China ceramic technology developed to the Song Dynasty, reached a mature and perfect stage, and achieved unprecedented artistic achievements. During this period, the styles of kiln sites in the north and south were very different, and some porcelain kiln systems named after Zhou had obvious characteristics, which made it clear to future generations. For example, the representative Ru kilns and Guanding kilns have the juice as fat and the texture as sapphire; Another example is the azure glaze of Jun kiln, which is as blue as the sky; Another example is the variety of Longquan celadon, pink green and plum green, which wonderfully arouse people's reverie of beauty. Therefore, the Song Dynasty is an epoch-making period of ceramic aesthetics, and at this point, a brand-new aesthetic era has arrived. At this time, a large number of official kilns emerged, and private kilns mushroomed. The most famous kiln sites are Ding, Ru, Guan, Ge and Jun, and there are countless respondents.
Ding kiln belongs to the folk kiln in Song Dynasty, and its location is in Quyang County, Hebei Province. It belongs to Dingzhou in Tang Dynasty, so it is named Ding kiln. Burning began in the Tang Dynasty, reached its peak in the Northern Song Dynasty and stopped in the Yuan Dynasty. Ding kiln has a wide range of products, mainly white porcelain, and also burns sauce glaze, black glaze and blue glaze. Its porcelain is of good quality and its decorative patterns are beautiful. Ding kiln is a relatively large porcelain kiln system. In the early and middle period of the Northern Song Dynasty, the sagger was burned upside down, and traces of Zhi Ding or sand grains could be seen at the bottom. After the northern song dynasty, the burning method was widely used, and the edge of the mouth was not glazed, commonly known as mangkou, which was often decorated with gold, silver or copper. There are many ways to decorate white porcelain, such as carving, painting, printing, picking flowers and birds, etc. The patterns are common. Printing decoration began in the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, with clear lines, reflecting the superb carving and demoulding technology at that time. In addition, Ding kiln porcelain has a thin glaze layer and a smooth glaze surface, which also makes the engraved lines extremely refreshing and pleasing to the eye, forming its unique artistic style.
At this time, the firing temperature of Ding Yao white porcelain is about 1320+20 degrees, and its porosity is low, which indicates that the sintering degree of Ding Yao is relatively dense in this period.
Jun kiln is one of the famous kiln sites in Song Dynasty, which is divided into official kiln and folk kiln. Jun Kiln is located in Yuxian County, Henan Province, which was called Zhou Jun in the Song Dynasty. It was named after the kiln was set here in the early Song Dynasty. Guan Jun Kiln is the second official kiln in Song Huizong after Ru Kiln. The firing process of Jun porcelain is different from others, which is secondary firing, the first firing is plain firing, then glazing, and then secondary kiln firing. Jun kiln enamel color takes advantage of the different colors of iron and copper, burning blue with red, purple spots or azure, moonlight and other colors, which has an opaque feeling. The common glaze colors of Song Jun kilns are rose purple, begonia red and plum green. The shapes of Jun porcelain mainly include flowerpots, plates, stoves, washing, bowls and so on. During the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, there were many imitations in Hebei, Shanxi and other places. Jun porcelain was also called flower porcelain in Song Dynasty, and its glaze color was characterized by irregular flowing thin lines, which were called mud lines. In addition, jun glaze is changeable in the firing process, which is not controlled by manpower, and it is difficult for future generations to imitate it. There is a saying that jun porcelain is unparalleled.
The flower glaze in the Tang Dynasty broke through the traditional rule of one glaze color for a work, but this kind of flower glaze was limited to black glazed objects. By the Song Dynasty, the technology of multicolored glaze had made great progress. Jun kiln porcelain still belongs to celadon system in terms of its glaze color tone, and azure, gray blue and moonlight white are only different in depth and chroma. The reddish-purple phase on Jun kiln porcelain is due to the addition of copper to the glaze. Copper red is sensitive to the mild firing atmosphere of the kiln, and the reduction flame must be above 1250 degrees to have a beautiful effect.
Ru kiln has always been listed as the first of the five famous kilns in Song Dynasty, which was discussed in some literati's notes in Song Dynasty. Ruyao has long been considered to be in Linru County, Henan Province, but no objective site has been found for half a century. Thanks to the efforts of cultural relics workers, in the 1970s, the ruins of Ruyao were finally discovered in Liang Qing Temple in Baofeng County, which was named after the state. Ru kiln was originally a folk kiln, and its product style is similar to Yaozhou kiln in Tongchuan, Shaanxi. In the late Northern Song Dynasty, high-grade porcelain was fired for the court. Therefore, for a long time, the cultural relics department has always had two opinions: one is that Ru kiln refers to the floorboard of celadon series products fired in the area under the jurisdiction of ancient Ruzhou; Another way of saying it is that "Ru Ci" refers to the part of the official kiln porcelain that is exclusively used by the royal family. During the reign of Song Huizong, Ruyao was the heyday of its firing history. Its products are delicate and grayish yellow, commonly known as fragrant grayish yellow, with fine cracks on the glaze surface and sparse bubbles under the glaze. Ruyao celadon glaze is light blue and elegant, with exquisite shape and no attention to ornamentation. It is said that your enamel contains agate, so it can appear pure sky blue, and the main component of agate is silicon dioxide. Perhaps there is some truth in this statement.
