The so-called "Red Book Iron Certificate" refers to the privilege certificate awarded by ancient emperors to meritorious and important officials. It is also called the "Red Book Iron Pact", which is the "death-free card" and "death-free gold medal" in folk narratives. The "Red Book Iron Coupon" reward system originated from Liu Bang, the emperor of the Han Dynasty.
The Danshu Iron Spoon Group is commonly known as the "Danshu Iron Cavalry", also known as Jinshu Iron Fist, Golden Fist, Silver Fist and Shi Quan. Also known as the "Iron Fist" in this province. Alchemy: written in cinnabar; irrefutable document. In ancient times, emperors issued certificates of preferential treatment or exemption to those who made outstanding contributions. The diploma is written on Dan's iron plate, hence the name. In order to gain trust and prevent forgery, the iron roller was cut open, and the court and the governor each kept half.
Ethnicity
According to research, after Han Emperor Liu Bang seized power, Yuan Xun was awarded the "Red Book Iron Coupon" as a reward in order to consolidate his rule and defeat the heroes. After Liu Bang established the Han Dynasty, "Xiao He was appointed, Han Xin was appointed, Zhang Cang was appointed, and Sun Shu was appointed. They swore an oath on the heroic outline, and the alchemy book, iron deed, golden palace, and stone chamber were hidden in the ancestral hall." 'Fu' is often called 'Qi', which is a certificate of honor among emperors, heroes and ministers. "Carrying books, iron cavalry, golden chambers, and stone chambers" means writing edicts and oaths of emperors, heroes, and ministers on the "iron fist" with red sand, and then placing them in the golden chamber and hiding them in the stone ancestral hall to show solemnity and ensure that the "iron fist" safety. However, the earliest "iron bonds" did not provide immunity from crime and death. It is only used as a certificate for promotion to Grand Duke. Many heroes and their descendants who were awarded iron bonds were convicted and even executed.
During the Northern Wei Dynasty, Emperor Xiaowen often issued iron coupons to his family relatives and trusted ministers. Even the ministers begged the emperor for iron coupons to protect themselves. Since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the issuance of "iron coupons" has become a regular system. All founding fathers, heroes of the Chinese Renaissance, and ethnic minority leaders were presented with "iron coupons." Even some officials and eunuchs received "iron coupons". In addition, since the Sui Dynasty, the red sand inscriptions on the "iron coupons" have gradually been changed to gold, so later generations also called them "golden iron coupons". In the fourth year of Gan Ning's reign, Qian Liu, the most famous "Qian Liu Tie Guan" in the Tang Dynasty, was given to Yue. It is still in the National Museum of China.
"Dan Shu Tie Guan" has the right to avoid death, no later than the Northern and Southern Dynasties. In the early days, the number of times iron coupons could avoid death was mostly less than three times. From the Northern Wei Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, people avoided death more and more often. In the late Tang Dynasty, descendants of iron coupon recipients could even use it to avoid one or three deaths.
In the late Song Dynasty and Zhou Dynasty, he "added a yellow robe" and seized the throne from the Chai family. In order to appease people's hearts, he gave Chai's descendants an "iron coupon" from the Little Red Book. Even if Chai's descendants commit crimes, they will not be punished. The "little whirlwind" described in Chai Jin's "Water Margin" and the famous novel "Dan Shu Iron Fist" does have its historical basis.
In the Ming Dynasty, the iron coupon system was further improved. Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang legally stipulated that recipients of the "Red Book Iron Coupon" reward were limited to military service and were awarded honorary ministers of "Gong, Hou, and Shu". In the Ming Dynasty, gold, calligraphy, and iron certificates were divided into seven grades, among which dukes were divided into the first grade, marquises were divided into the second grade, and earls were divided into the third grade. The iron pieces come in different sizes. The largest Duke's first-class iron coupon is one foot high and one foot six inches wide. Other equivalent iron sheets are generally reduced by 5 points in height and width. The youngest Earl's second-class iron ticket is 7 inches high and 1.2 inches wide and lasts 5 minutes. All coupons are issued in duplicate, one is given to the recipient and the other is hidden in the internal office. When it is time to check, put them together to determine the authenticity.
In the third year of Wu Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang was a great hero. 34 people including Li Shanchang, Xu Da, Li Wenzhong
Compared with the iron coupons of the Tang Dynasty, the gold calligraphy paper and iron coupon paper of the Ming Dynasty have undergone obvious changes. One is not to repent for treason, but to repent for other capital crimes. Second, the number of deaths is relatively small, resulting in the inevitable death of descendants.
The Qing Dynasty abolished the "Alchemy Book and Iron Fist" system.
Shape evolution
It started with Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty and was inherited by later generations. It was originally named after the iron plate for alchemy. Just a seal and certificate of honor issued to the lieutenant.
After the Southern and Northern Dynasties, it began to have the function of exempting from guilt and death. Wei also secretly gave gifts to those who wanted to join the army to ensure their privileges after joining the army. They heard stories from all over the world.
This system had clear regulations in the Tang Dynasty. The shapes varied throughout the ages, and later generations basically imitated the system of the Tang Dynasty.
The iron coupons of the Jin Dynasty are shaped like rolling tiles, engraved with text, and plated with gold. They are all gold, half for meritorious service, half for the inner palace, and half for royal treasures.
