Buddhism was founded less than 25 years ago, when it was around 488 BC, and within 5 years, it was the period of dharma. That is basically 488 BC, within 5 years after AD. What is the meaning of the age in the annual show? For example, how many years to how many years does the ' s actually mean? How many years do you mean in the 199s?
the problem of appellation. There's nothing called the' s. We will only say it is in 2, not in 2. Language habits, the 199s is 9 to 99 years, and the eight years of the Republic of China specifically refers to how many years
1919 is the eight years of the Republic of China, because the Republic of China was born in 1912, which was a year of the Republic of China.
Attachment: The year after the outbreak of the Revolution of 1911 (1912), the then Republic of China adopted the Gregorian calendar as its national calendar. In terms of chronology, the method of AD chronology was parallel to that of the Republic of China. On September 27th, 1949, approved by the first plenary session of the China People's Political Consultative Conference, the newly established People's Republic of China adopted the Gregorian calendar and AD, which are commonly used in most countries in the international community, as its calendar and calendar year. However, the lunar calendar has not been abolished, and the traditional festivals in China today are still based on the lunar calendar. How many years to how many years do you mean at the beginning of the 21st century BC? How many years have there been specific juvenile homes in the early 21st century?
the 21st century BC refers to 299-2 BC, and the 21st century AD refers to 2-299. I remember that when I first came into contact with history, I recorded the age in this way, and set the year of A.D. to , and put a minus sign "-"before the number of years BC, so that I can easily remember that the Neolithic Age was from how many years BC to how many years BC
Neolithic Age: it was the last stage of the Stone Age in archaeology. The development stage of human material culture marked by the use of grinded stone tools. This name was first put forward by British archaeologist lubbock in 1865. This era has entered the Holocene in geological age, developed after the Paleolithic Age or after the transition of the Mesolithic Age, and belongs to the late Stone Age. The age began about 18, years ago, and the ending time ranged from more than 5, years ago to more than 2, years ago.
how many years did the Pingan period last? What is the social outlook?
Heian Period was the last historical era in ancient Japan, starting from 794 when Emperor Kanmu moved its capital from Nara to Pinganjing (now Kyoto), and ending in 1192 when the Kamakura shogunate was established by Yuanlai Dynasty. At the end of Nara Dynasty, the contradiction between the imperial court and the aristocratic forces intensified. In order to weaken the power of powerful aristocrats and monks, Emperor Kanmu decided in 784 to move the capital from Pingchengjing to Changgang (today's Beijing city), a mountain city, where he planned to build a new capital and named it Pingjingjing, hoping to gain peace, auspiciousness, tranquility and peace. Because Ping An Jing was completed in 794, historians often regard 794 as the beginning of the Ping An Dynasty (there is also a saying that the time when the capital was moved in 784 was the beginning of the Ping An Dynasty). The name of heian period comes from the name of its capital.
Buddhism and Shinto
Buddhism sects such as Sanlunzong, Faxiangzong, Huayanzong and Legalism prevailed in China in the early Tang Dynasty, so these sects were also popular in the Japanese Nara period. Heian period was equivalent to the Middle Tang Dynasty and the Late Tang Dynasty. At that time, Tiantai Sect and esoteric Sect were popular in China, so Tiantai Sect and esoteric Sect were also popular in Japan. Like the Tang Dynasty, the so-called mountain Buddhism came into being, that is, the temple was built in a deep mountain jungle to retreat. In the later period of Ping 'an, the Pure Land Sect, which mainly blessed the afterlife with the Infinite Life Sutra and Amitabha Sutra, became popular in Japan, and its advocates were Kongye, Yuanxin, Liangren and Yuankong. Farmers at the bottom of the society have a hard life. In order to get spiritual comfort, they pin their hopes on the afterlife. Pure land Sect catered to the working people's mood, so it developed rapidly. At the same time, the Pure Land Sect has no flashy ceremonies and sacrifices, claiming that it can become a Buddha by chanting Buddha, thus winning the public's belief.
