1. Mastering some simple function words is conducive to understanding the article, such as the usage of "Zhi, Qi and Yu". Content words can be classified and accumulated from the usage of polysemy, ancient and modern synonyms, and interchangeable words.
In class, pay attention to accumulate classical Chinese vocabulary according to the notes in the book, learn associative memory, and put the meanings of the same real word together in different articles, because polysemy is the most common language phenomenon in classical Chinese. At the same time, we should develop the habit of solving problems and remind ourselves to contact the learned texts first.
2. Special sentence patterns in classical Chinese generally refer to some special sentence patterns in classical Chinese that are different from the expression habits of modern Chinese. There are mainly: judgment sentences, passive sentences, ellipsis sentences and inversion sentences.
We should translate sentences according to the characteristics of sentence patterns, such as ellipsis, which should be supplemented according to the context of the article; When judging sentences, we should translate the word "yes" according to the characteristics of sentence patterns; When translating inverted sentences, we should pay attention to adjusting the word order. Moreover, it is best to translate the words of classical Chinese sentences into modern Chinese one by one by literal translation, and then adjust the sentences according to the grammatical structure and habits of classical Chinese sentences and modern Chinese.
For example, the translation of the sentence "the wall is high and the ditch is deep." As long as the principle of literal translation is carefully grasped, it can be easily solved-"the city wall is very high and the moat is very deep, saving a lot of food and property."
Another example is: translating the sentence "I listen to my husband's wishes, but my imagination is still in my heart". When you listen to the piano, you think the same as when I play the piano.
3. Appreciation of the article. In concrete analysis, we should pay attention to understanding the truth contained in the article, learn to extract important information from the article, and grasp the author's basic views and emotional tendencies.
For example: "From the text, what is the important reason why Wang Xizhi can become a generation of book saints?" You can filter out the problem-solving information directly from the article. "If it can, it will be self-motivated, it is not born." It can also be summarized as "Wang Xizhi's calligraphy attainments are not born, but matured through diligent study and hard practice."
Another example is: "Why are the opinions of the emissary and Ningguo diametrically opposed to attacking Chen?" First of all, the information is extracted from the article: "The battlements are high and the ditches are deep" and "The collection is heavy, but there are many complaints." On this basis, we can combine the requirements of the two chapters of Mencius, which can be summarized as follows: the two people look at the problem from different angles, the emissary values "geographical location" and Ningguo values "harmony between people".
Another example is: "From which sentence in the text can we see that the hippo chef is Boya's' confidant'?" Talk about your understanding of' confidant' in context. " The first question is the sentence in the original text, and the second question is the openness of combining with real life, as long as it can be said that "the heart is in harmony with the soul".
First, strengthen the reading and accumulation of ancient poetry, and improve the literacy of ancient poetry. This is not a one-time event. It is necessary to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of candidates and read more and accumulate more. Teachers can use three to five minutes before class to check reading, which can be in the form of back-to-back, back-to-back, and dictation, or they can talk about the artistic conception of poetry, talk about the experience of reading poetry, rewrite poetry and improve the experience of ancient poetry. Clarify the development process of poetry with the help of teaching materials.
The development of China's poetry can be traced back to the pre-Qin period. The source of realistic poetry, represented by The Book of Songs, and the source of romantic poetry, represented by Li Sao, developed to Yuefu and Jian 'an literature in the Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and reached the peak of poetry and song in the Tang Dynasty, with outstanding poets such as Li Bai, Du Fu and Bai Juyi appearing. Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties inherited the achievements of poetry development, and a large number of poets appeared: Su Shi, Xin Qiji and Gong Zizhen. In Song Dynasty, Ci became the mainstream of poetry, and there appeared two influential schools: bold and graceful. Sanqu appeared in the Yuan Dynasty. In the development of poetry, there are many schools, and the artistic styles of these schools of poets are close, and the representative schools are: Jian 'an Seven Scholars, Landscape Pastoral School, Frontier Poetry School, Dali Ten Talents, Bold School, Graceful School, Jiangxi Poetry School, Siling School and so on.
Master some basic knowledge of ancient poetry. Poetry can be divided into ancient and modern styles. Classical poetry is generally free in the use of words, rhyme and antithesis, with four words, five words, seven words and miscellaneous words.
