The influence of imperial examination system;
The employment system has been improved, and talented scholars have the opportunity to work in governments at all levels.
It has promoted the development of educational significance.
Promoted the development of literature and art.
Recommend the landlord to look at the following:
brief introduction
The imperial examination system is a system in which ancient China literati took part in the talent selection examination. This is the system of selecting officials through examinations in feudal dynasties. It is called imperial examination because it adopts the method of selecting scholars by subjects. The imperial examination system was implemented in Sui Dynasty, which lasted for 1298, until the last Jinshi examination was held in the 31st year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1905). 1September 2, 905, the Qing government abolished the imperial examination system. Imperial Examination is an examination system set up by the feudal rulers in ancient China to select talent resources. Scholars are allowed to take the talent selection examination, which is a system of learning well and being an official. The palace examination part of the imperial examination system is a scholar-taking system, presided over by the emperor himself, and talents are recruited in the form of subject examinations. Since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the "Nine Grades" system has been implemented, and most officials have been selected from the children of powerful people in various places. Children of powerful people, regardless of merits and demerits, can be officials. Many people with humble origins but real talent and learning cannot hold senior positions in the central and local governments. In order to change this malpractice, Emperor Wendi of Sui began to select officials by means of subject examination. He ordered the States to recommend talents to take the exam, and those who passed the exam could become officials. During the reign of Yang Di, Jinshi was formally established to evaluate candidates' views on current affairs and select talents according to the examination results. China's imperial examination system was formally born. By the Ming Dynasty, the imperial examination had formed a complete system: the bachelor's examination (that is, the juvenile examination), the township examination, the general examination and the palace examination. The content of the examination is basically based on "Four Books and Five Classics", with the title of "Four Books and Five Classics", and the article format is specified as eight-part essay, and the explanation must refer to Zhu's "Four Books Notes". [2] Editing, an early system of historical evolution, adopted the system of Shi Qing Shi Lu in the pre-Qin period, and then gradually introduced the military title system. During the Western Zhou Dynasty,
The son of heaven enfeoffed the world. Under Zhou's etiquette system, social classes are distinct. Managing the country is the responsibility of emperors, governors, ministers and scholars at all levels. And all walks of life are inherited by blood. During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the stable system began to collapse, so talents outside the system such as "Ke Qing" and "Diners" appeared to serve the monarchs of various countries. In the Han Dynasty, the enfeoffment system was gradually abolished and the centralization of the emperor was strengthened. In order to govern the country, the emperor needs to promote folk talents. At that time, the procuratorial system and the collection system were adopted. The former is that local governments at all levels recommend talents with both ability and political integrity, while the latter is that the central and local governments collect talents from the society. Those elected by the state are called Jinshi, and those elected by the county are called dutiful sons. The inspection system lacks objective selection criteria. Although there is a system of sitting together, there are selfish local officials and false referees in the later period. Expropriation system also has various drawbacks. When Wei Wendi was in China, Chen Qun established the "Nine-Grade Zheng Zhi System", and officials designated by the central government assessed the folk talents according to their origins and moral character, and divided them into nine-grade employees. This system was used in the Jin and Six Dynasties. The Jiupin Zheng Zhi system is an improvement on the procuratorial supervision system, which mainly transfers the procuratorial supervision power from local officials to officials appointed by the central government. But this system is always based on the selection of talents by local officials. