Introduction
Zhang Fei (167?-221), whose courtesy name was Yide (the Chinese character Yide in "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms"), was a native of Zhuo County, Zhuo County (now Zhuozhou, Hebei Province). He was about It is 1.78 meters today. An important general of the Shu Han Dynasty during the Three Kingdoms period, he was the third son of Taoyuan in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Born in 166 AD, he was assassinated by generals Fan Jiang and Zhang Da in 221 AD.
Zhang Fei, Liu Bei's adopted brother, is the second among the Five Tiger Generals. When he was young, he made an affair with Guan Yu and Liu Bei. He once fought with Guan Yu and Liu Bei against Lu Bu at Hulao Pass. A roar on the Changbanpo Bridge scared off Cao Cao's five thousand elite cavalry. They entered Sichuan to express Yan Yan's wishes and divided them into prefectures and counties. He led more than ten thousand elite troops and defeated Zhang He's army. Liu Bei was proclaimed queen, right general, and emperor. , worshiped as a general of chariots and cavalry, and was granted the title of Marquis of Xixiang. In 221 AD, in order to avenge Guan Yu, he and Liu Bei launched an army to attack Soochow. Before leaving, he was assassinated by his generals Fan Jiang and Zhang Da. He was only fifty-five years old when he died. There is a poem in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms that sighs:
An Xi once heard that the governor was whipped, and the yellow scarf swept away all Zu Yan and Liu.
The sound of Hulao closing was first heard, and water flowed backwards beside Changban Bridge.
The righteous interpretation of Yan Yan is the Shu realm, and the wisdom deceives Zhang Fei to settle in Zhongzhou.
He died before he conquered Wu, and the autumn grass grew, leaving the land full of sorrow.
The three sworn brothers in Taoyuan
It is said that during the Three Kingdoms period, Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei became sworn brothers in Taoyuan. Chapter 1 of "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms": "Fei said: 'There is a peach garden behind my village, and the flowers are in full bloom. Tomorrow I will offer sacrifices to heaven and earth in the garden. The three of us will become brothers and work together to achieve great things.' De and Yun Chang responded in unison: "That's very good." The next day, in the peach garden, they prepared the black ox and white horse sacrifice and other items. The three of them burned incense and bowed before saying an oath: "I remember Liu Bei, Guan Yu, and Zhang Fei. Although they have different surnames, they will work together to rescue the poor and help the people in danger. They do not want to be born in the same year, the same month and the same day, but only want to die in the same year, the same month and the same day. This is a true example of betrayal and ungratefulness. , God and man kill each other! "After the oath, I worship Xuande as my brother, Guan Yu as my brother, and Zhang Fei as my brother." This is an allusion to the sworn brothers and the conspirators.
Life
In 184, during the Yellow Turban Uprising, Liu Bei organized a volunteer army in Zhuoxian County to participate in the war to exterminate the Yellow Turban Army. Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were among them. The three of them were like brothers. When Liu Bei sat down, the two of them would always go out of their way to guard him. Sometimes they would stand there for most of the day. After Liu Bei held many official positions, he defected to his former classmate Gongsun Zan. Liu Bei was named Prime Minister of Pingyuan. At that time, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were appointed as commanders of other departments, and they were in charge of different departments.
In June 197, Cao Cao defeated Lu Bu and was appointed Zhonglang General. Later, Liu Bei relied on Yuan Shao and Liu Biao, and finally stationed troops in Xinye. A few years later, Liu Biao died and Cao Cao went south. Liu Bei abandoned his new homeland and fled south by land. Cao Cao sent five thousand elite cavalry to pursue him for a day and a night. On Dangyang Bridge, Liu Bei abandoned his wife and fled first. Zhang Fei led 20 cavalry to resist. , Zhang Fei broke the bridge, stood by the river, and shouted: "I am Zhang Yide, can I come to the capital to fight to the death?" After the Battle of Chibi, Liu Bei captured Jingnan and appointed Zhang Fei as the governor of Yidu and the general of the conquest of captives. , was granted the title of Marquis of Xinting, and later transferred to Nanjun.
