I. Resignation
Liu An, the king of Huainan in Han Dynasty, wrote the Biography of Li Sao: "The national style is lewd but not lewd, and Xiaoya resents but not disorderly. If Li Sao is both". In the preface to poetry, the so-called remonstrance means that the speaker is innocent, and the listener is enough to quit. Qu was slandered by nobles and exiled to Hanbei and Yuanxiang Valley. After the capital of Chu was breached by Qin Jun, it sank into the Miluo River and died for Chu. Li Sao and Nine Chapters of Chu Ci were both written by him when he was in exile.
Li Sao, especially its eternal structure. The nine chapters were originally separated, some were written when they were first published, and some were written when they were second published. It was not until the Han Dynasty that they merged into one, giving rise to the name of nine chapters. From the book of songs to Li Sao, we can see a trend of sentence reading from short to long, from neat to abnormal. Qu Yuan's works have laid the foundation for this system and become more and more simulated.
Disciple Song Yu wrote Nine Arguments, and there were many imitations of Li Sao in Han Dynasty. Dong Fangshuo, Wang Bo, Liu Xiang and Wang Yi all followed the path of Song Yu, and Emperor Wu reached the peak. Han called this system "Ci", also known as "Chu Ci". Liu Xiang edited these things into a book "Songs of the South". Wang Yi made comments and supplemented the proposed Chapters and Sentences of Chu Ci. Hong Xingzu's Supplementary Notes on Chu Ci in Northern Song Dynasty.
Second, fu
Xunzi's prose was first called "Fu". "Fu Pian" arranged for the guest and the host, with questions and answers, which opened the atmosphere of Fu Jia later. Han people also called Li Sao "Fu", and Xun Fu and Qu Ci became one, perhaps in Jia Yi's hands. Jia Yi is a disciple of Xun Qing. His situation is close to Qu Yuan's and he has lived in Qu Yuan's hometown for a long time. He imitated Qu Yuan's system, but copied the name "Fu" from Xun Qing. Poetry and Fu in Han Shu Literature and Art Annals can be divided into four categories.
The twelve schools of Zafu are one set: the following twenty schools of Qu Yuan are romantic works; The following twenty-one Lujia families have been lost, which is close to the statement of strategists; The following 25 schools in Xun Qing may be works of narration and understanding. After Jia Yi, influenced by Qu Yuan, the trend of prose culture appeared. The founder of romance is Sima Xiangru. Happiness is meant to "pave the way", and extravagance is its true colors. The function was originally irony, but now it is "to persuade a hundred and satirize one". Therefore, it is despised as advocating Excellence.
In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Ban Gu wrote Erdu Fu, Zhang Heng copied Erdu Fu and Jin wrote Sandu Fu. This kind of Fu is a mixture of Lu Jia and Xun Qing, which is the further development of prose. Since then, prose has been gradually shortened, refined and refined, and no longer used for satire. Qi, Liang and the early Tang dynasties were extremely prosperous, and they were called "Nuo style" fu. See Yuan Zhuyao's Debate on Ancient Fu.
Ouyang Xiu's Ode to Autumn Sound rhymes with Su Shi's Ode to the Red Wall, which is called "style" poetry. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, Jinshi was selected by Fu, and the procedures were stipulated. Fu must have eight rhymes, even flat, and the topic has been made new. That's just a skill, called "Fafu".
The article characteristics of ci fu;
Sentences are mainly four or six sentences, pursuing parallel couples; Require phonetic harmony; Pay attention to algae decoration and allusions in language; The content focuses on writing scenery and expressing emotion through scenery. Antithesis and algae decoration are a major feature of Han Fu. After a long process of evolution, it developed to the middle Tang Dynasty. Under the influence of the ancient prose movement, there appeared a trend of prose, which did not talk about parallel prose and rhythm, and the sentence patterns were uneven and the rhyme was relatively free, forming a fresh and smooth prose momentum, called "Wen Fu".
Parallel prose was greatly influenced by Fu, and matured in the Southern and Northern Dynasties compared with the Eastern Han Dynasty. Literati in Han Dynasty used a lot of parallel prose in their articles. So that some famous articles are regarded as parallel prose. For example, Wu Chengfu by Bao Zhao in the Southern Dynasties, Fu Xue by Xie Huilian and Yuefu by Xie Zhuang. Fu, except the initial stage of Chu Ci, has gone through several stages, such as Sao Style Fu, Han Fu, Parallel Prose Fu, Law Fu and Wen Fu.