(1) The era style of the work. Each painting and calligraphy work has its own unique era style, which is closely related to the politics, economy, life customs and material conditions of the era in which it is located. For example, At the beginning, landscape painting did not pay attention to proportion. "People are greater than mountains, and water cannot tolerate them" is a characteristic of its times. Therefore, early landscape paintings mostly captured the whole shape. However, when later painters knew that nature could be abbreviated in the frame as long as they were proportioned, the framing began to develop in parts. The same goes for calligraphy. From a literary perspective, whether it is poetry or prose, the use of vocabulary, the narration of deeds, the expression of thoughts and feelings, etc., we can all see its era style. In addition, the format of calligraphy and painting and calligraphy and painting pieces are also helpful in identifying calligraphy and painting. (2) The artist's personal style Personal style is usually much more specific than the style of the times. The artist's thoughts, personality, aesthetics, habits and even the tools he uses have their own characteristics. The brushstrokes, lines, composition, and facial features of the characters all reflect the author's personal style. Especially when identifying modern and contemporary works, since they are from similar eras, personal style is particularly important. "Memorize 180 painters by heart and 98 calligraphers by heart" means to understand the history and culture, and memorize the names, calligraphy, numbers, and aliases of famous calligraphers and painters of the past dynasties, as well as their experiences and the characteristics of their calligraphy and paintings. reason. (3) Auxiliary tools