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the clan was powerful, which often affected the Zheng Zheng government's evaluation of officials' talents. Later, the standard was even limited to family background. So there is a phenomenon of "no poverty in the top grade and no gentry in the bottom grade". It not only blocked the talents of the people, but also allowed the clan to control the personnel of the court and affected the power of the emperor. [3] The origin of the system The imperial examination system in ancient China originated in the Sui Dynasty. After the Sui Dynasty unified the whole country, in order to adapt to the development and changes of feudal economic and political relations, expand the participation of the feudal ruling class in political power and strengthen the requirements of centralization, Emperor Wendi of Sui delegated the power of selecting officials to the central government, abolished the nine-grade system, and began to choose officials by means of examinations. He ordered "three-year-olds from all States to take the exam, and those who pass the exam can become officials." According to historical records, in the first month of the third year of Emperor Wendi's reign (583), he wrote a letter to "Virtue". It should be the seventh year of the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (587), and it also made the Beijing official more than five products, the general manager, the secretariat, and two imperial examinations that were "committed to practice" and "fair and dry". [3] In April, the third year of Yang Di the Great's great cause (607), he ordered all officials to be filial, virtuous, loyal, honest, upright, tolerant, sensitive and beautiful. Entering the second subject of the imperial examination, the imperial examination system was formally born with the imperial examination as a "trial strategy". The word "Jinshi" first appeared in the Book of Rites, which was originally intended to be accepted by nobles. At that time, the main test of current affairs strategy was a political paper about the political life of the country at that time, which was called test strategy. Although it was a pioneering period, there was no system, but this method of selecting candidates by subjects and trying to choose by strategy closely combined reading, taking exams and being an official, which opened a new page in the election history of China. Shen Jiji, the minister of rites in Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, made a pertinent evaluation of this historic change: "All the choices made in the previous generation were in prefectures and counties ... As for Qi and Sui, they were invincible ... and they were attributed to the official department because they had the right to buy state capitals. From then on, we selected from outside, recruited people from all over the world, gathered in Beijing in the spring and autumn, and gathered in the clouds. "heyday?
After the demise of the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty was established and the imperial examination system entered its heyday. The rulers of the Ming Dynasty attached great importance to imperial examinations, and their methods were more rigorous than those of previous dynasties. Before the Ming Dynasty, the school was only one of the ways to transport candidates for the imperial examination. In the Ming dynasty, becoming an official became the only way for the imperial examination. People who entered imperial academy to study in the Ming Dynasty were generally called Guo Jianzi. There are generally four kinds of supervisors: those who send students to prison for study, those who send bureaucratic children to prison, those who send people to prison, and those who donate money to prison. Guo-zi-jian diploma can be an official directly. Especially in the early Ming Dynasty, many officials were appointed by Guo Jianzi as central and local officials. After the Ming Dynasty became a ancestor, Guo Jianzi had fewer and fewer opportunities to be an official directly, but he could directly take the provincial examination and pass the imperial examination to become an official. In addition to the students in Guo Jian, there are also those who take the imperial examinations in the provincial examinations. Only when you enter school and become a student can you go to prison or become a student in the imperial examination. In the Ming Dynasty, Fuzhou County School was called County School or Confucianism. Those who pass the examinations at all levels in this province and enter government, state and county schools are generally called students and scholars. The entrance examination for obtaining students' qualifications is called children's examination, also known as test or test. Delivery test includes three stages: county test, government test and hospital test. The college examination is presided over by the provincial academic affairs office, also known as the prefect college, so it is called the college examination. Those who pass the college entrance examination are called students, and then they are divided into official, state and county schools to study. Students are divided into three grades: students, students, and students. The food provided by the government is called foodie, or foodie for short. Those who increase beyond the quota are called co-opted students, and the branch is called proliferation; In addition to the growth of students, the number of places will be increased, which is attached to the end of students and is called an attached student, and the branch is called an attached student. Getting a bachelor's degree is the starting point of fame. On the one hand, students from schools in various prefectures, prefectures and counties were selected as palace students, and they could go directly to imperial academy to become children. On the one hand, the annual examination and scientific examination are held by provincial academic promotion