Reference: /view/2541.htm#4 2 Liu Che (Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty) When Emperor Wu ascended the throne, on the one hand, the political situation was relatively stable, and the country's economic situation was quite good; on the other hand, the separatist factors in the vassal kingdom still existed, and the potential threat was not small. Therefore, while continuing to carry out the policies of Emperor Jing, he adopted a series of measures to strengthen the centralization of absolutism. Politics: In politics, we adopted Zhu Fuyan's suggestion, issued a "decree of granting favors", weakened the influence of vassal states enfeoffed in the early Han Dynasty, and strengthened the supervision system. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also made innovations in ancient times, including major reforms and innovations such as the right to receive photos, the establishment of a secretariat, and the establishment of a political system that is systematic and complete and embodies the Legalists' principle of "ruling the country by the rule of law and not avoiding relatives". This legal tradition became the basic paradigm of the Chinese imperial system in the next two thousand years. Military affairs: friendship with foreign countries: in military affairs, it is mainly to concentrate military power and enrich the central military strength; Reform the military system. Wei Qing and Huo Qubing were sent to attack the Huns, which made the northern border counties stable, and Zhang Qian was sent to the western regions, which opened up the northwest frontier: the land-giving channel economy linking the Western Han Dynasty with the western regions and even Central Asia was opened; in the economic aspect, the financial sector was reorganized, the "reckoning" and "warning" orders were issued, the merchant asset tax was levied, and the wealthy businessman dajia was hit; Sang Hongyang suggested that iron smelting and salt boiling should be returned to the official camp, and it was forbidden for the county to cast money; The establishment of leveling officers and average loss officers, and the government's operation of transportation and trade have greatly enhanced the country's economic strength. At the same time, it is beneficial to the development of agricultural production to build water conservancy projects, emigrate to northwest China and implement the "land substitution method" Another important measure in the economy is to unify the currencies at that time. Thought: In terms of thought, Dong Zhongshu's suggestion was adopted, and Confucianism became the dominant thought in China society, and Confucianism was vigorously promoted and Imperial College was established in Chang 'an. Confucianism became the orthodox thought of China's feudal rule, which lasted for more than two thousand years, and had a far-reaching impact on the politics, society and culture of China in later generations. Personnel: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also attached great importance to the development of talents. He established the system of inspection and evaluation, which was the origin of the system of systematically selecting talents in China and had a great influence on later generations. Looking at the above, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty initiated the first unified situation in ancient China, which was a great success. However, he fought a lot in his life, wasting people and money, and made great efforts in his later years to appoint cruel officials. Therefore, it ranks second.
Reference: /view/17163.htm# 3 Historical evaluation of Ying Zheng (Qin Shihuang): When Qin Shihuang was in power, he annexed six countries and sent troops to the south to explore the north. It is recorded in the history that "the land of a hundred miles, everyone bowed down", "the north expanded thousands of miles" and "Qin Wang swept the Liuhe River". According to the map of the Warring States, the territory was almost twice as large as that controlled by the seven heroes of the Warring States. Moreover, Qin Shihuang "set up counties" and paid attention to the rule and system construction of the conquered land, unlike other contemporary conquerors such as Alexander of Macedonia or Rome, which only focused on conquest and not on system construction; Therefore, the unified land rule was stabilized, which laid the foundation for the present territory of China. Later generations believe that "the contribution is greater than that of Qin Huang Hanwu". It means that Qin Shihuang is ahead of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty in martial arts, which is unparalleled in history. Up to now, the English address for China, China, has also evolved from the Roman word Chin, which shows the influence of the Qin Empire on one side. Qin attached importance to the rule of law since Shang Yang's political reform. Qin Shihuang inherited this tradition and highly praised Han Fei, a legalist figure. He once lamented that "if you travel with him, you will have no hatred". Reward and punish the generals according to law. Although Qin Shihuang was autocratic and thought that "I am the world", he still ruled the country according to law in the Qin Dynasty. Chen Sheng and Wu Guang uprising, its reason is "harsh Qin law", its crime when death, had to be reversed, but the law forced the people to revolt. It is not like the later generations, "Zhu Men's wine stinks and the road has frozen bones" because of serious corruption, and the officials forced the people to rebel. Later Confucianism advocated the rule of man, and the rule of the country was not in accordance with the law. It was decided by the monarch in a word, but the wind of rule of man and flattery still exists today. Qin Shihuang initiated the post station system and built post roads. It laid a technical foundation for the decree access of the huge empire and the resulting county-based imperial power country. "Building post roads and establishing counties" is a necessary condition for China to adopt the advanced system of county system instead of the western enfeoffment system. At the same time, Rome could not effectively control the occupied areas, but only had a powerful governor (the governor was in charge of the military and political power of a place, all of whom were nobles, and the grass-roots organizations relied on the original local organizations), which was still similar to the enfeoffment system, which was a very important reason for the subsequent division of the Roman Empire. The county system is a civilian system, and its military and political leaders are all appointed by the emperor. According to their political achievements, their military achievements can be promoted and demoted, and they can be transferred equally, which leads to the emergence of professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers. Professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers can come from civilians, and the county bureaucracy effectively guarantees the rights of civilians (cloth) to participate in the discussion of state affairs (such as Reese, Meng Ao, etc. are all cloth, and they only come out according to their military achievements). Compared with the aristocratic politics of the enfeoffment system, it is undoubtedly a great historical progress. This is where the civil service system and the military system of modern countries originated. The Qin Empire established by Qin Shihuang laid the foundation for China to be more advanced than the West in political system for nearly 1,7 years. The so-called "Han inherited the Qin system", "since the Qin dynasty, its system has not changed" and "one hundred generations still practice Qin law and politics" China, in the era of imperial power for two thousand years, basically followed the system of Qin Dynasty in political system. Li Bai's poem "Antique": "The king of Qin swept Liuhe, and he looked at him! "Sang Hongyang's treatise affirmed Qin Shihuang's achievement in unifying China. In 1913, Zhang Taiyan of Qing Dynasty wrote Qin Zheng Ji, which also praised Qin Shihuang. The negative reason is that Qin Shihuang promoted the Legalist theory of "ruling the country by law", and later all the rulers of China promoted Confucianism with benevolence and the doctrine of the mean as the core. Therefore, Qin Shihuang often appears as a negative model in various essays and historical records. Such as Jia Yi's "On the Qin Dynasty" and so on. "Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor" Qin Wang is greedy, self-motivated, does not believe in meritorious deeds, does not kiss the gentry, abolishes kingship, establishes private rights, bans documents and cools the law, deceives power before righteousness, and begins with tyranny. Jia Yi's "On the Qin Dynasty": One man is in trouble and seven temples fall, and his body is dead and his hands are dead. What is the laughing matter for the whole world? Benevolence is not applied, but the offensive and defensive trends are different. Qin Shihuang was regarded as a tyrant by many historians, who would do anything for power. The Great Wall of Wan Li, Qinchi Road, Lingqu, Epang Palace and the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor are all huge in scale, and the population of the whole country is building. Many documents have denounced that many people were killed and injured during the construction, but on the other hand, they have further developed the traffic in various places and contributed to the future integration of transportation, economy and trade, as well as all ethnic groups. Therefore, it has always been a controversial point for historians about whether Qin Shihuang's achievements are great or too great. The merits and demerits will be judged by later generations. Considering the special status of "an emperor through the ages", it ranks in the third
reference: /view/2389.htm#5 4 Weighing only a catty Temujin (Yuan Taizu) Genghis Khan is a famous historical figure at all times and at home and abroad, and at the same time he is the most controversial figure. For seven or eight hundred years, politicians, military strategists and celebrities and scholars from all over the world have studied and discussed this great man from different angles. When talking about Genghis Khan, Marx once said: "Genghis Khan fought for a lifetime, unified Mongolia, and fought for the reunification of China. Three generations fought for 6 or 7 years, and then conquered as many as 72 nationalities." In the book A Chronicle of Marx's Indian History, Marx wrote that Genghis Khan formed an army in the process of unifying Mongolia. He "relied on this army to conquer East Mongolia and North China, then conquered the place north of the Amu Darya and Khorasan, and also conquered the Turkic region, that is, the Tudor, the Tudor and Persia, and also invaded India. The territory of his empire extends from the Caspian Sea to Beijing, from the south to the Indian Ocean and the west of the Himalayas to Astra Khan and Kasang. After his death, the empire was divided into Qincha khanate, Ilkhanate, Chagatai khanate, Wokuotai khanate and Yuan Dynasty. The first four parts are ruled by Khan respectively; The last part, as the main part of the empire, was directly ruled by Khan. " Dr. Sun Yat-sen said: "Among the most powerful ethnic groups in early Asia, Mongolia in the Yuan Dynasty was the first." "During the Yuan Dynasty, almost the whole of Europe was occupied by the Yuan Dynasty, which was far more powerful than the most powerful period in China". Comrade Mao Zedong affectionately called Genghis Khan "a generation of Tianjiao" and compared him with the famous emperors in China history, including Qin Huang, Hanwu, Tang Zong and Song Zu. The Eastern God of War, Genghis Khan, the greatest military commander in the history of the world, and his successor, not only formed a powerful cavalry that was invincible in the world at that time, but also creatively applied a series of strategies and tactics in line with the characteristics of cavalry operations and won one victory after another. Former Indian Prime Minister Nehru said in his book How to Treat World History: "The Mongols won such a great victory on the battlefield, not because of the large number of military forces, but because of strict discipline, system and feasible organization. It can also be said that those brilliant achievements come from Genghis Khan's command art. " He is very much in favor of le? Gatt's statement: "The Mongolian campaign is unprecedented in terms of its scale and art, suddenness and flexibility, and the strategy and tactics of encirclement." "Genghis Khan is undoubtedly one of the greatest commanders in the world, if not the only one in the world." MacArthur, a five-star American general, said: "If all the records about the war are erased from history, leaving only a detailed record of Genghis Khan's fighting situation and being well preserved, then soldiers will still have endless wealth. From those records, soldiers can gain useful knowledge and shape an army for future wars. The success of that amazing leader (Genghis Khan) eclipsed the achievements of most commanders in history. " "He crossed rivers, climbed mountains, conquered cities, ruined the country and destroyed the whole civilization. On the battlefield, his troops used it so quickly and skillfully, sweeping away thousands of troops and defeating the overwhelming enemy countless times. " Although he destroyed everything, he was cruel and brutal, but he clearly understood the constant requirements of war. The Russian general Ganajiv said: "Looking across the room, there are few calendar years, and those who have explored the vast territory, such as Genghis Khan, have never seen it." Genghis Khan Deng