In the 6th year of Baogui (AD 775), the imperial court ordered the secretaries of various countries to repair the shrine and offer sacrifices. In the 17th year of Yan Li (AD 798), the local products were ordered to be used as money to pay for the local shrine before 9), and it was ordered to ban the building of the cloud, the founding of the former two countries and the gods' taking women as security in the shrine, and it was forbidden to hold banquets and perform songs and dances when offering sacrifices. At the same time, it was also changed to the punishment regulations for crimes committed by gods to rectify the shrine.
pseudonyms and literature
Before pseudonyms were invented, Japan had only languages, but no characters. Since the introduction of Chinese characters, Japanese have been using Chinese characters to handle state affairs, and introduced China culture through Chinese characters. Due to the development of Japanese culture, it is objectively required to have a written language that can express one's own language, and pseudonyms are Japan's own written language produced with the historical evolution.
The so-called pseudonyms are phonography created by omitting a part of Chinese characters or minimalist. The radical of Chinese characters in block letters is called katakana, and the radical of Chinese characters is called hiragana. At the beginning, Japan called Chinese characters the real name, that is, the meaning of real words, and called abbreviated words with their real names omitted or cursive as pseudonyms, which abandoned the meaning of Chinese characters and only took their sounds. Katakana was originally used for phonetic transcription of Buddhist scriptures, and later developed into a mixed form of katakana and Chinese characters. Hiragana is very popular in heian period, especially in palaces where women like to use Hiragana, while men and * * * still use Chinese characters. Japanese pseudonyms were not invented by someone, but formed by the Japanese in long-term practice. Of course, it has its reference and background. It is said that the Japanese pseudonym "Isuzu" is based on the Indian study of Sanskrit vowels and the China phonology.
the later period of peace. Poems written entirely under pseudonyms have appeared in Japan. However, * * * archives and academic works use a mixed writing method with pseudonyms in the middle of Chinese characters. This mixed writing method was used until the 19th century. Now pseudonyms have been standardized. Katakana is generally used in loanwords and official documents, and all others are hiragana.
In the early period of Heian, Chinese literature was still very popular, and harmony songs declined, which was called "the dark age of national style" in the history of Japanese literature. But then Japanese literature began to get rid of the influence of Chinese literature. By the end of Heian, due to the economic collapse of ancient countries and the emergence of manor system, Japanese culture was completely free from the shackles of China culture, and with the emergence of pseudonyms, Japanese literature began to appear.
In the heyday of Fujiwara in the 11th century, a novel written by a female writer who served the court appeared in literature, and her masterpiece was Tale of Genji. Written by Murasaki shikibu (978-114), this book was written in the early 11th century, with 45 articles. It takes the love life and fate of the protagonist Guangyuan as the theme, and describes the luxurious life of the court nobles and the subtle psychological state of the characters.
at the end of the 11th century, two noble novels, Rong Hua Tale and Da Jing, appeared. Through the description of the family history of the photographer headed by Taoist Fujiwara, the works show the nostalgia of the declining nobles. At the same time, the Story of the Past and the Present, which describes the lives of samurai, famous masters and working people, came out. It is a collection of stories about China, Indian and Japanese, and the characters used the folk language at that time. In terms of poetry collection, Ling Yunji, edited by Xiao Ye, Wen Hua Xiu Li Ji, edited by Fujiwara Dongsi, and Jing Guo Ji, edited by Liangban Anshi, appeared.
architecture and sculpture
there are very few buildings left in the pre-Heian period, only the golden hall and the five-story tower of the Muresheng Temple (Nara). This temple is different from other Buddhist temples in Heian Jing, and is laid out according to the surrounding nature. The building is extremely simple, but at first it reveals the simple and beautiful characteristics of Japanese architecture. Japanese architecture developed greatly in the later period of Heian, with obvious Japanese characteristics.