Later Liu Bei entered Yizhou and soon turned against Liu Zhang. In 213, Zhang Fei, Zhuge Liang, Zhao Yun and others led Jingzhou troops into Shu for reinforcements. Arriving at Jiangzhou, he met Liu Zhang's general Yan Yan, who was captured alive by Zhang Fei. Yan Yan's heroism in refusing to surrender moved Zhang Fei, and he was introduced as a guest of honor. The army continued to divide various prefectures and counties, and then advanced to Chengdu to join Liu Bei. Liu Bei became the Lord of Shu and gave Zhang Fei five hundred catties of gold, one thousand catties of silver, fifty million dollars, and one thousand pieces of brocade.
In 218, after Cao Cao defeated Zhang Lu, Zhang He, a famous general in Cao's camp, led his army into the northeast of Yizhou. Although this area belonged to Yizhou, it had always been Zhang Lu's territory. Liu Bei then appointed Zhang Fei as the governor of Brazil and sent troops to fight for it. The two armies fought for more than fifty days. Later, Zhang Fei led more than 10,000 elite troops and invited Zhang He's army to fight. Because the mountain road was narrow, the front and rear could not save each other. Zhang He was defeated, abandoned his horse and climbed the mountain with more than ten people to return to Nanzheng. This battle not only expanded Liu Bei's territory, but also protected the gateway to Shu and helped Yizhou turn the crisis into safety. Zhang Fei immediately participated in the attack on Hanzhong. In 219, Liu Bei took control of Hanzhong, proclaimed himself the King of Hanzhong, and worshiped Zhang Fei as the right general. Soon, Guan Yu was killed by Sun Quan.
In 221, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor, and Zhang Fei was promoted to General of Chariots and Cavalry, led by Sili Xiaowei, and was granted the title of Marquis of Xixiang.
In the same year, Liu Bei avenged Guan Yu and conquered Soochow. Zhang Fei was preparing to send troops to join Jiangzhou in Langzhong. When he was about to set off, he was murdered by his generals Zhang Da and Fan Qiang (written as Fan Jiang in the novel), and he took his head to Sun Quan. When Liu Bei heard that Commander Zhang Fei had made plans, he shouted: "Ah! Fei is dead." "The later master Liu Chan was posthumously named Huanhou.
The torso of his body was buried in Langzhong and his head was buried in Yunyang. Zhang Huanhou Temple and Zhang Huanhou Temple were built respectively.
Characteristics
Zhang Fei was a brave man and once led 20 cavalry to scare off Cao's army at Changbanpo. He also had good calligraphy and was good at painting beauties. His calligraphy and portraits are still preserved today. Zhang Fei was very polite to knowledgeable people. For example, when Liu Ba first surrendered, Zhang Fei immediately visited his home, but Liu Ba did not say a word to him. Although Zhang Fei was angry, he did not complain. Zhang Fei also cherished heroes and valued heroes. If Yan Yan was captured, Yan Yan would rather die than surrender. Zhang Fei respected him as a person and accepted Yan Yan as a general.
But Zhang Fei had a bad temper and was very harsh on the soldiers. Liu Bei often advised Zhang Fei: "You have done too much in punishing and killing, and you are also whipping healthy people every day, but you have orders on your left and right. This is a recipe for disaster." But Zhang Fei would not listen. Sure enough, Zhang Fei died at the hands of his subordinates.
Family
Wife
Xiahou family, Xiahou Ba’s younger sister. In the fifth year of Jian'an: when he was thirteen or fourteen years old, "I went out to collect firewood in this county and got it for Zhang Fei. Fei knew that he had a good daughter and took her as his wife."
Xia Houyuan died in battle at Dingjun Mountain. The Xiahou family requested that Xiahou Yuan be buried.