officers and are divided into six grades according to their scores. Ranked first and second in scientific research, those who are eligible to take the provincial examination are called imperial examination students. Therefore, admission is the first level of the imperial examination ladder. The official imperial examinations in the Ming Dynasty were divided into three grades: after having obtained a local examination, the senior high school entrance examination and palace examination. The rural examination is a local examination held by the southern and northern Zhili provinces and ministries. The location is in the south, where the Beijing government and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs are stationed. It is held once every three years, at every child's noon and every year. It is also called Wei Xiang. The examination place is called Gong Yuan. The examination period is in August of autumn, so it is also called Autumn Wei. Candidates and invigilators in this province can take the exam. There are two examiners, four co-examiners, one transfer, and several other officials who preside over the provincial examination. The exam was divided into three sessions, which were held on August 9th,12nd and15th respectively. Jurors in rural areas are commonly known as Lian Xiao, and their first name is Xie Yuan. Tang Yin won the first place after having obtained the provincial examination, so he was called Tang Jieyuan. After passing the provincial examination, it is called B list, also called B section. When the list was released, it was sweet-scented osmanthus, so it was also called Guibang. After the announcement, the governor presided over a banquet. During the dinner, Luming Literature was sung and Kuixing Dance was performed. The examination is a national examination presided over by the Ministry of Rites, also known as the Ministry of Rites. That was in the second year of the provincial examination, which was held during the years of Chou, Chen, Wei and Xu. The national juren will take the exam in Beijing, and the exam time is in February of spring, so it is called the end of spring. There are also three exams, held on February 9th,12nd and15th. Because the final exam is a higher-level exam, the number of examiners is twice that of the provincial exam. Officials such as examiners, examiners and transfer officials are all senior officials. The examiner is called the chairman, also known as the seat owner or seat teacher. Gong, commonly known as Gong Chu, is called Mingjing, and his first name is Huiyuan. The palace exam was held in the same year after the exam, and the time was originally the first day of March. Ming Xianzong Chenghua eight years, until March 15th. The candidate is Gong. The palace test did not fail, but was rescheduled by the emperor. The court exam, presided over by the emperor himself, only tests current affairs. After the palace exam, I will read the papers the next day and release the results the next day. Admission is divided into three classes: first-class and third-class, respectively, for Jinshi and top scholar Ding, runner-up and flower exploration runner-up, collectively known as Sandingjia. Second, I am a scholar, and third, I am a scholar. Second, the first of the top three is called biography. A, B and A are collectively referred to as Jinshi. Jinshi list is called Jiabang, or Jiake. Jinshi list is written in yellow paper, so it is called Huang Jia, also known as Jinbang. Sergeant Ji is called the top scholar, and after having obtained the provincial examination, Xie Yuan won the first place and Huiyuan won the first place. Together with the number one scholar in the palace examination, it is called the three principles. Three yuan in a row is a much-told story in the imperial examination field. Only Huang Guan in Hongwu period and Shang Lu in orthodox period participated in the tripartite confrontation in Ming Dynasty. After the court examination, the champion awarded imperial academy the editor-in-chief, the second prize and the flower detective editor-in-chief. The rest of the Jinshi passed the exam, known as Jishi Shu of the Imperial Academy. Three years later, those who pass the examination are awarded the positions of editor, reviewer and so on, and the rest are assigned to the ministries as directors, or the magistrate of a county gives priority to employment, which is called scattered libraries. People born in Jishi Shu are promoted very quickly. After Yingzong, the imperial court formed a situation that Jinshi or Hanlin did not enter the cabinet. Eight-part essay in the first session of the rural examination and unified examination in Ming Dynasty. Whether you can be admitted depends mainly on the quality of the eight-part essay. Therefore, ordinary readers often spend their whole lives on eight-part essays. Eight-part essay takes the sentences in the Four Books and Five Classics as the topic, and can only explain the meaning according to the meaning of the topic. The wording should be in the tone of the ancients, that is, the so-called generation of sages. The format is also dead. The structure has certain procedures, the number of words is limited, and the syntax requires duality. Eight-part essay is also called Zhi Yi, Zhi Yi, Shi Wen, Barbie and Si. Eight-part essay is an article composed of eight pairs, generally divided