in terms of monasteries, in the 3rd year of Kuanren (AD 119), the Hojoji was built by Fujiwara. It is the largest building in heian period, completely establishing the Japanese style. Kyoto's Equality House Phoenix Hall is also an extremely important building in heian period. It was originally a villa of Fujiwara Laitong, which was changed to a temple in 152. Phoenix Hall is the Amitabha Hall in Byodoin Temple, which is named after the phoenix carved on the column. Both Hojoji and Phoenix Hall are the realization of the Japanese imaginary paradise, which embodies the aesthetic thought of Pure Land Sect. Lu Ao (Northeast) Fujiwara's Chuson-ji Temple, Maoyue Temple, Guanziyuan Courtyard and Infinite Light Courtyard built in the plain (Xipanjing County, Iwate Prefecture) are all garden buildings. If there is a pool in front of the temple, there is an island in the pool, and bridges are built on the island.
in terms of housing, heian period has completed the bedroom-style building. The so-called sleeping hall style is a Japanese-style aristocratic high house building, which generally consists of a pool, a sleeping hall, a house opposite, a cross profile, a middle porch, a middle door, a fishing hall and a miscellaneous house. According to China's traditional technique, the layout of the early bedroom was symmetrical, while the late bedroom style got rid of China's influence and was asymmetrical. At that time, no matter the palace, the government and the mausoleum, they were all sleeping halls.
In terms of palaces, in the early period of Ping 'an, there were the court courtyard, Fengle courtyard, Neili (the imperial residence) of Ping 'an Palace, and villas-Shinsenen, Lengquan courtyard and Suzaku courtyard. In the later period of Heian, there were the Tojo Hall of Fujiwara, the Hore Hall of Emperor Hore, and the Bird Feather Hall of Sadahito, but these buildings no longer exist.
The sculpture in the early period of Ping 'an was also influenced by the Tang Dynasty, and the so-called "harmony sculpture" appeared in the later period, that is, Japanese style sculpture. The representative works in the early Ping 'an period are the eleven Guanyin statues of Nara Hokkeji, the Ruyi Wheel Guanyin statues of Kyoto Jingoji Temple and Dajiao Kanshinji, and the release of the statue of King Kong Bee Temple in Koyasan. The statues are typical white sandalwood sculptures, but they are thought to have been brought from China by the empty sea. Eleven Guanyin statues of Xiangyuan Temple in Shiga County have strong foreign elements. In the early period of Ping 'an, due to the popularity of the idea of harmony between God and Buddha, the gods were carved in the way of Buddha statues, so the gods were carved into Buddha shapes. For example, the eight banners statue and the goddess statue in Chuying Hall (in Kyoto) of King Huguo Temple, and the two male statues and two goddesses in Matsuo Shrine (in Kyoto).
Japanese-style sculpture began to appear in the later period of Ping 'an, but it was Dingchao (A.D. 157) that really completed the Japanese-style sculpture. He successfully represented the ideal Buddha statue of the nobles at that time, such as the Buddha statue of Amitabha, the deity of Phoenix Hall. The characteristic of Dingchao style is that the eyes of Buddha statues are always looking down. After Dingchao's death, his son (11-19 AD) inherited the father's style and further promoted the Japanese style sculpture. This was followed by Yuan Shi (A.D. 1134) and his sons, Long Yuan and Xian Yuan. Due to a large number of statues made by nobles, many Buddhist temples (carving workshops) have appeared, and each Buddhist temple has its own Buddhist master (Buddha sculptor). The social status of Buddhist teachers is greatly improved than before. Thus promoting the production of many works with individuality.
painting and music
Japanese painting was also influenced by the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties in the early Heian period (794-894 AD), and in the late Heian period (894-1192 AD), "Yamato painting" or "Japanese painting" depicting Japanese customs and people came into being. Yamato painting is a painting with purely Japanese painting themes. In contrast, paintings with the theme of personnel and scenery in the Tang Dynasty are called "Tang paintings". At the beginning, those who described the customs of the four seasons were called "Four Seasons Painting" and those who described scenic spots were called "Painted by Names". Later, with the theme of harmony songs, painting, writing and poetry became a trinity.
