The rulers of the Tang Dynasty learned the lessons from the demise of the Sui Dynasty, improved the rules and regulations, reused talents, took measures to restore economic development, eased social contradictions, and achieved the rule of Zhenguan and the prosperity of Kaiyuan.
Emperor Taizong was the founder of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and he opened a way for the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
After Xuanzong acceded to the throne, Yao Chong and Song Jing were the first phase, followed by Zhang, Li, Duroy, Han Xiu and Zhang Jiuling. They each have their own strengths and perform their duties, which makes national affairs full of vitality. Moreover, Xuanzong was able to keep an open mind about coachable at this time, so the politics was clear and stable.
Rule of Zhenguan:
1。 During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the population decreased by more than 20 million during the war. At the end of the war, fewer people and more people were the most important reason for Zhenguan's rule.
2。 Sui initiated the Grand Canal and Imperial Examination, and the labor in the Grand Canal led to the demise of Sui, but all these contributed to the emergence of Zhenguan rule. The creation of the Grand Canal had its disadvantages at that time, but its merits were in the future.
3。 Li Shimin learned the lessons of the failure in the early Sui Dynasty, just as he learned the lessons of the demise of the Qin Dynasty in the early Han Dynasty, and let the people recuperate. Li Shimin himself can basically give advice with an open mind. However, the late Li Shimin has changed, and it is no longer so open-minded and disciplined. Instead of letting the people recuperate, they triumphed and failed to conquer North Korea. These are the reasons why the rule of chastity can't last long.
Kaiyuan Shi Sheng:
The Kaiyuan period was a prosperous time in the early years of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (Li Longji). In the early days of governing the country, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty took Kaiyuan as the national title. At that time, Xuanzong vigorously governed, appointed talents, developed economy and advocated culture and education, making the world the most powerful country in the world at that time. History is called "Kaiyuan Shi Sheng" for 29 years.
[Edit this paragraph] Appoint talents.
After Xuanzong acceded to the throne, Yao Chong and Song Jing were the first phase, followed by Zhang, Li, Duroy, Han Xiu and Zhang Jiuling. They each have their own strengths and perform their duties, which makes national affairs full of vitality. Moreover, Xuanzong was able to keep an open mind about coachable at this time, so the politics was clear and stable.
[Edit this paragraph] Reform the management of officials
Xuanzong adopted Zhang Jiuling's suggestion and formulated the official tone system. Select competent officials from Beijing and transfer them to the Governor's Office to exercise their handling ability and cultivate administrative experience. At the same time, he also selected people who made a difference in the governor's yamen and promoted them to Beijing officials. This internal and external intermodulation has enhanced communication, understanding and trust between the central and local governments. Xuanzong also divided the whole country into fifteen channels, and set up an interview ambassador in each channel to supervise local county officials and inspect their political achievements. In selecting talents, Xuanzong also reformed the imperial examination system, limiting the subjects and the number of scholars, so as to reduce the appearance of redundant officials and improve the overall quality of officials.
[Edit this paragraph] Develop the economy
Xuanzong was very frugal during this period, stipulating that ministers below the third class and those below the imperial concubine were not allowed to wear gold and jade ornaments, and dismissed maids to save money. He also ordered all parts of the country not to mine pearls and jade to create splendid scenery and change the extravagant style of the harem since Wu Zetian. He also ordered Yuwen Rong to check the national fugitive registered permanent residence and overseas fields, and * * * found out more than 800,000 households, which greatly increased the tax revenue and military sources of the Tang Dynasty. Because of these measures, the finance of the Tang Dynasty became abundant, and the granaries of the whole country were full, making prices very cheap.
Specific:
Agriculture: ① Construction of large-scale water conservancy projects. ② Improvement of farming techniques: Rice seedlings are generally transplanted. ③ Development of tea production: The world's first tea monograph, Tea Classic, appeared in the Tang Dynasty, and its author Lu Yu was called "Cha Sheng" by later generations. Tea drinking began in Sheng Xing in the Tang Dynasty. ④ Improvement of production tools: A new agricultural tool, Qu Yuan Plow, appeared; Create a new irrigation tool-pipe truck.
