful, and the color is rich and vivid. The landscape in the picture is "empty", but on the distant mountain, some moss has begun to appear with colorful moss spots. Ma is as small as a bean, but his description is nuanced. This painting has broken away from the position of taking landscape as the background of figure painting and become an independent painting, reflecting the face of early independent landscape painting. Although it looks mature compared with the scenery found in the murals of the Sui Dynasty, it does not contradict the records. Historians have always identified this painting as Zhan's handwriting according to the inscription. Today, people question the age and author of this painting according to the architectural details. They think that the original painting is a copy of the five dynasties after the middle and late Tang Dynasty, but it has not been recognized. p 12
Dong Boren, a native of the Western Wei Dynasty, was born in Runan (now Henan) in the early years of the Sui Dynasty after the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Versatile, the official is the general of Guanglu Temple Doctor Hall. He painted Buddha statues, figures, terraces, chariots and horses, and entered Sui Dynasty at the same time as Zhan Ziqian, also known as "Dong Zhan". He once painted murals in Baique Temple in Ruzhou, which was highly valued by Zhang Yanyuan and others in the Tang Dynasty. & lang; History of Zhenguan Public and Private Painting &; Shout; And. Lang; Xuanhe Painting Music &; Shout; Six of his works have been recorded, and today's paintings have disappeared.
◆ Judge Zheng, Wu (Suzhou). In the Northern Zhou Dynasty, he served as diplomatic assistant minister and general in Jianzhong and county magistrate in Changshe County. After he entered the Sui Dynasty, he was named the third doctor. He was good at painting figures and terraces, and studied under Zhang Sengyou. He painted murals in many places, such as Haijue Temple in Shangdu. & lang; History of Zhenguan Public and Private Painting &; Shout; And. Lang; Xuanhe Painting Music &; Shout; He has recorded 20 works, which are no longer circulated.
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Painting in sui and Tang dynasties > landscape painting
◆ Li Sixun (65 1-7 16) was born in Tianqi (now Tianshui, Gansu) and was a member of the Tang royal family. He used to be the commander-in-chief of Jiangdu in Yangzhou, and was called "General Li" because he was a general from Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty to Wei Dynasty. He is good at painting green landscapes, influenced by Zhan Ziqian, and his brushwork is vigorous. Themes often show secluded places. It is said that his works are collected by the National Palace Museum in Taipei &; Lang; River sail pavilion &; Shout; Axis, painted by tourists moving by the river, outlines the outline of the rock with a fine pen, giving it turquoise and rich decoration. Although this painting is recognized as hand-painted by Song people today, it can reflect his painting style. His son, Li Zhaodao, is an official of the Prince and a famous painter. He is called "General Xiao Li". He inherited his family studies, was good at green landscapes, and his style was ingenious and complicated. Hidden in the National Palace Museum in Taipei &; Lang; Ming Chengzu is the luck of Shu&; Shout; Painting the situation that Xuanzong and his entourage fled to Sichuan in the Tang Dynasty was handed down from generation to generation as his works in the Song Dynasty, and now it has been decomposed into copies of Song people. The landscape style of this genre can also be seen in the murals of Prince Zhang Huai's tomb and Prince Yide's tomb in the early Tang Dynasty. p 18
◆ Wang Wei (699-759), a famous poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, was born in Qi (now Qixian County, Shanxi Province), moved to Yongji, Shanxi Province, believed in Buddhism, and lived in Lantian in his later years. He is good at drawing figures, bamboos and landscapes. There are two kinds of landscapes recorded in the Tang dynasty: one is similar to Li and his son, and the other is painted by broken ink, whose masterpiece is&; Lang; Wangchuan Villa and Lang; It is the latter. Unfortunately, no original works have been handed down from generation to generation. Pass it on to him&; Lang; Snow Creek & Rang; He & Lang; Jinan Fu Sheng Statue &; Shout; None of them are true.
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◆ Zhang Yun, a native of Wu Jun (Suzhou), Yuan Wailang, was a salt and iron judge, and lived in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. He is good at painting landscapes, trees and stones, and he is good at breaking ink, especially drawing loosely. It is said that he can do both, one is a living branch and the other is a dead branch. No work has been handed down from generation to generation. However, his famous saying, "Naturally, it was made by foreign teachers, and the heart came from China", which had a great influence on later painting theories.
Flower, bird and beast painting p24
■ Xue Ji (649-7 13), a native of Fenyin, Zhou Pu (now southwest of Wanrong, Shaanxi), is the grandson of Wei Zheng, a famous minister. From officials to princes and ministers, they are all called "Xue Shaobao". He is famous for his calligraphy and is one of the four great calligraphers in the early Tang Dynasty. He is also good at drawing figures, Buddha statues, birds and animals, trees and stones, especially cranes. It is said that he is a must, and Li Bai and Du Fu all sang his poems about cranes. There are no more paintings.