into six paragraphs. Use the first sentence to solve the problem, two sentences to bear the problem, and then explain the reason, that is, the origin. The main part of the eight-part essay consists of four parts: initial sharing, middle sharing, post-sharing and binding sharing, each of which has two paragraphs. At the end of the article, a big knot is used, which is called a big knot. Eight-part essay evolved from Confucian classics in Song Dynasty (mainly from Zhu Zhu's notes). Eight-part essay is extremely harmful, which seriously fetters people's thoughts, is a tool to maintain feudal autocratic rule, and also leads the imperial examination system itself into a dead end. Gu, a famous scholar at the end of the Ming Dynasty, said indignantly, "Eight-part essay is prosperous but six classics are weak, eighteen rooms are prosperous and twenty-one histories are abolished". He added, "I think stereotyped writing is more harmful than burning books." The ruined imperial examination system in Qing dynasty was basically the same as that in Ming dynasty, but it implemented the policy of ethnic discrimination. Manchu people enjoy all kinds of privileges, and it is not necessary to pass the imperial examination to be an official. Before Yongzheng, the imperial examinations in Qing Dynasty were divided into two lists: Manchu and Chinese. The standard-bearer enjoys a special advantage in the provincial examination and the general examination, and only one translator is tested, which is called the translation department. In the future, although Manchu and Chinese took the exam together, Han people still took the most exams. The imperial examination system developed to the Qing Dynasty and declined day by day. Imperial examination in Qing dynasty
In order to qualify for the official imperial examination, the Qing people had to take the children's examination first. Those who take the children's exam are called Confucian scholars or children's students, and they are called students after entering school (there are official schools, state schools and county schools in Qing Dynasty, collectively referred to as Confucianism). Confucianism and Confucius Temple are called Gong Xue together. Students are disciplined by instructors (professors, scholars, teachers and instructors) as soon as they enter the school. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, students were still studying in Gong Xue (there were monthly classes and quarterly exams, which later became a name), also known as earning a living, commonly known as scholars. This is the starting point of "fame". There are three kinds of students: the best student is Lin Sheng, who has a certain quota and is fed by the government; Secondly, there is diffusion, but there are also some places; The new "students" are called affiliated students. Every year, students will take political exams, and they will rise and fall in turn according to their grades. The imperial examination is divided into three grades: after having obtained the township examination, the senior high school entrance examination and palace examination. After getting the exam, it is usually held every three years in the provincial capital, also known as Dabi. Because it is held in autumn, it is also called Qiu Wei. Scholars (students) take the provincial examination, but before taking the provincial examination, scholars must pass the scientific examination held by the provincial government, and only those with excellent grades can be selected to take the provincial examination. After having obtained the provincial examination, we called Juren, the first one was Xie Yuan, and the second one to the tenth one was "Yayuan". In the spring of the second year after having obtained the provincial examination, the examination was held in the department of rites, so it was also called Li Wei and Chunwei. The person who took the exam was Juren. After he won the exam, he was called Gong, and his first name was Huiyuan. After the exam, there is usually a second interview. The imperial examination system in Qing dynasty was divided into two stages, one was the preliminary examination of the imperial examination, and the other was the formal examination of the imperial examination. There are three kinds of initial examinations of imperial examinations, one is called children's examination,
One is called the annual exam, and the other is called the science exam. Children's test, also known as "intelligence test". When a boy begins to take the first test, he is called a "boy". After a certain examination and selection, you can be called a "scholar" if you go to the county to take the exam. Jin Fan worked as a male student for many years, and finally he was admitted to a scholar. Scholars take the exam once a year, which is also a process of merit-based admission. This is the so-called "annual exam". I have to take a big exam every three years, which is called "Science Exam". Take the exam once every three years, mainly to recommend candidates for the exam. If you pass the nomination of this exam, you are eligible to take the juren exam. Jin Fan just caught up with the children's exam, which was also the year of the first exam. He was admitted to the Children's Day Champion, so he was naturally qualified to take the Juren Examination. This is the first test of the imperial examination. The