Handicraft industry: ① Silk weaving industry: there are many varieties of colors and superb technology. (2) Ceramic industry: Yue kiln celadon, Xing kiln white porcelain and Tang Sancai (world craft treasures).
Business prosperity: ① Famous metropolises: Chang 'an, Luoyang, Yangzhou and Chengdu. ② Chang 'an City: The city is divided into Fang and Shi, Fang is a residential area and Shi is a bustling commercial area. Chang 'an, Tang Dou is the center of ethnic exchanges and an international metropolis.
[Edit this paragraph] Advocate culture and education
During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, poetry and prose became the main content of Jinshi. In order to recruit talents, he personally assessed the newly admitted county magistrate in the court examination. Moreover, he was very generous to Confucian scholars and ordered ministers to visit the suicide notes of past dynasties. * * * Found nearly 50,000 books, and the cultural cause of the Tang Dynasty reached its peak.
Literature: The Tang Dynasty was the golden age of China's poetry creation. More than 2,000 poets wrote nearly 50,000 poems.
Representative poet:
(1) Li Bai (in the prosperous Tang Dynasty)-"Poet Immortal" (Baidicheng was initially developed, but it was difficult to travel in the middle of Shu)
② Du Fu (Prosperity-Decline)-"Poetic Sage" and "Poetic History" ("Three Officials" and "Three Farewells")
(3) Bai Juyi (Middle Tang Dynasty)-Qin Zhongyin and New Yuefu, whose poems reflect reality.
Calligraphy: "Yan Liu Jin Gu"
1, Yan Zhenqing: He created a bold and frank new book style called "Yan Style". He is the most accomplished calligrapher in the history of calligraphy in China after Wang Xizhi. His representative works include Yan Family Temple Monument and Duo Pagoda Monument. Yan Zhenqing.
2. Liu Gongquan: Learn from others, be brave in innovation, and become a "Liu style" with beautiful words and strong bones. Represented by the "mysterious tower monument".
draw
1, (Tang Dynasty) Yan: Good at figure painting, represented by Kings of Past Dynasties and Walking Map.
2. (Tang Dynasty) Wu Daozi: "Painting a Sage", which created a precedent of great freehand brushwork in later generations, is his masterpiece "The Heavenly King sends a picture".
treasure house of arts
Representative: Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, Gansu Province (most of them were excavated during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and murals and colored sculptures are one of the largest art treasures in the world).
[Edit this paragraph] Foreign military affairs
Xuanzong adopted Zhang's suggestion and implemented the recruitment system to replace the increasingly abandoned officers and men system. In 722 AD, he personally selected 1.2 million government soldiers and able-bodied men as the guards of the capital, and called them "riding". He also established ten military towns in the border areas to control our time as a measure to rule the alien and consolidate the border.
[Edit this paragraph] Diplomatic aspects
1, At the beginning of the 7th century, the outstanding Tubo (now Tibet) Zambsongzangambu unified the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. He admired the Central Plains civilization and proposed to Tang several times. Emperor Taizong married Princess Wencheng to him. After Princess Wencheng entered Tibet, she brought many advanced technologies and enhanced the friendly relations between China and Tibet. At the beginning of the 8th century, the Tang Dynasty married Princess Jincheng to Tubo Zambo Kridê Zukzain. At this point, Tubo and the Tang Dynasty have been "harmonious as one family".
2. Uighurs are the ancestors of today's Uighurs. In the middle of the 8th century, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty appointed the Uighur leader Guli Pelo as Huairen Khan. Later, Uighur changed its name to "Uighur".
At the end of 3.7 years, the leader of Mohe Department reached Rong Ruo to unify the surrounding ministries and establish political power. At the beginning of the 8th century, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty made Da Zuorong the king of Bohai County and the governor of Bohai Sea. Since then, the late Soviet regime has taken the name of "Bohai Sea". Xiaomi is known as "Haidong Guo Sheng". The institutions that managed the northeast frontier in Tang Dynasty were Bohai Governor's Office and Heishui Governor's Office.