In 1369, Hongwu of the Ming Dynasty awarded him the honor. Because of the system of the Tang Dynasty, there were also some gains and losses. This number is as big as a tile, divided into seven levels. The second class is one foot high and one foot six inches wide; the first is nine inches high and one foot six inches wide. Hou, third class, is nine inches high and one foot five and a half inches wide; one is eight and a half inches high and one foot and a half wide. Eight inches high and one foot four and a half inches wide. "The second class is seven inches tall and five inches wide, one foot three inches wide; one is six inches tall and one foot two inches wide. On the other hand, I have given the record of meritorious service and the number of donations. Another On the one hand, I exempted them from punishment and reduced their wages. The fourth title is to establish the world with Mao, saying that by the way, sincerity; since Chengzu raised troops, Yue Fengtian has pushed Jingnan; the rest is for Fengtianyi. Yunhe Fengtian Yiwei promoted integrity. Chen Wu was called Li Xuan Chen Wu, and Chen Wen was called the Minister of Foreign Affairs. These words were inlaid with gold, and 97 representatives were awarded the Tibetan government's merits and powers from left to right. If there is a problem, they will close the door to gain trust. In the past three years, 6 people have received iron coupons and 28 people have obtained Hou. In the past twenty-five years, the iron coupons have been reformed and given to the public and the public. Some donors contributed to this disaster.
System Traceability
The Red Book Iron Coupon is a reward and contract certificate issued by the feudal emperor. It is slightly different from the modern popular medals but has a wider connotation. However, in terms of origin, function and nature, iron coupons are the prototype of medals.
The form of the iron coupon system can be traced back to the Warring States Period. The word "iron certificate" comes from the historical books "Han Shu Gaodi Ji" and "Ji Zun Zhuan", which are called "Dan Shu Accounting Voucher". There is a saying in Cheng Dachang's "Fan Yan Lu". The coupons are as strong as cylindrical tiles and have iron-gold characters. The two coupons are combined into one. The coupon on the left is given to the recipient for preservation. In special circumstances, the authenticity of the two coupons is checked together. To prevent forgery. However, judging from the earliest existing iron coupons, the sharing system of iron coupons changed in the late Tang Dynasty, and the cylindrical tile shape became like a tile and was no longer shared.
According to historical records, as early as the Western Han Dynasty, in order to consolidate his rule, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty rewarded people with red books and iron certificates.
From the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty issued iron coupons to the clan and trusted ministers in the Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen dynasties. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the issuance of iron coupons became more common. A conventional system.
The words on the iron coupons were written on red sand in the Han Dynasty, which was the "Red Treasure Book Iron Covenant"; the words written in Liangyin script were the "silver coupons"; in the Sui Dynasty , gold is used to write, also known as "gold coupons", so later generations called iron coupons "gold book iron coupons" because iron coupons can be passed down from generation to generation, so they are also called "world coupons". p>
The earliest extant iron coupon belongs to Qian Miao, King of Wuyue in the Five Dynasties, and has a history of more than a thousand years. According to reports, this iron coupon was given to Qian Miao by Emperor Zhaozong of the Tang Dynasty in 896 AD in recognition of Qian Miao, King of Wuyue. The achievement of conquering Chang Dong. Cast iron, shaped like a ceramic tile, 29.8cm long, 52cm wide, 2.41cm thick, 132cm heavy, 2350 gold characters, 25 lines, 14 characters per line. The whole text is written in regular script, with most of the cash characters stripped off. The main content of the voucher is to record the recipient's contribution to the conquest of Changdong. Because of his contribution to the court, it was the emperor's reward and symbol to his subordinates, that is, "the Qing Dynasty was spared nine deaths, and its descendants were spared three deaths."
Since then, no matter how the form and content of ancient Chinese iron certificates have evolved, their purpose has never exceeded the scope of "expressing morality and leading the world through customs", which is consistent with the meaning of modern medals.
Contents of iron coupons
The engraving content of iron coupons generally includes four aspects: first, the date of the coupon, the name, official title, and residence of the recipient; second, the address to the recipient. The court records the merits and demerits of the recipient; 3. The emperor is granted privileges, such as immunity from death. Four. The Emperor's Oath. According to relevant Korean laws, heroes, ministers and their descendants who hold iron coupons can enjoy various privileges granted by the emperor.
The text on the iron coupon was written with red sand in the Han Dynasty, and is called the "Red Treasure Book Iron Coupon" or "Red Treasure Book Iron Coupon".
After the Tang Dynasty, the iron scrolls were not the Red Book, but inlaid with gold. It is recorded that the Tang Dynasty gave Qian Liu to Yue, an iron rod shaped like a tile, more than three feet high and three feet wide. This scroll is inlaid with gold. Includes oaths of title, official position, achievements, etc.
It is also engraved with "The minister pardons the death of nine people and the death of three descendants, otherwise the company will not bear the responsibility for the same crime."
The iron scrolls of the Ming Dynasty were made according to the system of the Tang Dynasty. But "the so-called exemption from death means exemption from all death sentences except for treason and rebellion." But it is not allowed to continue the post-war confinement, post-war confinement, post-war confinement, post-war confinement, post-war confinement, post-war confinement.
Iron sheet shape
Iron sheet is a tubular iron product. The words on the iron coupons were originally written with red sand, and were collectively referred to as the "Red Book Iron Deed", that is, the iron is the deed, the red book is the deed, the gold is the house, and the stone is the house. Characters written in Liangyin characters are "silver coupons"; characters written in gold in the Sui Dynasty are also called "gold coupons" and "gold books". Therefore, later generations called the iron certificate "Golden Book Iron Certificate". Because the "iron certificate" could be passed down from generation to generation, it was also called "World Certificate".
Iron coupons may not have the effect of avoiding death, but they are usually only awarded to government officials and local governments. : "The Red Book and the Iron Coupon are passed on to infinity."