first prize was awarded editing by the Hanlin Academy, and the second prize and flower detective were awarded editing by the Hanlin Academy. The rest of the Jinshi took part in the imperial examination and studied the poems and fu written by the imperial edict. Jishi Shu, who is good at literature and calligraphy, was chosen, and the rest were awarded to the headmaster (staff of various ministries) and magistrate of a county (in fact, to get the position of headmaster and magistrate of a county, you need candidates and alternates, and you can't be an official for life). Jishi Shu held a "three-year-old" exam at the end of his three-year study in the special church (also known as the ordinary church) in imperial academy. Those with outstanding achievements were awarded the editor by imperial academy (originally the second-class editor in imperial academy and the third-class editor in imperial academy), and the rest were assigned to the ministries as principals or provincial magistrates. Then there is the official imperial examination, and there are three kinds: after the provincial examination, after the provincial examination, and the palace examination. After having obtained the provincial examinations, it is held once every three years, that is, in August of the fourth year of Zi, Mao, Wu and You. Passing the provincial examination is called juren, and juren is actually an alternate official who is qualified to be an official. According to the imperial examination system in Qing dynasty, juren can register with the official department, obtain a certain official position and become a county official. Of course, this position is very few, and the number of people is about 40 to 130 every year. There are few places on the jury, so there are even fewer people waiting to be officials on the jury, so there are often alternate officers. This is the first rural exam. The next step is to try. Following the provincial examination, the examination was held in February of the following year. After the township entrance examination, it will be spring in August of the first year and February of the second year. When I went to Beijing to take the exam, it was called the "spring exam", which was the exam. Once admitted, it is called Gong, and Gong has about 300 places every year. After the final exam, in the second month after the final exam, about April, there will be the third exam, the palace exam. Palace examination was personally tested by the emperor in the Hall of Supreme Harmony. After he passed the exam, he was appointed as a scholar in the imperial examination, and he can directly enter the official position. The content of the imperial examination The above examinations are mainly eight-part essay and poetry. The title of the eight-part essay comes from the four books and five classics, which is slightly similar to the Confucian classics in the Song Dynasty, but the wording should be the tone of the ancients, the so-called generation of sages. The structure has certain procedures, the number of words is limited, and the syntax requires parallelism, also known as Babiwen, Shi Wen, Shi Yi and Zhi Yi. The content of the imperial examination is mainly eight-part essay. The main content of the eight-part essay examination is Confucian classics, and certain ones are selected from the Five Classics, such as poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, Yi, Spring and Autumn Period.
The topic to write. The title and writing style have certain formats. Stereotyped writing has four paragraphs, and each paragraph must have a parallelism sentence. A paragraph with parallelism is called four strokes, and later it is called eight shares. Eight-part essay was very important at that time, which was related to whether a person could be promoted or not, and whether he could be promoted in the imperial examination. Therefore, it is said in the novel: "Today, the article is heavy, and it is not necessary to talk about Han and Tang Dynasties." "Han" refers to the articles of the Han Dynasty, while "Tang" refers to the Tang poems, articles of the Han Dynasty and poems and songs of the Tang Dynasty, which are not as important as the eight-part essay valued by emperors today. Eight-part essay was very important at that time. So people at that time were preoccupied with eight-part essay, and only eight-part essay could knock on the door of imperial examination. Palace examination and Gong Shi were the main examiners of the Emperor's examination. Gong Shi participated in the palace test, and after winning the prize, they were collectively referred to as Jinshi. The palace exam is divided into three levels of admission. The first one is for Jinshi and, the second one is for Jinshi origin, and the third one is for Jinshi origin. The first one admitted three students, the first one is commonly known as the number one scholar, the second one is commonly known as the second one, and the third one is commonly known as Tan Hua, which is collectively called Sandingjia. Second place, first place, commonly known as biography. form