Residents of Zhao are the ancestors of Yi and Bai people today. Pirog, the leader of Nanzhao, unified six imperial edicts, and Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty made him the king of Yunnan.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, China and Japan had close contacts. During the Zhenguan period, many Japanese envoys, overseas students and monks came to study in the Tang Dynasty. After returning to China, the envoys in Tang Dynasty were highly valued. Taking the system of the Tang Dynasty as a model, they carried out political reforms and created Japanese characters with reference to Chinese characters. Up to now, they still retain some customs of the people of the Tang Dynasty in social life. Among the envoys and monks who went to Japan in the Tang Dynasty, Jian Zhen was the most influential one. He sent six missions to Japan to spread the culture of the Tang Dynasty in Japan.
The relationship between Tang and Silla
1, mode: ① sending envoys and a large number of international students to study in the Tang Dynasty; Silla merchants came to China to do business, and Silla products ranked first in the Tang Dynasty.
2. The performance is as follows: imitating the Tang system to establish a political system, adopting the imperial examination system to select officials, and introducing China's scientific and technological achievements in medicine, astronomy and calendar calculation.
The Relationship between Tang Dynasty and Tianzhu —— Xuanzang The Journey to the West
During the Tang Dynasty, China had frequent contacts with Tianzhu, and the most outstanding messenger was the monk Xuanzang. In the early years of Zhenguan, he set off from Chang 'an and went to Tianzhu. After returning to China, he devoted himself to translating Buddhist scriptures and wrote the famous "Datang Western Regions". This book is an important classic for studying the history and Buddhism of Central Asia, Indian Peninsula and Xinjiang.
Thinking: According to what you have learned and combined with the contents of the textbook, talk about the characteristics of foreign exchanges in the Tang Dynasty? What are the factors that make foreign exchanges active in the Tang Dynasty? Today, China is in a period of reform and opening up and rapid economic development. What does the foreign communication in Tang Dynasty give us?
Features: ① Active foreign contacts, and contacts with some countries in Asia, Africa and Europe. (2) The Tang government encouraged businessmen from all over the world to trade in China and allowed them to live in China for a long time. Chang 'an, Luoyang, Guangzhou, Yangzhou and other places have frequent foreign trade activities. (4) The Tang Dynasty enjoyed a high reputation in the world, and all countries called China a "Tang man".
Factors: ① national stability and unity; (2) economic and cultural prosperity; ③ Opening-up policy; (4) Foreign traffic is developed.
Enlightenment: First, we must have a stable political situation and adhere to the policy of opening to the outside world. Second, improve their own quality and strive to develop economy and culture. Third, learn from the broad mind of the Tang Dynasty, while spreading advanced culture, we should be good at absorbing its essence for our use.
Reform the management of officials
Xuanzong adopted Zhang Jiuling's suggestion and formulated the official tone system. Select competent officials from Beijing and transfer them to the Governor's Office to exercise their handling ability and cultivate administrative experience. At the same time, he also selected people who made a difference in the governor's yamen and promoted them to Beijing officials. This internal and external intermodulation has enhanced communication, understanding and trust between the central and local governments. Xuanzong also divided the whole country into fifteen channels, and set up an interview ambassador in each channel to supervise local county officials and inspect their political achievements. In selecting talents, Xuanzong also reformed the imperial examination system, limiting the subjects and the number of scholars, so as to reduce the appearance of redundant officials and improve the overall quality of officials.
Develop economy
Xuanzong was very frugal during this period, stipulating that ministers below the third class and those below the imperial concubine were not allowed to wear gold and jade ornaments, and dismissed maids to save money. He also ordered all parts of the country not to mine pearls and jade to create splendid scenery and change the extravagant style of the harem since Wu Zetian. He also ordered Yuwen Rong to check the national fugitive registered permanent residence and overseas fields, and * * * found out more than 800,000 households, which greatly increased the tax revenue and military sources of the Tang Dynasty. Because of these measures, the finance of the Tang Dynasty became abundant, and the granaries of the whole country were full, making prices very cheap.
