What did Zhu Yuanzhang do to make up for his childhood regrets? And successfully improved Daming's education level.

The author/Zhao Libo's childhood memory is so profound. For Zhu Yuanzhang, who became the emperor, it is vivid to recall the misery of childhood, especially the regret of being out of school when he was young. Finally, in A.D. 1375, Zhu Yuanzhang issued an edict, which read: Sociology should be established, Confucianism should be popularized, and folk children should be taught. This is a kind of compensation for his greatest regret in childhood. Anyway, it is a rare warm seal in history. It is this seal that rewrote the history of rural dolls' difficulty in reading at that time, and it is also the concrete embodiment of Zhu Yuanzhang's care for rural children. Zhu Yuanzhang and his scholar Zhu Yuanzhang asked the local government to help the people run schools. This is called sociology. And invite teachers to teach. It also requires that "companies should not interfere" and give schools full self-management rights. This academic school is neither a government-run formal school nor a private school. To run this kind of school is to popularize folk education as much as possible. Zhu Yuanzhang not only did not restrict ordinary people from reading and writing, but also encouraged all localities to set up schools to give ordinary children more opportunities to study, all of which stemmed from his regret of dropping out of school in his early years. Because of this, he hopes that rural dolls from ordinary backgrounds can have the opportunity to learn. At that time, the children of ordinary families generally studied and studied in private schools since childhood. When they have learned a certain degree, they can go to the examiner to run a school. There are two kinds of government-run schools in Ming Dynasty: one is Confucianism, which goes to prefectures and counties, and the other is imperial academy, whose official name is imperial academy. In addition to these two schools, there is also a private government-aided school, which is the social science required by Zhu Yuanzhang's imperial edict to be established locally. The related picture "History of the Ming Dynasty" says: Sociology, since the eighth year of Hongwu, Yanshi has taught folk children, and also read the Imperial edict and the laws and regulations of this dynasty. Since the emperor issued a decree to establish sociology in the local area, the local area certainly did not dare to neglect it, and schools were being established everywhere at that time. Some local chronicles describe the grand occasion of social research in the early Ming Dynasty. A relatively large government is equivalent to today's prefecture-level cities, and can build more than 400 sociology schools, with an average of dozens in each county. "She" is the "rural society", and the "She" in Ming Dynasty is also called "Li She", and "She Xue" refers to the primary schools in the grass-roots administrative areas of rural communities. The school site of social studies is generally built in abandoned temples, ancestral temples and the like. Some fields are allocated by local governments or donated by wealthy local families to run schools. This is the main reason why some ancestral temples in Jiangnan still retain a large number of teaching and educating creeds. About five years after the Ming dynasty's literati opened the society, in the thirteenth year of Hongwu, that is, AD 1380, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the closure of the society. In Zhu Yuanzhang's words, it is called "a good thing is hard to achieve." According to Zhu Yuanzhang's explanation, as the establishment of sociology, it is good to guide the people and be happy to see Lotte. However, government, state and county officials are incompetent and cruel, and they are insatiable in hurting people. When social studies were set up, officials thought they made a living. Those who are willing to study are not allowed to enter school without money. There are three kinds of people who don't want to study, are sold by money, are stupid and don't force them to study. There are two fathers and sons, either farmers or businessmen, who have no leisure to study, but are forced to enter school. Rich people, and vertical; People who have no money will not let go even if they are too busy to study, so they will fabricate the number of students and deceive the court. "Zhu Yuanzhang discovered these problems and decided to close the society. After three years of long-term rectification, in the sixteenth year of Hongwu, namely 1383, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered all localities to "re-establish sociology". This re-establishment, local schools will not be as hot as last time. Since then, due to the different attention of local officials, social studies has experienced ups and downs, but in the late Ming Dynasty, it always complemented private schools and voluntary studies and became a part of rural education. Although social studies is not as official as official studies, state studies and county studies, it is semi-official after all, not only on a large scale, but also generally "35 schools are all one school, and those who are willing to learn can make the best of their talents." (The whole Shiba Inu Pavilion Collection, Volume 22), and the school produces fields, and you can invite the best local teachers, and the teaching quality is higher than that of ordinary private schools. These social studies students are called "village students" and teachers are generally called "social teachers". The early social education of scholars in Ming Dynasty played a role in cultivating early education. At that time, primary school students read the story of Zhu Yuanzhang's Dabao, which was about a six-year-old primary school student. Because he can recite Dabao, he was received and rewarded by Zhu Yuanzhang. It is really fresh for a six-year-old child to recite all Zhu Yuanzhang's quotations, and no matter whether he recites Zhu Yuanzhang's quotations or Tang poems, he should be regarded as a child prodigy. Because he responded to Zhu Yuanzhang's call and recited Zhu Yuanzhang's quotation "Da Gao", Zhu Yuanzhang was particularly happy and it was reasonable to give him some rewards. However, according to the age requirement, six-year-old children can't attend social studies and can only receive literacy education in private schools. He can't go to social studies until he is eight years old, and he can't continue to study Confucianism in government-run schools until his social sciences are good. Scholars who have not entered the official camp of Confucianism, whether children or the elderly, are called "tong sheng", which means children who are studying. Once these boys and girls entered the government-run Confucianism, they became Confucian scholars and began to have different identities from ordinary people. They are what we often call scholars. Zhu Yuanzhang, a scholar in the Ming Dynasty, said that the two most important things to govern a country are farming and running a school. Grasping agriculture and mulberry is to solve the problem of food and clothing, and running schools is to solve the problem of national talents. These two things are of course the most important. As mentioned earlier, Zhu Yuanzhang was a poor family when he was a child and had no chance to study for only a few days. Later, when he wanted to cultivate the world and use culture, he felt that he was suffering because he didn't study. He knew that poor children could not study, so he paid special attention to education after becoming emperor. But what is more important than general education is to train talents for the country through schools, and these talents must also be trained according to the political needs of the Great Ming Dynasty established by Zhu Yuanzhang. Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang established a formal government-run school in China several years before he advocated private schools. At the same time, Zhu Yuanzhang said to officials in Zhongshu Province: "The teaching in schools is extremely harmful at the very least. Between the upper and lower levels, the waves won the hearts of the people. Although the school was established, it existed in name only. Since the mutiny, people have been used to war, but they only know how to fight, but they don't know how to do it. I only govern the country with education first, and education is school-oriented. This year, Zhu Yuanzhang specially invited Confucian teachers from all over the country to come to Beijing at public expense to meet them. Isn't this a sign of attaching importance to education? But when Zhu Yuanzhang met these teachers, he was not happy. It turns out that many of these teachers are just nerds. Zhu Yuanzhang asked them about the sufferings of the people, and they replied, "My official position is animal trainer, and civil affairs has nothing to do with it. The emperor asked them about the sufferings of the people in A New Biography of Men and Guests in the Ming Dynasty, and they replied: Our duty is to educate students, not to do with civil affairs. This is not looking for scolding! Zhu Yuanzhang was very unhappy and said, "Hu Yuan of the Song Dynasty was a Confucian professor in Huzhou, Suzhou. He teaches students to be versatile and do practical things with what they have learned. Although Jia Yi and Dong Zhongshu of Han Dynasty started in the fields, they all talked about current affairs. Even if Ma Zhou in the Tang Dynasty could not meet Emperor Taizong in person, he should teach military attache to speak for him. Now that you're here, you've met in person and asked about the people's feelings, and you're speechless. Is that what you know about saints? "In a rage, he rushed all these teachers to remote areas, and for this reason, he specially issued a list to schools across the country as a warning. These teachers can't help being unconvinced. An emperor from a peasant background speaks with quotations and makes sense everywhere, but they don't listen to things outside the window and only read sages' books. If a group of new nerds are educated, how can they serve Zhu Yuanzhang's great Ming Dynasty? Zhu Yuanzhang hoped that school education could cultivate useful talents for the country. Zhu Yuanzhang's Calligraphy Zhu Yuanzhang established three Confucian schools at the prefecture, prefecture and county levels. In fact, it is just like today's city middle schools, prefecture middle schools and county middle schools, except that there is only one in each prefecture, prefecture and county. The school level is the same, but the instructor level is different. School teachers at the prefecture level are called "professors", while those at the state level are called "Zheng Xue" and those at the county level are called "teaching guidance". There are some teachers under them called "discipline". Among the teachers at these levels, only Professor Fu Xue is an official at Grade 9, and Grade 9 is the lowest level among officials with grades. Other instructors who have no grades are called dirty. Although these instructors have a low level or no level at all, even ordinary instructors are crowned, that is, official uniforms and official hats, which are different from ordinary scholars; Moreover, local officials are not allowed to send instructors to show the attention of the court. Zhu Yuanzhang attached great importance to education, and there should be as many schools as there are states, counties and counties in the country. At that time, there were only 12 provinces, including schools set up by prefectures, counties and military health centers, with only over 4,200 teachers. We sound today, why do we feel so little? But at that time, there were quite a few. The largest number of students is Yingtianfu School, which is the seat of the capital, so there are more students. There are 60 students. In some places, there are only 40 students in a school, and there are only 30 students in counties. With so many students, is that a key school? These students are called students and scholars. I calculated that there were 30,000 to 50,000 students in China at that time, accounting for a little over one thousandth of the national population. Although these scholars are only middle school students, they are the treasures of the country. They are all public school students, giving each person six barrels of rice every month, and then adding a stone to the fish, not only to take care of the rice, but also the clothes. However, there are also prescribed styles of clothes, which are uniform: wearing four square towels, uniforms and robes, one inch from the ground, sleeves too long, cuffs turned back, and no more than three inches from the elbow. Later, because this suit is somewhat similar to the official's clothes, the style was improved. The improved clothes have a proper noun, which is made of jade cloth and silk with wide sleeves. Later, it was made to wear a sun hat. The history book says, "personally, everything is settled." "The unified school uniform of" Ming Shi Yu Fu Zhi San "was personally examined and approved by Zhu Yuanzhang. Zhu Yuanzhang's portrait Zhu Yuanzhang felt that the cultural level in the north was lower than that in the south. In order to strengthen the education in the north and improve the education level, he also specially ordered the transfer of teachers from the south to teach in the northern schools. Students are precious, but teachers are more precious. At that time, there was a county superintendent in xiang yuan, Shanxi Province, who was soon promoted to the position of remonstrator. In a few years, he was promoted to Shangshu, the first imperial academy of the Ming Dynasty. Therefore, "Ming History" said: When the Ming Dynasty was founded, it was important to learn from Confucian officials. Xu Cunren and Wei Guan offered wine sacrifices, and they were old and sincere. It was the most difficult to enter in the later period (Song Dynasty). It was Wang Jiahui and Gong Jing who learned the rules and regulations. All three of them are old, with white hair and beard, sitting in danger all day, and they all look in awe in class. Zhang Meihe, Nie Tai, Bei Qiong and others. They are all famous Confucianists. When Wu Hong was a teacher, he worked as a doctor, a teaching assistant and a scholar, which made all the students achieve a lot. With Zhu Yuanzhang's personal efforts, the education level of Ming Dynasty has been improved unprecedentedly.