Children
Zhang Bao, the eldest son of Zhang Fei. Died young.
Zhang Shao, the second son of Zhang Fei. When the official arrives, the minister serves as a servant and shoots.
The Empress, the eldest daughter of Zhang Fei and the wife of Liu Chan. She was first adopted as Liu Chan's concubine. After that, she was established as the queen, and she was called the queen of mourning. He died in 238 and was buried in Nanling.
Queen Zhang, the second daughter of Zhang Fei, and the wife of Liu Chan. After the death of his sister, Queen Jing'ai, she became queen in the first month of 238. After the fall of the Shu Han Dynasty, he followed Liu Chan to Luoyang.
Sun
Zhang Zun, the son of Zhang Bao, was the minister. When Wei defeated Shu, he accompanied Zhuge Zhan to guard Mianzhu Pass, fought with Deng Ai, and died in the battle.
Evaluation
Chen Shou, the author of the Three Kingdoms, commented: "Both Guan Yu and Zhang Fei are known as enemies of ten thousand people and are tiger ministers in the world. Yu served Duke Cao, Fei Yi explained Yan Yan, and they have The style of a scholar is that he is strong but conceited, violent but merciless, and defeats by shortcomings, which is the common practice of reasoning." Guo Jia and Cheng Yu called Guan Yu and Zhang Fei: "Ten thousand enemies. "
Liu Ye called Guan Yu and Zhang Fei: "the bravest of the three armies"
Zhou Yu called Guan Yu and Zhang Fei: "the generals of bears and tigers"
Fu Qian : "Courageous and righteous, both are enemies of thousands of people, so they become generals."
Guan Yu and Zhang Fei became synonymous with bravery and good warfare at that time and in later generations:
"Jin" "Book of Wei: The Biography of Liu Xia": "Liu Xia of the Jin Dynasty attacked thieves every time and fell into fortresses to destroy the front. He hoped that Guan Yu and Zhang Fei could be compared with him." Also."
You can refer to the chapter on Guan Zhang Zhiyong in Volume 7 of "Twenty-Two Histories" written by Zhao Yi, which details the ancients' use of Guan Yu or Guan Zhang as pronouns for brave generals.
Drama
The character Zhang Fei in traditional Chinese opera has a black cross butterfly face on his face. Butterfly means flying, and Zhang "flying" means "flying". Different occasions , Zhang Fei's mask can outline a smiling face or an angry face. At the same time, Zhang Fei's mask has a leopard's head and eyes, showing his ferocity and bravery.
Three Kingdoms·Book of Shu·Biography of Zhang Fei
Zhang Fei, whose courtesy name was Yide, was a native of Zhuojun, and was the first master of Shao and Guan Yu. Yu was several years older, so Brother Fei took care of him. The First Lord defeated Lu Bu from Cao Gong and then counterattacked. Cao Gong worshiped Fei as Zhonglang General. The First Lord carried Duke Cao to Yuan Shao and Liu Biao. Biao died, Cao Gong entered Jingzhou, and the first lord fled to the south of the Yangtze River. Cao Gong pursued him for a day and a night, reaching Changban in Dangyang. When the First Lord heard that Duke Cao was arriving, he abandoned his wife and fled, sending flying generals with twenty horses to refuse the rear. Flying to the water and breaking the bridge, he raised his spear with angry eyes and said: "I am Zhang Yide, so I can come and fight to the death!" None of the enemies dared to approach, so he was spared. The First Lord settled in the south of the Yangtze River, and made Fei the governor of Yidu, the general who conquered the captives, and the title of Marquis of Xinting, and later transferred to Nanjun. The First Lord entered Yizhou and also attacked Liu Zhang. Fei, Zhuge Liang and others went up the river and divided them into counties.