Song Huizong and Zhao Ji believed in Taoism, advocating natural implication and simple aesthetics. Ruyao porcelain in this period is a reflection of this aesthetic taste, which embodies the ideological realm of the pioneers and becomes the fashion of the upper class in the Song Dynasty.
Ge Kiln was also listed as a famous kiln in Song Dynasty, but it was not recorded by Song people, only found in the late Ming Dynasty.
Legend has it that Zhang, a native of Chuzhou, Zhejiang, and his brother Zhang are all good at making porcelain. Both of them set up kilns in Longquan, so they are called Geyao, because they are brothers, and they are brothers, of course they are called Diyao. These two kilns are both famous folk kilns. The glaze color of Ge kiln is mainly blue, the iron foot is purple, and the glaze is famous for its broken line.
The tire color of Geyao porcelain is gray or khaki, and the glaze color is pink, blue, moonlight, putty and so on. , of which putty is the most common. Its main characteristics are glaze opening, different sizes, different grain colors and different shape contraction parts, so it changes greatly and is naturally suitable. The coarse cracks on Geyao porcelain are often black, the fine cracks are yellow, and the front and back layers are scattered, which is called gold wire.
The ice crack on the glaze of Geyao porcelain was originally a defect in manufacturing technology, which was mainly caused by the inconsistency between the expansion coefficients of the matrix and the glaze. However, this disadvantage has formed a kind of natural beauty, which has become a unique beauty different from other varieties.
So far, the location of Geyao is not clear, and experts have different opinions about it, some say it is in Zhejiang and some say it is in Jiangxi. In this regard, we can only hope for future archaeological excavations and take physical objects as evidence.
Official kilns have different meanings in the history of China ceramics. Broadly speaking, it refers to the official kiln, which is different from the folk kiln, and its products are monopolized by the court. In the porcelain of the Song Dynasty, the official kiln is a special reference, which refers to the celadon fired by the palace kiln in the capital city of Bianliang in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and Bianjing is now in Kaifeng, Henan. Because the Yellow River was diverted by floods many times in ancient history, the local landform changed greatly, which brought great difficulties to people's investigation today, and the official kiln site in the Northern Song Dynasty could not be investigated. There is a saying that the official kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty was a Ru kiln.
Following the old system of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Southern Song Dynasty imperial court built an official kiln in Lin 'an to burn porcelain for the royal family. The glaze color of the official kiln is blue and elegant, and it does not advocate decorative patterns. It is good at modeling and glaze color. The porcelain tires of the official kiln contain a lot of iron, and the tire colors are purple, brown and black, and the tire bottom is not glazed. Due to the flowing of porcelain glaze, the glaze hanging on the mouth is thin, revealing the purple porcelain tire. This is what experts usually call purple mouth iron foot, which has become an important basis for identifying official kilns.
In terms of modeling design, the Song Dynasty attached great importance to the old system, and initiated the archaization of vessel modeling, especially the official kiln porcelain, and there were also a large number of archaized bronze shapes, such as pots, stoves, bottles and so on. , elegant and simple.
Yaozhou Kiln is located in Tongchuan, Shaanxi Province, belonging to Yaozhou in Song Dynasty. Burning began in the Tang Dynasty, reached its peak in the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, and declined in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties. After two large-scale excavations in 1950s and 1980s, we learned more about the products of Yaozhou Kiln, with high quality and wide influence, so that Henan, Guangxi and other places followed suit and formed a huge Yaozhou Kiln system.
Yaozhou Kiln is a famous celadon producing area in the Northern Song Dynasty, with rich products and changeable shapes. Its tire color is gray and thin, glaze color is uniform, turquoise, and there are very fine bubbles; Because the tire material contains iron, under the corresponding firing atmosphere, the kiln bottom presents a kind of ginger spot, which forms the unique characteristics of Yaozhou kiln.
The decoration is mainly carved with smooth lines. After the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, printing decoration appeared. Generally, the glaze slice is small, with good transparency and thick glaze layer. The carving technique is the best, the knife method is sharp, the lines are strong and the knife marks are inclined; The design content is mainly flowers, such as lotus, peony, chrysanthemum and so on. And there are fish patterns and water patterns, and dragon and phoenix patterns are limited to court porcelain.
China's magnetic word can be interpreted as ceramic, so the magnetic state can be understood as ceramic state. Originally from Henan, it belongs to Cixian County, Hebei Province. It was first burned in the Song Dynasty and moved to Pengcheng today after the end of the Yuan Dynasty. Cizhou Kiln in history and Pengcheng Kiln later produced folk daily-use ceramics, so it was also called miscellaneous kiln. The decoration of Cizhou kiln products is mainly carved, scratched or rusted, which is black and white, simple and generous, and has been passed down to this day. During this period, the ceramic pillows in Cizhou Kiln were the most famous, and most of them were carved into lively and lovely children's images or decorated with bright and clear patterns. They have a strong ink painting style, flowers, birds, fish, insects, landscape figures, poetry and calligraphy are fluent, and they combine porcelain-making skills with painting art perfectly, which is unique in the history of China ceramics. In addition, there are glazed pottery with black color under green glaze, red and green color under white glaze and low temperature yellow, green and brown color. Among them, the production of underglaze red and underglaze green had a certain influence on the development of underglaze color in Jingdezhen in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The decorative style of kilns also influenced Jiexiu in Shanxi, Zibo in Shandong and Yaozhou in Shaanxi, forming the so-called Yaozhou kiln system.