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■ Cao Ba was born in Qiao County (now Bo County, Anhui Province). In the Three Kingdoms period, Wei was a descendant of Cao Mao, an aristocratic township official, and the official was General Zuo Wuwei. He is good at drawing horses and portraits. It became famous in the Kaiyuan period of Xuanzong, and was renovated in the last years of Tianbao &; Lang; The heroic portrait of Lingyange &; Shout; And painting "Imperial Horse", with brilliant skills, Du Fu once wrote &; Lang; Dan Qing recommended General Cao Ba&; Shout; Push it. Today's paintings are no longer in circulation.
■ Han Gan, a native of Jingzhao (now Xi 'an), lived in Xuanzong era. When I was a teenager, I was a bartender. With the support of Wang Wei, I switched to painting and spent ten years. He is good at drawing portraits, figures, ghosts and gods, especially horses. Drawing horses was learned from Cao Ba, but it was rewritten. The horse he painted was strong and handsome, and was praised? Quot Unique in Ancient and Modern Times "The existing works are collected by the National Palace Museum in Taipei &; Lang; Trojan horse map&let; Photo albums and collections of the Metropolitan Museum of America &; Lang; Take a white photo at night &; Shout; Go away. & lang; Trojan horse map&let; Draw a dangerous official driving slowly on a white horse. On the right is a dark horse, slender and vigorous with a pen and properly rendered with colored ink. This painting was once collected by the Southern Tang Dynasty Neizhai and Xuanhe Neizhai, and inscribed with Song Huizong's "Original Han Gan". & lang; Take a white photo at night &; Shout; Painting Xuanzong's mount white at night is also a work with many emotions. Another old topic &; Lang; Han Gan Shen Jun & Rang; Volume, collected in Liaoning provincial museum, is now designated as the five dynasties codex. p30
■ Wei Yan, a native of Chang 'an (Jin 'an), lives in Shu and is good at painting figures, pommel horses and landscapes. Although he inherited the tradition of family studies, according to you. According to records, he drew a horse in Shirakawa, and the posture of the horse changed greatly. Li and Lang of Song Dynasty in the Palace Museum: copying Wei Yan's Animal Husbandry and Breeding; Shout; Roll up a picture and get to know its attitude. The picture depicts more than 1200 horses and more than 140 horses, each with different postures and lifelike. In addition, the landscapes he painted also played an important role in the transformation of turquoise landscapes in the Tang Dynasty.
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■ Bian Luan was born in Jingzhao (now Xi 'an). The position of right-back has a long history. He is good at drawing broken flowers and birds, and also good at drawing bees and butterflies, which plays an important role in the process of independent flower and bird painting. Handed down works are&; Lang; Tea snow finch in Meihua Mountain &; Shout; , shown as&; Lang; A Grand View of Famous Paintings in Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties &; Shout; .
■ Diao Guangyin (about 852-935) was born in Chang 'an (Jin 'an). Tang Tianfu fled to Sichuan for more than 30 years and died in Sichuan. He is good at drawing dragon water, bamboo stones, flowers and birds, etc. I have been diligent in painting all my life, mostly flowers and birds. He was a famous painter of the Five Dynasties, Huang Quan, and taught his art personally. Handed down works & Lang; Sketch flower book &; Shout; It has been classified as a fake. p36
Grottoes murals
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During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the murals in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes had a wider range of themes, grand scenes and magnificent colors. Whether it is character modeling, style and skills, as well as coloring, it has reached an unprecedented level. In the mural creation, there are a lot of paintings with pure land changes, such as the pure land changes in the West, the pharmacists changes in the East, the Vimalakīrti changes, the critical changes and so on. For example, in the early Tang Dynasty, various murals in the 220 caves presented grand singing and dancing scenes, numerous figures and beautifully drawn buildings, which made the whole cave form a "pure land world". In addition to the changed paintings, there are quotations, pictures of Buddhist monuments and portraits of family members. After the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the content of Confucian classics gradually increased, and the height of dependent figures directly based on reality increased day by day, occupying a prominent position in caves and tunnels. The Vimo change of Cave 103 in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the Nirvana change of Cave 158 in the middle Tang Dynasty and the victory change of Cave 196 in the late Tang Dynasty are all wonderful works. Cave & Lang 156 at the end of the Tang Dynasty; Zhang Yichao unified the army & shout; , but also in the form of a unique long queue to show the grand scene, can be called a giant system.
The original tomb murals discovered in recent years have become the most important materials for our study of Tang Dynasty paintings, providing a reliable basis for identifying and determining handed down works. An important significance of these discoveries is that they provide a large number of examples for understanding the development of painting in the Tang Dynasty and the complexity shown in some specific stages. Twenty-seven tombs of senior officials and members of the royal family in the Tang Dynasty found in Xi 'an area show us the changes of painting themes in the Tang Dynasty. Princess Changle and the tomb murals that failed to honor the festival proved the existence of various painting schools in the seventh century; The murals in three royal tombs, Prince Yide, Prince Zhang Huai and Princess Yongtai, provide the best examples for studying the changes of palace painting styles in the early 8th century. There are hunting trips and Ma Qiutu in the tomb of Prince Zhang Huai. The lines are free and unrestrained, just like cursive script in calligraphy.