Modern poetry has strict restrictions on the number of words, rhyme and antithesis, with five words and seven words in form. According to the number of lines, eight sentences are metrical poems and four sentences are quatrains. Rhyme consists of first couplet, couplet, neck couplet and tail couplet. Modern poetry also has strict requirements for rhyme.
Words have epigrams. According to the number of words, it can be divided into poetry, middle tune and long tune. Sanqu includes Xiao Ling and several sets. Each song has Gongdiao and Qupai, and different Qupai has different words and rhymes.
Understand common artistic techniques and memorize common appreciation words. Ancient poetry has accumulated rich artistic expression techniques and skills, and teachers should guide candidates to store them.
For example, lyric techniques include borrowing scenery to express emotion, touching scenery to express emotion, and chanting things directly; As well as expressing ambition by holding objects, combining reality with reality, rendering, setting off, time-space transformation, associative imagination, allusions, rhetoric and so on. Ancient poetry has the characteristics of cohesion and integration in structure, and the third sentence of quatrains often has a turning point and so on.
Ancient poems are voluminous and profound, and it is really difficult to appreciate them accurately and quickly, but we can still understand and master some contents often written by ancient poets. Such as nostalgia, injury, nostalgia, chanting, worry, climbing and so on.
In terms of language style, it should not only be vivid, vivid, fresh and natural, but also be meaningful, vigorous and elegant, subtle and beautiful. You can also remember some commonly used words, such as leaving sorrow, wandering, homesickness, sentimental landscape, seclusion, leisure, noble feelings, hard-to-pay ambition, no way to serve the country, gloomy and sad, meritorious service to the country, clear and broad, natural and relaxed, bold and graceful, novel and bleak, deep artistic conception and so on.
These words, which are often used to appreciate ancient poetry, should be used properly in the appreciation text. At the same time, we should also consolidate our knowledge of reading classical Chinese. Without a certain basic knowledge of classical Chinese, you cannot appreciate reading.
For example, Li Shangyin's Jia Sheng.
2. Reading Classical Chinese (Composition) Since the fifth grade, I have tried to read classical Chinese. Like the original paragraphs in Peach Blossom Spring, Yueyang Tower and Wen Xin Diao Long, I can memorize some paragraphs in Tao Te Ching, but I can't remember some ancient poems and songs after reading them. Reading ancient Chinese is like writing in brush. Reading and writing can get me carried away, and I am totally immersed in happiness.
Classical poetry is the essence of the Chinese nation and a cultural treasure that embodies the countless wisdom of ancient sages in China. Reading ancient prose and poetry has benefited me a lot. Like the poet Li Bai, his poems are bold and vigorous. After reading Du Fu's "Although the country is broken, the mountains and rivers will last forever, and the vegetation will recover in spring", people can't help but think, alas, a letter from home is worth a thousand pounds. Confucius said, "It's okay to keep pace with the times", "You can make the past serve the present, so you can be a teacher", and "In a threesome, you must learn from me, choose the good and follow it, and change it if you are not good". These words make me appreciate life, feel life, perfect my personality, learn how to be an upright person and fully enjoy the fullness and happiness of life.
How many good articles have been left in the 5,000-year history of the Chinese nation. The story of Yueyang Tower is an ancient and modern article. Many people are still catchy when they grow up, which is a swan song. When writing "Yueyang Tower", people will feel sad when dark clouds are gathering and drizzling. When the spring is bright and the flowers are overflowing, people will become happy and excited and indulge in the scenery. It's wonderful! The author also warns people to have the feeling of worrying about the world first, not to forget the country and to be patriotic at all times. Whenever I recite, my heart is intoxicated, intoxicated.
Another gain from reading ancient Chinese is that you often turn to the dictionary and count strokes. I really realize that dictionaries are the best teachers. Only by reading ancient prose, reciting poems and looking up dictionaries can we learn more words, and then we know that many words are wrong, many are polyphonic words, and many words have other meanings. I know that the dictionary covers the rich knowledge of astronomy, geography and history of the Chinese nation. Look it up in the dictionary and let me use it all my life.
By studying ancient Chinese, I gradually learned some methods. As the saying goes, "Reading a book a hundred times reveals its meaning". Reading more books, especially reciting them repeatedly, is a magic weapon to learn classical Chinese well. Learning ancient Chinese should be rhythmic, fast and slow, with a sense of rhythm. Tone, stiff eyes, feelings, momentum and the meaning contained in the text can not be understood at once, but gradually realized, understood and perceived through repeated reading. So I summed it up, learning ancient Chinese should master the basic knowledge structure, understand the correct meaning of ancient Chinese, read more and be familiar with it.
