Since the mid-Qing Dynasty, Kunqu Opera, as a dialect, has been challenged by many local operas such as Yiyang Opera and Shaanxi Opera. On the big stage of Beijing, all kinds of voices are contending for a time.
The dispute between elegance and vulgarity is a long wheel war, and it is not a single drama that finally ends this battle, but the result of the cooperation of many dramas.
Fifty-five years of Qianlong, Yangzhou? Sanqing? Ben went to Beijing to celebrate the birthday of Emperor Qianlong. In the following years, four Huizhou classes gathered in Beijing, which was all the rage. Since the Yuan Dynasty, Beijing has been the center of traditional operas in northern China. This land can contain everything and transform everything. After Huiban entered Beijing, performers from Shaanxi, Hubei and other places in the capital joined Huiban one after another. The calm atmosphere of Qin opera and the fantastic romance of Chu opera have injected a new tone into it.
Since then, under the fusion and deduction of several generations of artists, Huizhou tune has gradually transformed into an independent new drama. She evolved in the melting pot of Beijing, so she is called Peking Opera.
Tongguang shisanjue
Twenty years after Daoguang, Peking Opera gradually grew up from its initial ignorance. At this time, the turntable gradually took shape. Sandingjia? Naturally, class clubs, stages and performance forms are different from their predecessors, and their styles are on the rise.
However, from its beginning, Peking Opera was only 160 years old. Compared with the 600-year history of Kunqu Opera, Beijing Opera is still too young. However, just when the flower department came from behind, the elegant voice did not come out. In the final analysis, this is still a game of public opinion.
Peking Opera, born out of flowers, is a popular folk culture and is not unpopular. Under the flattery of Manchu nobles, it became more prosperous. At that time, from the grass platform team in the countryside, to the theater tea garden in the city, and even to the palace, the sound of yellow skin could be heard everywhere.
However, at that time, Peking Opera was folk interest and lacked artistry. Fortunately, Peking Opera is in the ascendant, and the vocal cavity system is flexible and changeable, which leaves a lot of room for performers to play, and musicians can find more ways to stand on their own feet.
From where? Tongguang 13 must? Before and after? Sandingjia? And then what? Four famous arrests? . It was an era rich in celebrities, and there were many factions. Artists painstakingly study vocal cavity and performing arts as hard as Kunqu Opera. Their unremitting research has finally made Beijing opera an art that appeals to both refined and popular tastes.
Tan Xinpei
For example, Tan Xinpei learned from others and finally became unique and unprecedented. Yu Shuyan has made great efforts in studying drama. He appreciates his acting skills very much, so he often invites friends to watch Tan's plays under the stage, so that everyone can remember his voice, lines, figure and so on, and then ponder it carefully afterwards. Although he often modestly claims to learn from Tan, he does not copy it mechanically. On the basis of Tan, he improved it according to his own conditions, only taking what he could, and finally formed a unique singing style, which was praised as? Yu pai? .
Mei Lanfang was slightly nearsighted as a teenager. Is that what you said? Eyelids drooping, tears in the wind? . In order to cultivate Ming Xiu's eye spirit, he raised a flock of pigeons and released them regularly every day. His eyes followed the flying pigeons. All the year round, I finally developed a pair of eyes, such as autumn water with waves.
Love is all over the mountain, meaning overflows the sea.
The involvement of literati will always make it belong to the public's preferences? Bad taste? . The elegance of Kunqu opera eventually led to the separation of performance and creation, which became the sustenance of literati's words and deeds. It is so obscure that it is difficult for ordinary people to understand, let alone listen. So gradually divorced from the public interest, from the stage to the desk.
However, without the support of literati, popular culture will always be shoddy and difficult to get on the table. Fortunately, the elegance of Beijing opera has not followed in the footsteps of its predecessors. Fortunately, Peking Opera has encountered an open era.
Scholars in the Republic of China are new-style scholars, but they still love Beijing opera. In the New Culture Movement, Hu Shi once cursed Peking Opera, calling it? A man's chest? Expel opera fans. But in private, he is also an opera fan. Mei Lanfang went to the United States to perform and got a lot of advice. Laoshe, a Beijinger, is an avid fan. He not only wrote and adapted Peking Opera scripts, but also sang his own voice.
However, there were some vulgar things in Peking Opera at that time, and some actors even deliberately performed in obscene places to cater to the audience's interests. The literati's care for Peking Opera further refined her and reached the peak of appealing to both refined and popular tastes.
In the movie Mei Lanfang, Qiu was portrayed as an agent with great colors. However, its prototype, Mr Qi Rushan, is an out-and-out scholar. Qi Rushan studied in Europe in his early years, where he saw western dramas and was shocked by the power contained in them. After returning home, I was dissatisfied with all kinds of Peking Opera.