Arriving in Jiangzhou, Po Zhang sent Yan Yan, the prefect of Ba County, to give birth to Yan Yan. Fei asked Yan, "When the army arrived, why did you dare to resist the war without surrendering?" Yan replied, "You and others have no reason to invade our state. There are only beheaded generals in our state, but no generals who have surrendered." Fei was angry. He ordered the left and right to pull off the chopsticks, but the color did not change, and said: "Just chop off the chopsticks, what is the evil spirit of anger!" Fei Zhuang released it and invited the guests. Fei passed through the battle and defeated it, and met with the First Lord in Chengdu. After Yizhou was peaceful, Zhuge Liang, Fazheng, Fei and Guan Yu were given five hundred catties of gold each, one thousand catties of silver, fifty million coins, and one thousand pieces of brocade. The rest of the gifts were given to each of them in different ways, and Fei was given the title of governor of Brazil.
Cao Gong defeated Zhang Lu and left Xia Houyuan and Zhang He to guard Hanchuan. The troops under the command of Hebei went down to Brazil and wanted to move the people to Hanzhong. They marched into Danqu, Mengtou and Dangshi, and held off Fei for more than fifty days. Fei led more than 10,000 elite soldiers and invited He's army to fight from his side. The mountain road was narrow and the front and rear could not save each other, so Fei defeated He. He abandoned Ma Yuan Mountain and retreated from Wendao alone with more than ten of his men. He led the army back to Nanzheng, and Batu was safe. The First Lord was the King of Hanzhong, and Bai Fei was the Right General and Jiejie. In the first year of Zhang Wu, he was promoted to General of Chariots and Cavalry, led as the captain of the Sili School, and was granted the title of Marquis of Xixiang. He said: "I inherit the order of heaven, inherit the great cause, eliminate the remnants of Jing chaos, and do not control it. Today the bandits are causing harm, The people are poisoned, and the people who think about the Han Dynasty stretch their necks and look up. Therefore, Gao Yong was promoted to the title of nobility and served in the capital. He was born with the power of heaven, and he used virtue to defeat rebellion. The poem said, "The king is guilty of bandits and thorns, and the kingdom is coming to an end." In the military service, use Xi'erzhi'. Don't force it!"
At the beginning, the flying force was stronger and more powerful than Guan Yu. Yu treats his soldiers well and is proud of the scholar-bureaucrats; Fei loves and respects gentlemen but does not care about villains. The late Master Chang Jie said: "Your punishment and execution are too bad, and you are also whipping healthy children every day, while your orders are on the left and right. This is the way to bring disaster." Fei Yu is not afraid. When the First Lord attacked Wu, Feidang led an army of ten thousand people and marched from Langzhong to Jiangzhou. Before leaving, Zhang Da and Fan Qiang were killed by his subordinates, and they took their heads and ran down the river towards Sun Quan. The Commander-in-Chief of Fei Camp reported to the late Lord. When the late Master heard that Commander-in-Chief Fei had expressed his regrets, he said, "Oh! Fei is dead." He gave Fei the posthumous title of Marquis Huan. The eldest son, Bao, died young. The second son, Shaosi, was promoted to minister of service, Pushe. Baozi followed Zhuge Zhan as minister, followed Zhuge Zhan to Mianzhu, fought with Deng Ai, and died.
Literature
Zhang Fei is good at cursive calligraphy. Draw beauty.
Zhangfei Temple
Huanhou Temple, a national cultural relic protection unit, also known as Zhangfei Temple, is located at the west end of West Street in Langzhong Ancient City, one of the four ancient cities in China. It is as famous as Zhangfei Temple in Yunyang, which became famous because of the Three Gorges Project.
In 214 AD, Liu Bei appointed Zhang Fei as the governor of Brazil to guard Langzhong. In 221 AD, Zhang Fei was killed by his subordinates and buried in Langzhong. His later master, Liu Chan, posthumously named him "Huanhou". The current Zhangfei Temple is a complex of Ming and Qing dynasty buildings covering an area of ??500 square meters.