Yamato painting was produced in the years of Yanxi and Tianli (91-956 AD). By the middle of the 11th century, Yamato painting was fully established, and court painters appeared. Fei Wu Department is often a court painter in Nariakira, and he is also an active court painter in the 1th and 11th centuries. In Datong (86-89 AD), the "Painting Institute" of the Palace Painting Academy was established, which was formed by the merger of the painting department of the Chinese Ministry and the interior inspector. The most typical Yamato painting is a picture scroll describing the story (secular story), among which the most outstanding is Genji Story Painting Volume (now in Tokyo Wudao Art Museum and Aichi Fuchuan Art Museum). Genji Tale Painting is a genre painting that describes the aristocratic women in Ping 'an, and shows the style of the aristocratic women in the court.
The Painting of the Origin of Xinguishan in the picture scroll is also very famous, which describes the scenes of life and production of lords, famous lords and working people, and reflects the characteristics of the rise of samurai class, the growth of people's power and the decline of nobles.
three emperors, cragginess (reigned in 89-822), Renming (reigned in 833-849) and Yizhi (reigned in 986-111), were all familiar with temperament and were keen on japanese pop. The Emperor himself laid down the score of Shenle and Ma Le, and the cragginess and Renming Emperor revived on the basis of unified room music and Koryo music, adapted 16 kinds of music and dances, and created several musical forms: ① Shenle (used for offering sacrifices to the pivot), ② Journey to the East (folk songs in the East), ③ Folk songs (impromptu Geng ballads) and ④ Lang Yong (reciting China's famous poems, accompanied by elegant music). Emphasized lyrics expression), ⑧ and praise (a Taoist song evolved from the announcement of reading Chinese scripture). In the early days of Emperor Ji, "Yu You" was played with orchestral music, which indicated that japanese pop began to get rid of the shackles of religion and express the gorgeous life of the nobility, and independent music became a kind of entertainment. After the imperial tour, solo music and field music came into being. Finally, folk music gradually replaced ancient music and became the mainstream of japanese pop.
Calligraphy and Tea Ceremony
The so-called calligraphy is China's calligraphy, and Japanese calligraphy comes from China. Japan had not invented pseudonyms in Nara era, so the Japanese wrote running script and cursive script, imitating the brushwork of Wang Xizhi and others. Pseudonyms began to appear in the early Ping 'an period. Although the upper class wrote Chinese characters, it was somewhat Japanese.
Konghai is the founder of "Harmony in Learning Calligraphy", that is, Japanese calligraphy. He studied calligraphy with Han Fangming in the Tang Dynasty, and is known as the "five-brush monk". The so-called "five-brush" is the five brushstrokes in Han Fangming's "Giving a Pen to Say". Because he learned these five brushstrokes, he has this name. It is said that when he was in the Tang Dynasty, Xianzong asked him to fill in the missing words in Wang Xizhi's calligraphy on the palace screen. Empty Sea, Orange Tanshi and Emperor Emei are collectively called "three strokes". Konghai's calligraphy was passed on to Xiao Ye by Emperor Xie, and then to Ji Xiajing. Ji Xiajing passed it on to disciple Fujiwara Minxing, and then Minxing passed it on to "Three Traces".
In the later period of Heian, cursive pseudonyms became popular, so there appeared Ono Daofeng (89-966 AD), Fujiwara Saori (94-998 AD), Fujiwara Hangcheng (972-127 AD) and other cursive calligraphers, who were collectively called "Three Traces". Influenced deeply by Wang Xizhi, Ono Daofeng is known as "the reincarnation of Xi". Fujiwara Saori has a strong Japanese flavor and is called "Zuoji". Fujiwara Yuki combines the skills of Ono Daofeng and Wang Xizhi's calligraphy. Form an elegant and gentle book style. "Three Traces" completely got rid of the style of China's calligraphy, and changed from ancient and vigorous tang style to rich and beautiful Japanese style. Like other arts of this era, it represents the independence of Japanese culture.
Tea ceremony is a unique Japanese custom of making and drinking tea. It is generally believed that it originated from the Sui Dynasty in China, and was used to cultivate the mind and learn manners. It is a unique culture in Japan and is known as "the essence of oriental spirit". Tea spread from China to Japan long ago, and there was tea in Japan around the 6th century A.D., but at the beginning it was only used as medicine, limited to some nobles and monks.