Reading ancient poems and songs is like walking on a tree-lined path, and the beautiful scenery on your face makes you dazzled. Once upon a time, I sat at my desk alone, holding a book of ancient poems, and integrated myself into the poems of Tang and Song Dynasties thousands of years ago, watching the flowers bloom and fall. Once upon a time, I let my thoughts fly to the junction of water and sky in the south of the Yangtze River, listening to the fishing boat singing late and wondering whether the midnight bell is welcoming the passenger ship; Once upon a time, I also thought, read more books, learn some real skills, go out with a smile and sing whether our generation is Artemisia.
Learning ancient poetry is my best spiritual enjoyment, just like tasting tea, the more you drink, the more fragrant it becomes. Let's write a few ink lyrics and songs together and draw a poem. The ancient prose is really beautiful!
3. Classical Chinese reading composition spectrum translation is commonly used in classical Chinese reading comprehension for reference: 1. Wu Shuqing said: "When an article is written, it is unique without modification. This ingenious article must be carefully thought out and improved. If the article is finalized, it will be checked from beginning to end. If there is something wrong, it must be erased; If the machine is not round, it should be finished to make it round; If the blood is not coherent, it must be one; When syllables have no leaves, they must be adjusted: with such careful consideration, natural defects are rare. If you scribble for a while, you will be a spot on the white jade. " Wu Shuqing said: "When writing an article, if the draft is not retouched, it will be a stroke of genius. Secondly, you must think carefully and revise it carefully. If the drafting and creation of the article have been decided, it is necessary to check the circle from beginning to end. If there is something wrong with the style, you must straighten it and make it smooth. Where the structure is imperfect, it should be tempered repeatedly to make it perfect; Where the context is inconsistent, we should accommodate it to make it coherent; The syllables are not harmonious, so we should adjust them to make them harmonious. With such careful scrutiny, there are few natural shortcomings. If you are impetuous for a while, you will only try your best to make small achievements casually. The flaws (in the article) will not cover up, and eventually the spots on the jade will remain. " Note: Wu Shuqing: Although the second ancient people are famous, if you do more articles, you will know the defects, waiting for no one to criticize you, but that's when you do it. Otherwise, put it aside. Once we look at it again a few months later, we will clearly know ugliness and it will be easy to change it, but only if we change it from time to time. Although the ancients said: if you have done too many articles, you can know your own shortcomings without waiting for others to criticize you. But when he just finished writing, you couldn't find them yourself, only a few months later. If he could find them, how could he? If this is not the case, it is better to put it aside and wait until a few months later (this article). It will be much easier to modify it if you watch it. Only in this way can it be correct and appropriate. At the age of three, Sun Xin, an old man who knew Ouyang Wenzhong, asked him in words. As the saying goes, "there is no other skill, just study hard and do more, and work by yourself;" The world suffers from writing less and is lazy to read. When every article comes out, it is to plead for others. If it is really so rare, you don't have to blame others for the shortcomings, but you can look at it more. " In recent years, Sun Xin met Ouyang Xiu and took the opportunity to ask him how to write a good article. Ouyang Xiu replied: "There is no other way but to study hard and write more, and you will naturally write well;" The disadvantage of this world is that they write too little to read. If they write an article, they just want to surpass others. Therefore, they seldom achieve their goals. The shortcomings of the article need not be pointed out by others. As long as they write more, they can find the result.
4. How to learn how to write classical Chinese well is a simple and elegant written language formed on the basis of ancient spoken language. It has been used for a long time in the history of China, and articles written in classical Chinese are called classical Chinese. The vast majority of ancient cultural classics in China are written in classical Chinese.
To learn certain classical Chinese and cultivate the ability to read simple classical Chinese independently is to critically inherit the rich cultural heritage of the motherland and serve today's socialist civilization construction, which is a necessary condition for developing a new national culture and improving national self-esteem and self-confidence; At the same time, it is also to understand the relationship between the inheritance and development of ancient Chinese and modern Chinese, learn from the living things in ancient languages, and learn from the valuable experience of ancient people in choosing words and making sentences, so as to better master modern Chinese, enrich modern Chinese, and accurately and skillfully use the language and characters as a tool to serve the "four modernizations".
So, how to learn classical Chinese, or what are the effective ways to learn classical Chinese?