Since the Sui Dynasty, the subjects of imperial examinations in various dynasties have been constantly changing. From the changes in the subjects and forms of imperial examinations in different dynasties, we can see the orientation of the ruling class in employing people, and also reflect the demand for talents in different times. Wendi only asks questions, and Yang Di opens ten subjects. There were many examination subjects in the Tang Dynasty, and the permanent subjects mainly included Ming Jing (Confucian classics), Jinshi, (law), (writing) and (arithmetic). In the Ming Dynasty, Jinshi had only one subject. The Qing dynasty attacked the Ming system, but also set up specialized (specialist), such as erudition, translation, economics and so on. In addition to special subjects, the contents of Ming Jing and Jinshi are mainly Confucian classics. Different dynasties have different examination forms. In the Tang Dynasty, there were mainly Mo Yi, oral examination, sutra pasting, tactics and poetry. In Song Dynasty, there were Jing Yi, Strategical Strategy, Poetry and so on. In the Ming Dynasty, there was only one Jing Yi. Ink meaning and ink meaning are simple questions and answers around Confucian classics and annotations. In a paper, there are often as many as 30 to 50 such topics. The oral test is an oral answer to questions like Mo Yi's. Sticking to the classics, just like filling in the blanks in modern examination papers, memorizing. The examiner selects a page from the famous works and prints a line on the test paper. According to this line, candidates should fill in the relevant context. Asking questions is discussion. Candidates express their opinions and put forward countermeasures according to the examiner's questions about morality or politics. Policy issues cover a wide range, including politics, education, production and management. It is more difficult than sticking scriptures and Mohism, and some of them have some practical value. Poetry and Fu
Poetry Fu, in the second year of Yonglong (68 1), some people think that the Ming Dynasty copied many articles and only talked about old tactics, but it still failed to show its true talent and practical learning. They suggested adding two articles (one poem and one fu), so they began the poetry and fu examination. Classic meaning is a discussion around the meaning of books. If there is still room for candidates to play in policy making, there is no personal thought in Confucian classics, and candidates just follow the "sage book" designated by the court. Since the Song Dynasty, the meaning of Confucian Classics and Mohism has been replaced by Confucian Classics, but in the Ming Dynasty, Confucian Classics was simply tested, and scholars really entered a dead end of "dead reading, dead reading". completely
At first, Japan, South Korea and Vietnam in East Asia held imperial examinations in China, and Vietnam abolished the imperial examinations after China. 16 and 17 centuries, European missionaries saw China's imperial examination system and introduced it to Europe in their travel notes. /kloc-During the Enlightenment in the 8th century, many British and French thinkers praised China's fair and just system. /kloc-The recruitment method of civil servants established in Britain in the middle and late 9th century stipulated that government civil servants should be recruited through regular public examinations, and gradually formed a civil service system imitated by European and American countries. The examination principles and methods adopted by the British civil service system are very similar to those adopted by China Imperial Examination, which absorbed the advantages of Imperial Examination to a great extent. So some people call the imperial examination the fifth invention of Chinese civilization. Today's examination system is a continuation of the imperial examination system to a certain extent. Disadvantages According to Mr. Qian Mu's research on China's ancient political system: "If a good system can last forever, it will stifle politics." With the development of the imperial examination system, especially in feudal society, the imperial examination system will also have some negative effects. First, because the rulers changed the content of the examination, the imperial examination became a shackle that bound the intellectuals' thoughts. Ming Taizu officially designated the eight-part essay originated in the Yuan Dynasty as the imperial examination style. This style consists of four paragraphs, namely, title, title, beginning, head, part, middle part, back part and beam part. There are two opposite words in the last four paragraphs, which are * * * stereotyped writing, so it is called stereotyped writing. The theme of eight-part essay should be expressed on behalf of saints, that is, writing articles under the guidance of Confucius thought. In the Qing dynasty, saints expanded to include Confucius disciples and Zhu and other philosophers, and asked Zhu's writing style. After Qianlong, poetry test became an important item in the imperial examination. Like the eight-part essay, the trial poem has a fixed formula, and it is also sixteen sentences in the eight-part essay, but the eight-part essay has become six sentences. The first link is like a topic, the second link is like a topic, the third link is like a talk, the fourth link is like a middle share, the sixth link is like a back share, and the eighth link is like a bundle. We must carry forward the thoughts of Confucius and Mencius and Zhu, and we can't express our feelings at will. The original intention of stereotyped writing, I think, may be written