Advocate culture and education
In order to recruit talents, Xuanzong personally took an examination of the newly admitted county magistrate in the court examination. Moreover, he was very generous to Confucian scholars and ordered ministers to visit the suicide notes of past dynasties. * * * Found nearly 50,000 books, and the cultural cause of the Tang Dynasty reached its peak.
Foreign military affairs
Xuanzong adopted Zhang's suggestion and implemented the recruitment system to replace the increasingly abandoned officers and men system. In 722 AD, he personally selected 1.2 million government soldiers and able-bodied men as the guards of the capital, and called them "riding". He also established ten military towns in the border areas to control our time as a measure to rule the alien and consolidate the border.
Comparison with the rule of Zhenguan
During the Zhenguan period, everything in the Tang Dynasty was in ruins. Although some achievements have been made, it is still far from "glory". But at that time, the Tang dynasty was in the ascendant, so despite the coup, it was still able to cope. In the Kaiyuan period, after a hundred years of development and accumulation, the Tang Dynasty reached its peak and entered the golden age. But it is on the verge of prosperity and decline, so it has begun to appear decadent. When it comes to chaos, it is powerless to return to heaven, and the result is extinction.
Wu Zetian inherited the policy of Emperor Taizong and continued to push the Tang Dynasty to the peak of prosperity.
With the help of sages, Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty finally developed into the most powerful country in the world.
But,
Emperor Taizong robbed his younger brother of the throne, believed in Taoism, and liked to take Dan medicine, so he died young. Wu Zetian usurped power and killed many of Li's people. Yang Yuhuan was favored by Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, which eventually led to war, from prosperity to decline.
After the reign of Emperor Taizong of Zhenguan, starting from the fundamental interests of the ruling class, taking the Sui Dynasty as a mirror, paying close attention to people's hearts, feelings and public opinions, and closely uniting with the surrounding ministers of civil and military affairs, he successively implemented a series of more enlightened policies: reducing exorbitant taxes and levies, and not excessively enslaving and oppressing farmers; Severely punish corrupt officials and reward meritorious personnel; Attach importance to the selection of scholars in imperial examinations and select ruling talents; Get rid of bad politics and make great efforts to govern; Be good at listening to different opinions, constantly improve the way of governance, and so on. In just a few years, remarkable achievements have been made, and the economy and culture have been well restored and developed, forming a good social atmosphere of "not picking up bones on the road and not closing the door at night". Historians call this historical period "the rule of chastity". A prominent political feature of "Zhenguan rule" is that a capable minister is open-minded, open-minded and willing to persuade. When Emperor Taizong asked for advice, he was sincere and varied. If it is right, praise it; If you are wrong, you are not guilty. For all kinds of complicated opinions from all directions, he clearly distinguishes right from wrong, clearly distinguishes right from wrong, chooses the good one and follows it, making it become the bad one. At ordinary times, Wei Zhi often refutes Tang Taizong's fallacy face to face without weakness. Sometimes this angered Emperor Taizong, making him blush and very embarrassed. But Wei Zhi still argued and continued to persuade until the emperor was persuaded to give up. After Wei Zhi's death, Emperor Taizong was heartbroken and said, "I lost a mirror!" Knowing people's heart, believing in people's virtue, using talents, treating people with courtesy and accepting talents from all over the world constitute another distinctive feature of "the rule of Zhenguan", which is also an important symbol that Emperor Taizong was defined as a wise monarch by later generations. Emperor Taizong resolutely opposed the selection of talents based on interpersonal relationship and blood relationship. He paid attention to selecting many excellent civilian commanders from newcomers, strangers and even hostile camps. Wei Zhi, a well-known politician who is devoted to his duties, was selected from hostile political groups and then reused. The third feature of "Zhenguan rule" is that Emperor Taizong and important members of his ruling clique can generally control expenditures, curb selfish desires, streamline institutions, reduce taxes, oppose extravagance, put an end to bribery, and do everything possible to reduce the burden on the people. Kaiyuan Shi Sheng Kaiyuan (713-741) was the early year of Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. During the Kaiyuan period, the social economy of the Tang Dynasty was prosperous, the politics was clear, the population increased, and the national fiscal revenue was stable. Later generations called this period "the golden age of Kaiyuan". In order to strengthen national strength and increase fiscal revenue, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty first carried out economic reform. First of all, crack down on gentry and compete for land and labor; Second, reform the food stamp system, increase government revenue and reduce people's burden; Thirdly, Xuanzong attacked Buddhist forces and destroyed monks and nuns; Fourth, develop agriculture. In diplomacy, Xuanzong carried out the policy of national reconciliation, improved national relations and further unified the country. At the same time, harmonious ethnic relations in the Kaiyuan period also played a great role in promoting social stability and economic development. Thanks to a series of positive political and economic measures taken by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and the hard work of the broad masses of people, the Tang Dynasty reached an extremely high level in all aspects and its national strength was unprecedented. Social prosperity has promoted a substantial increase in population. During the prosperous period of Kaiyuan, the population of the Tang Dynasty increased to more than 52.9 million. The commerce in the Tang Dynasty was also very developed. The domestic traffic extended in all directions, the cities were more prosperous, and the foreign trade was growing day by day. Persian and big food merchants came in an endless stream. Businessmen from Chang 'an, Luoyang, Guangzhou and other metropolises gathered, and businessmen from different languages came and went in different clothes, which was very lively. China's feudal society reached its heyday. After Wu Zetian was forced to abdicate, the Tang Dynasty entered a short period of chaos: first, Wu Sansi colluded with Queen Wei, and Princess Anle was killed by the "Five Kings" restored by Zhongzong; Then, Prince Li Zhongjun led the body guard to kill Wu Sansi and Wu Chongxun, and Wu Chongxun was also killed by people in Wei Hou. Then, Wei Hou conspired with Princess Anle to poison the middle school emperor Li Xian and make him a puppet. He is in charge of power and listens to politics. Wei Hou resorted to unscrupulous means, and Princess Anle publicly sold her official titles, which led to abnormal corruption. At this moment, 26-year-old Li Longji stepped onto the stage. In the fourth year of Jinglong (AD 7 10), Gengzi Day was held in June. The third son of King Li Dan and his aunt Princess Taiping. Eliminate Wei Wu Group, welcome Prime Minister Li Dan to assist Shaodi, and then make him emperor. In the third year of Jing Yun (AD 7 12), Emperor Li Dan of Zong Rui gave way to Li Longji as Xuanzong. At this time, Princess Taiping has changed from a former alliance to a powerful opponent of Xuanzong. "There are seven prime ministers, and the minister of civil and military affairs is too half attached." In the first year of Kaiyuan in AD, he immediately began to slay the princesses Chang Yuankai, Li Ci, Xiao Zhizhong, Cenxi and Dou Huaizhen, and sentenced Princess Taiping to death at home. During the eight years after Wu abdicated, coups continued and the political situation was turbulent. After Xuanzong smashed Princess Taiping Group, he immediately "told soldiers at the foot of the mountain, recruited 200,000 soldiers and raised the flag for more than 50 miles". After the imperial power was firmly established, Xuanzong began to rectify the Chaogang and appoint talents. Xuanzong is not only very brave and enterprising, but also proficient in the strategy of governing the country, knowing that employing people is the foundation of governing the country, and he is also very good at discovering talents (in his early years). Yao Chong, Lu Huaishen, Song Jing, Su Jian, Zhang and Yuan were six prime ministers carefully selected by Xuanzong in the early years of Kaiyuan. They were all familiar with the strategy of governing the country. & lt； In agriculture, quiet people advise agriculture, including household registration, reclaiming wasteland and increasing the yield per mu. Four supervisors were set up to manage the government handicrafts, and the folk handicrafts also developed rapidly. Commercial prosperity, the emergence of financial institutions, the development of common market and overseas trade. It is precisely because of the unity of monarch and minister in the early years of Kaiyuan that the national economy prospered rapidly, which ushered in the "recalling the heyday of Kaiyuan, there were still thousands of households in a small town. The rice is full of fat millet, regardless of public and private. "