Generally speaking, to meet the requirements of the syllabus, the following conditions must be met: (1) reciting a certain number of excellent classical Chinese paragraphs or chapters; (2) Master a certain number of notional words and commonly used function words in classical Chinese, and be familiar with special sentence patterns in classical Chinese; (3) Understand the reading methods of classical Chinese and some characteristics of writing; (4) Understand some ancient cultural knowledge and ancient stylistic knowledge. To meet the above conditions, we must do three things in our study.
(1) accumulation. Each exercise in classical Chinese preliminarily summarizes some linguistic phenomena in classical Chinese, among which the practice of polysemy of notional words in classical Chinese is the key. This reflects the requirement of accumulating content words in a planned way, and the number of each article varies. At least 50 content words should be accumulated at the end of a semester to master their main meaning and usage. There are also specific requirements for classical Chinese sentences and special sentences, which should be mastered. Students must do these exercises carefully. You can also sort out the words, phrases, languages and sentences you have learned and copy them on cards or notebooks so that you can review them at any time and become a part of your own language warehouse. In this way, three years of high school, reading classical Chinese also has a certain foundation. To sort out words (including real words and function words), we must first learn to choose. There are many commonly used words in classical Chinese, which have great changes in meaning and complicated usage, and should be the focus of sorting out. As for those words whose meanings have not changed much or are unfamiliar in ancient times, there is no need to make great efforts to sort them out. It is best to attach examples when sorting out, and add notes or explanations when necessary to deepen your memory. Sort out special sentence patterns, which can be classified (such as judgmental sentences, passive sentences, ellipsis sentences, etc. ) and compare them by list. After sorting it out, attach examples and list them, and it will be clear at a glance when you encounter similar situations in the future.
(2) reading. Reading aloud is the basic skill of learning classical Chinese. Only through repeated reading can we gain a relatively solid and rich perceptual knowledge. There will also be an article on reading essentials.
(3) understanding. Comprehension is to analyze, identify, compare and even guess yourself. Senior high school students can understand a simple classical Chinese with annotations, which is basically understandable, which has a basis for understanding; If you are not sure about something at the moment, you might as well assume an explanation according to the context, and then consult a reference book or ask a teacher for advice. This method is called "opposing the will with your own thoughts" or "understanding with your own thoughts" ("meeting" means understanding and meeting). Learning classical Chinese should focus on understanding. After forming the habit of understanding, even if you encounter some difficult words and sentences, it is not difficult to solve them as long as you spend a little effort to look them up. The key to understanding is to master the usage of a large number of notional words and some commonly used function words, and to be good at using the context to deduce its meaning in this sentence from the original meaning or common meaning of the word. Understanding can't be done at once, but there must be new content every time. It is necessary to correct the incorrect elements in the previous understanding and go further on the basis of the original correct understanding: from dredging the meaning of the text and combing the hierarchical context of the article until you accurately grasp the main idea of the full text and are good at understanding the author's ingenuity.
The above three methods are complementary and interrelated. They are not only the unity of perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge, but also the unity of memory and understanding. Their unity lies in: understanding and accumulation contribute to familiarity with reading, which in turn promotes understanding and accumulation. Learning classical Chinese in this way will definitely improve the reading ability of classical Chinese.
5. About how to learn 500-word composition in classical Chinese 1. Pay attention to accumulation and lay a good foundation for the new curriculum standard. It is pointed out that Chinese course should "guide students to understand and use Chinese correctly, enrich language accumulation, cultivate language sense and develop thinking".
Life is the source of Chinese learning. The training of "100 new words" makes language accumulation, language sense cultivation and thinking development directly come from life. Ask students to record the news that happened around them that day, or what they heard, read and saw that day, with a length of about 100 words, so as to make the language concise and smooth. There is an essential difference between keeping a diary and writing something new with hundreds of words. We don't want to be long, we don't want much, we just want perfection, and we put more energy into "how to write".
Reading is a special kind of life. Newspaper clipping training requires students to newspaper clipping every day, starting from the theme, content and emotion of the article, or starting from the writing method of the article, adding comments, experiences and associations to the article. This kind of training not only broadens students' reading range and increases reading quantity, but also provides favorable conditions and broad space for students to choose reading materials and write independently, and implements the reading habit of "no pen and ink, no reading".