in a fixed format, which is convenient for examiners to mark and reflects "fairness". Otherwise, everyone has his own writing style, and there will be a situation that "different people have different opinions, and the wise have different opinions". However, it later became a tool for rulers to control their thoughts. Because of the eight-part essay examination, the thoughts of those who are not good at imperial examinations are suppressed, and some intellectuals cannot innovate academically and ideologically. This leads to backward thinking and stagnant development of science and technology. Even produce Kong Yiji such imperial examination victims. Second, the imperial examination system also produced a family tragedy. Because of the rich honor of the imperial examination system and preferential treatment, and the imperial examination is also an important way for ordinary people to get ahead, there are often tragedies in which poor people abandon their wives and children after graduating from high school. I believe that Chen Shimei (first of all, this is just a character in Chinese drama, which is totally false according to research. How could an ancient emperor be so cunning? Secondly, it is also a question of personal morality. ) As we all know. Although this is very important, because of the ideological values and sense of responsibility of the parties, the imperial examination has given such a living soil after all. Finally, the imperial examination system led to official corruption. With the advance of the historical wheel, the imperial examination system became politicized, and the education of teacher-student relationship led to the prevalence of teacher-student relationship. This has caused a serious nepotism. These teacher-student relationships help each other in officialdom, and officials protect each other. The corrupt officials in Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty are the best example. Under the favor of emperor Qianlong, he dominated the world, took bribes, and became rich. And many times, the title of the imperial examination is used as bait to ask for bribes from candidates. This is not conducive to the country to build a fair, just and open social good system. Caused the darkness of officialdom and social chaos. In a word, the negative effect of the imperial examination system is not mainly the fault of the system itself, but the system itself should recognize that the imperial examination is a good system for selecting officials and talents. The imperial examination system is to select talents, and it can also select talents from traditional society and entrust them with heavy responsibilities. As for the stereotyped writing style of imperial examinations in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and China's tradition of emphasizing art over technology and humanism over nature, it is the real reason for the backwardness of science and technology after Ming and Qing Dynasties. Many commentators regard cheating in the imperial examination as the drawbacks of the imperial examination system, such as taking exams, bribing examiners, joints, etc., and think that the prevalence of cheating in the imperial examination system in the late Qing Dynasty shows that the imperial examination system is dark. In fact, judging from the basic rules and regulations of the examination room after the Song Dynasty, cheating is a problem of people, not the system itself. Even now there will be cheating in the college entrance examination. The exclusion of women from the selection scope cannot be blamed on the imperial examination. Without the imperial examination system, ancient women did not have the right to participate in politics, which was determined by the nature of ancient society. Bribery was established in the era of Wu Zetian in the Tang Dynasty to conceal the names of candidates, so as to reduce the chances for examiners to recognize the authors. This practice became a law after the Song Dynasty. At the same time, the way of transcribing was invented, and the examinee's test paper was transcribed by a special person and sent to marking. So the examiner can't even read the handwriting. However, candidates can still agree with the examiner to use specific sentences or words as code words, which is called "buy-off joints". In order to reduce this possibility, the system of locking hospitals has been established since Song Taizong. The examiners for each exam are divided into many examiners and deputy examiners, who are appointed temporarily and supervise each other. After receiving the appointment, the examiner will enter the Hiram's Hospital on the same day and will not leave until the exam is over and the results are announced. You are not allowed to receive guests. If the examiner wants to invigilate from other places, he may not receive guests after entering the province. If bribery is exposed, the briber may be executed; Examiners in the same venue may also be implicated and punished. In the early Qing Dynasty, Ding You's case (the 14th year of Shunzhi) and five fraud cases occurred in Shuntian, Jiangnan, Henan, Shandong and Shanxi. In the end, all the owners of 0/6 households in Jiangnan/KLOC were convicted, and dozens of people were sentenced to death or exiled to Ningguta in Shangyangbao. In the meantime, hundreds of juren went to Beijing