The firing history of Jingdezhen can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty, formerly known as Changnan. During the reign of Jingdezhen in Song Zhenzong, this place was renamed Jingdezhen because of its famous porcelain making.
As far as the varieties of blue and white porcelain are concerned, Jingdezhen is the best in the world, and it is a kind of porcelain with unique style. Its glaze color is white, blue and blue, blue and white, and the glaze color is bright, so it is also called yingqing or yingqing, and it is called fake jade. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the glaze color of burnt products was pure blue and white, and the burnt products were slightly yellow. 10 century to 14 century, this product was widely circulated at home and abroad, and gradually declined at the end of Yuan Dynasty, giving way to blue and white and glazed varieties. There are many kinds of blue and white porcelain, and everything for daily use is available. The main decorative techniques are carving, printing, hollowing out and stacking. Its porcelain sculptures mostly show Buddhist and Taoist figures and literati warriors, and have the characteristics of life and secularization.
Jingdezhen kiln's products have a thin matrix, and the raw material is local high-quality porcelain stone with fine texture; Its glaze is composed of glaze fruit and glaze ash, which has great fluidity during firing, so the thin part is white and the glaze part is water green. After the Northern Song Dynasty, Jingdezhen kilns used sagger firing method, which not only reduced the firing cost, but also increased the output.
In addition, Jingdezhen has also widely influenced other kiln systems in Jiangxi, as well as Anhui, Zhejiang, Hubei, Hunan, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and other places, forming a huge Jingdezhen kiln system.
Kiln building is also a famous kiln site in Song Dynasty. It is located in Yongji Town, Jianyang County, Fujian Province. Celadon was burned in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, and black porcelain and celadon were mainly burned in the Song Dynasty. The production of black glazed teacups in kilns is related to the tea fighting atmosphere in Song Dynasty. Its fetal quality is black mud color, and some glazes are strip-shaped crystal lines as thin as rabbit hair, so this specialty is called rabbit milli lamp. Rabbit hair has yellow and white colors, which are called golden hair and silver hair. There are also oil-drop crystals, which are called partridge spots because they are similar to some perfect feathers. Kiln-to-glaze is rare, which will form kiln-to-blue around irregular oil droplets, which is particularly precious. This product is called Tianmu glaze in Japan, which has a great influence on Japanese ceramic art. It is said that there were many Buddhist temples in Tianmu Mountain, Zhejiang Province at that time, and most Japanese monks were proud to study here. When they returned home, many people brought the black glazed lamps used in temples, which once became fashionable in Japan. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the kiln used to burn imperial cups for the court, and after the Yuan Dynasty, it burned black glaze. In ancient literature, kiln building is also called black mud building, black building and purple building.
Longquan kiln is located in Longquan county, Zhejiang province, mainly in Dayao and Jincun area. By the late Southern Song Dynasty, except Longquan, Longquan celadon was fired in Qingyuan, Yunhe and other counties in Zhejiang, Ji 'an in Jiangxi and Quanzhou in Fujian, forming a Longquan kiln system. Longquan kiln is a porcelain kiln developed after Yue kiln. It was fired in the early Northern Song Dynasty, developed before the Southern Song Dynasty, and then formed a unique style, which made the variety of green glaze reach a high level, and it was also the largest porcelain kiln in southern China.
Influenced by Yue Kiln and Ou Kiln, the early Longquan Kiln porcelain was decorated by carving or painting, and the glaze color was yellow or gray. /kloc-In the late 20th century, that is, from the mid-Southern Song Dynasty, the famous pastel glaze was fired and matured. Later, in the early Yuan Dynasty, the thin plum green glaze was successfully fired, which made Longquan kiln reach its peak. From the chemical point of view, the AL2O3 content in the porcelain body of pink celadon glaze and plum celadon glaze is higher than that of Yue kiln celadon, mostly above 20%. Fine elutriation technology is used to increase the fine particle content of kaolin minerals and sericite minerals in raw materials, thus improving the fineness of porcelain blank. In Longquan kiln products in this period, the content of CaO in glaze decreased, while the content of K2O increased, which led to a corresponding increase in firing temperature, broadened the firing temperature range of glaze and made great progress in porcelain.
Longquan kiln products are very rich in modeling. Besides all kinds of daily utensils, there are a large number of stationery, antique bronze models and jade-like models. In order to adapt to the characteristics of glaze thickness, piled flowers or decals gradually replaced carved flowers and became a unique style.
Due to the development of social economy and commercial trade in the Song Dynasty, the ceramic industry was unprecedentedly prosperous. In addition to a number of famous kilns with different styles, many small kilns with small output but characteristics are also spread all over the country.