There is an essential difference between newspaper clippings and post-reading. The latter focuses on "feeling", while newspaper clippings attach importance to students' evaluation ability, which is not only manifested in the "feeling" of writing content, but also in the "evaluation" of writing content, process and method, so as to appreciate the success of the article and establish their own composition standards. The two courses are carried out alternately, which allows students to absorb nutrition directly or indirectly from life and also solves the problem of "what to write".
The author thinks that composition training should go through three stages: mastering composition characteristics-mastering writing methods-improving composition ability through continuous practice. Therefore, in the composition training sequence of "news reading guide" (news writing training-imagination training-language optimization training-investigation composition training), "news writing training" focuses on letting students master composition characteristics and writing methods, while imagination and thinking should focus on composition.
With a simple and standardized structure (generally an inverted pyramid) and easy-to-master news (news) writing training, News Guide helps students quickly break into the kingdom of composition, firmly grasp the truth and novelty of composition content and emotion, and make the language concise and refined, which has since become a habit. Strict requirements for authenticity in news writing can standardize students to write true feelings with typical examples; Strict requirements for news value can standardize students' writing new ideas and cultivate innovative spirit; Accurate, concise and vivid news writing language requirements provide training opportunities for changing students' flashy "student accent"; Observing and thinking about the process of news writing to make news real and vivid is very helpful to cultivate students' interest and motivation in writing; Prose-style communication and complementary literary works have also found a new world for middle school students to learn literary language.
Language is accumulated by students in a subtle way, and others, including teachers, can't help, so the training of imagination and thinking ability has become the most effective composition teaching content, and the optimization of training language will be carried out after students have accumulated a certain amount of language. Guo Moruo once said: "Seek the method from the impossible, and seek the method after the law." Compared with the ordinary rapid composition method, the composition training sequence of "news leading the way" seeks the breadth and depth of thinking and the accuracy of language through the training of imagination, thinking and language optimization, and quickly dissolves the standard mode of news without causing the consequences of patterning.
Third, give tools four-step writing The author believes that writing is a dual transformation process of "divergent thinking-convergent thinking-linear thinking". That is, starting from the writing goal, giving full play to the ability of observation and feeling, and connecting all kinds of knowledge and things from life and mind is "divergent thinking"; Selecting materials, refining ideas, conceiving and planning articles is a process of "gathering thoughts" by constantly sorting out existing materials and viewpoints; The "linear" feature of language (different words and phrases can't be expressed at the same time) is reflected when things in the author's mind become words.
Based on this, the author designed the thinking composition method of 4X building blocks. Its basic steps are: item)-mystery)-thank you)-repair.
This method is in line with the new curriculum standard that "we should grasp the links of material selection, conception, drafting and processing, so that students can learn to write in writing practice". Brain map is a brand-new thinking method developed by Dr. tony bazan in England. Its main point is to write the subject words in the center; Write down any relevant arguments, branch from the central point, branch from different categories, and continue to connect.
4X building block thinking composition method, using brain map as composition tool to help students think. Step "thinking" is essentially divergent thinking. By expanding the clues of association guidance, enriching the content, connecting familiar life and knowledge fields with one thing as the trigger point, guiding students to associate things in three ways: similar association, comparative association and close association, so as to enrich the content of the article comprehensively. Guide students to combine divergent thinking with continuous thinking to make the article profound.
The step of "selecting" to improve the brain map is essentially "gathering thinking", which requires students to consider whether to write or not, whether to write or skim, and whether to write first and then divide the content according to the principle of "meeting the requirements of the topic, being correct or reasonable, being novel and unique, and being conducive to giving full play to their advantages". Modern brain science research shows that the left hemisphere is responsible for processing linear information, while the right hemisphere is responsible for processing visual, structural and hierarchical information. The introduction of brain map avoids the linear shortcomings of the traditional composition outline, and makes the process of composition selection, conception and conception diverge or converge, which is more in line with personal thinking habits, and is conducive to mobilizing the coordination between the two hemispheres and improving writing efficiency.
The step of "writing" is a "linear" expression of language, which emphasizes one go. The step of "revision" teaches students how to revise, emphasizes reading the composition, and lets students follow the words with the help of language sense and common sense of grammar and rhetoric.
Fourth, there is still a large-scale composition teaching mode (guidance → writing → marking → commenting) that "practice first, then guide the goal, then guide the study". Students lose their dominant position, and teachers' guidance replaces students' thinking. The "News Leading" series composition training system adopts the teaching mode of "practice before guidance", but omits the link of "leading before doing".