Mei Lanfang was very popular when she was a teenager, and Qi Rushan watched it from the audience. She doesn't feel very good, only that Mei's talent is rare. So he wrote a long letter, such as Fenhe Bay. After Liu Yingchun entered the kiln, he rested on his back, and only Xue was singing, which was out of harmony with the story environment. So Qi Rushan suggested that Mei Lanfang add a character to it to express the feeling of reunion after a long separation with a gesture, which echoed Xue's lyrics.
Qi Rushan's Dramatic Works
Later, he wrote plays for Mei Lanfang, and created classic plays such as My Daughter Scattered Flowers and Farewell My Concubine, each of which was tempered, elegant and clean, with lingering feelings. He also asked Mei Lanfang to steal Kunqu opera and learn its figure. Qi Rushan's elegance is not to make Peking Opera a literature, but to make it more abundant and full, and the significance of the trick is brought into full play. These small details make Mei Lanfang's skills more perfect day by day, and she is at ease in meditation.
Luo Yinggong, a poet, is also a Chinese opera lover. He used to be a fan of Mei Lanfang. After meeting Cheng, he felt that Cheng's figure and voice were unique, and he could break through Mei's perfect realm and become a unique figure. Therefore, Luo Yinggong helped him get rid of his job, taught him poetry and calligraphy, and taught him to learn from Wang Yaoqing, the founder of Tian Tong. Under the guidance of Wang, Cheng finally formed a voice choked, tactfully clear, like intermittent singing. From then on, someone in the world can compete with Mei Lanfang.
Those famous actors in the Republic of China forged a deep friendship with the literati, who were not only influenced by China's traditional operas, but also greatly influenced by its cultural heritage.
Xun Huisheng is keen on painting. When he went to Shanghai to perform, he specially visited Wu Changshuo and asked him questions about painting. And Wu happens to be an opera fan. He not only patiently mentioned Xun Huisheng, but also earned it. Since then, he has been commensurate with his master and apprentice. Wu Changshuo wrote an inscription for Xun Huisheng: The fragrance can stay, but the color can be empty. Did Buddha say he smelled the wind? .
Mountaineering is full of emotion, while watching the sea is full of meaning. The influence of these literati on the characters is not so much a broker as a godfather of art. Their improvement of Peking Opera is not only the opera itself, but also gives birth to a number of famous actors. They shed the thin image of actors and became real artists, thus realizing the ultimate realm of life as drama and drama as life.
China aesthetics
What's the name of Beijing Opera? National quintessence? , deserved it. Like China's calligraphy and painting, it can best represent China's aesthetic philosophy.
Beijing opera pays equal attention to singing and dancing, and pays attention to vivid and freehand brushwork. There is a musical charm in the chanting of characters, which naturally becomes a song when read. There are dancing gestures in the actors' movements, such as dancing when walking, dancing when hiding their faces, and all the postures are dancing. In those songs and dances, the stories she told were ups and downs, sparse and gorgeous, high-spirited, sometimes thrilling and sometimes sad.
All the organizations of Beijing Opera are artistic. For example, the story of each play is different, but the costumes are almost the same. Most of them are based on the costumes of the Ming Dynasty and are not bound by the seasons. However, this suit has its own rules. There should be no confusion about the cloud shoulder pleats, arrow clothes and embroidered robes, when to wear what clothes, and what colors correspond to what characters.
Its intention is to symbolize the wardrobe, to hint at the characters and to echo the surrounding environment. Hua Dan, who is also an actress, is a cheerful young woman who often wears a short coat and looks radiant and clever, such as Li Fengjie in The Prince and the Dancing Girl. Tsing Yi, on the other hand, is dignified and steady, with a strong temperament, with black pleats like Wang Baochuan in Three Highs and Five Years. Facebook is the most intuitive symbol in Beijing Opera. Red face is loyal, blue face is brave and uninhibited, and black face is straightforward Geng Jie.
Elephants are invisible. The artistry of Peking Opera is far from reality, just like China's paintings and calligraphy. Everything does not seek realism, but only takes a meaning, a symbol, exaggerated but natural.
For example, the jade belt in Beijing opera is far from the real thing, hanging loosely around the waist, and actors often have to hold it with their hands when walking. Sleeves are exaggerated sleeves, meaning dancing clothes. What do you have? Good at dancing with long sleeves? Meaning. Cheng's sleeve method is realized from Tai Chi, which is intriguing.
Most of the movements in Beijing Opera are virtual, such as crossing the river, riding a horse, flapping butterflies, boating ..... Whether it is the mighty mountains and rivers or the sad boudoir, it is based on the interpretation of the actors. The boundary between space and time disappears here, and between dimensions, it is heaven and earth.
For the audience, Beijing opera is different from movies, and the attraction is not the plot. The process of watching a play is more like reading a book or enjoying a painting. Every gesture of hers can withstand pondering, and every tone is unforgettable.
On the way of thousands of miles of frustration, lonely cold will destroy life, but a hundred years of body. Beijing opera is a bleak chapter, with only the past and no future. She is very exaggerated and natural. That bit of melody, like a vine born from China's blood, involves a kind of artistic conception, wrapping people's body and soul, and wants to say goodbye.
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