with the Qing soldiers to retake the exam. This is the biggest cheating case in China's imperial examination history. Some people think that this is a concrete measure to severely punish cheating in scientific research in the early Qing Dynasty, while others think that Manchu rulers who entered the Central Plains in the early Qing Dynasty used harsh and cruel laws to shock Han intellectuals, thus achieving the goal of consolidating their rule. In the imperial examination of the Tang Dynasty, in order to prevent cheating, the imperial army was set up. Since the Song Dynasty, examinations have been held in the Hiram's Hospital, and the candidates in the Hiram's Hospital are separated by walls, which are called dormitories. Candidates are not allowed to make noise or leave the venue to prevent paper transfer or message leaving. However, cheating with scripture has always been repeated and endless. Common methods include hiding scriptures in clothes, shoes and socks, or simply writing them on clothes and body. Various other personal items, including stationery, food, candles, etc., are used as entrainment. The security of imperial examinations in Ming and Qing dynasties was very strict, requiring that "a piece of paper should not be brought into the examination room". In addition to Gilbert's careful search before entering the venue, Gan Long even issued a document detailing the specifications of various items that candidates brought into the venue. For example: the size and thickness of inkstone, charcoal and cake; Materials of kettle and candlestick; Even the styles of brushes and baskets are limited. In addition, those who report the entrainment will be rewarded, and those who are found will not only be disqualified, but also be shown to the public. However, cheating in the examination room has never been thoroughly and effectively cracked down. There is a legend that a juren dropped his book on the ground during the exam, but the prince who ordered the inspection covered it for him and said, "Why did you enter with the account book?" In the Qing dynasty, even the anus had to be examined and the braid had to be split, which showed the seriousness of cheating in the imperial examination. Substitution examination was quite common in the Tang Dynasty. In order to prevent substitute exams, candidates are required to provide detailed resumes of physical characteristics. Before admission, the examiner will verify the identity of the candidates according to their resumes. However, it seems that cheating in the substitute exam has not been completely eliminated. For example, Hu, an important political figure in the early years of the Republic of China, was a famous "gunman" in history. He took part in the provincial examinations twice in the late Qing Dynasty and both won the bid. Wu Zetian of the Tang Dynasty initiated the martial arts examination for selecting military commanders. It was renamed Wu Ke in Qing Dynasty. Historically, Wu Juyi has been detained about 500 times. Compared with the civil imperial examination, the military imperial examination is less valued. Military exercises in past dynasties were sometimes abolished and sometimes resumed. The status of martial arts background is also lower than that of scholars with liberal arts background. Martial arts in the Tang Dynasty mainly tested weightlifting, riding and shooting, stepping and shooting, carbine and other techniques. In addition, there are also requirements for the appearance of candidates, and they should be "majestic in trunk and able to be a general". The Song Dynasty stipulated that martial arts should not only use soldiers, but also "a pair of strategies". Sun Wu's The Art of War asked questions. In the Ming dynasty, it was changed to "strategy first, martial arts second". If you fail the written test, you can't refer to the martial arts test. I took three questions, two questions, and the other question was about four books. Later, the titles of the four books were all changed to Jason Wu's Dictation. Wushu test requires at least three shots of nine arrows and at least five shots of nine arrows. In the Qing dynasty, it was changed to try to shoot with horse stance, and the horse shot six arrows twice, and the three arrows in the middle were combined. Five of the nine arrows in the step are merged. Then compare strength, including pulling a hard bow, dancing a knife and lifting stones. Bow is divided into eight forces, ten forces and twelve forces; Knife score 80, 100, 120 kg; Stones are divided into 200, 250 and 300 Jin. Only those who pass the exam will take the written test. Before the Song Dynasty, there was no "martial arts champion". The first martial arts champion was Yi Xue from Fujian, who was born in Song Shenzong. Later, he fought against Xixia and died. Famous military commanders who were born in Wuju in history include Tang Dynasty (the early years of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty had different martial arts), Xu in the Northern Song Dynasty (who was born as a scholar, and later gave up martial arts and was awarded the champion of martial arts), and Qi Jiguang in the Ming Dynasty (who was a scholar during the Jiajing period of Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty). China answered your question very well in.
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