Zhu's Pronunciation of "Twenty-four Characters"
Zhu, whose name was Wu Hui, claimed to be Huian in his later years and was from Wuyuan, Jiangxi. He was a Dali scholar in the Southern Song Dynasty, a master of China's ancient learning theory, and one of the important thinkers, educators and erudite scholars in feudal society after Confucius. Zhu was a scholar at the age of eighteen, but he was only an official for fourteen years, and most of his time was spent reading and giving lectures. Bailudong Academy, which he founded in Lushan, Jiangxi, is one of the earliest philosophical research institutes in the world, and has trained a large number of scholars. Zhu was very clever when he was young. He read the Book of Filial Piety when he was five years old. He has read countless books in his life, and his rich practice has enabled him to sum up the "24-character formula" of reading methods, and * * * has summed up his reading experience from six aspects.
First, step by step.
Reading should be carried out systematically and step by step according to the logical system of books and the intelligence level of learners, from low to high, from shallow to deep. He said: "for example, climbing a mountain, many people want to go to a high place, and they don't know how to ignore it from a low place, so there is no reason to go to a high place." He opposes "rushing" and "rushing" and advocates gradual progress.
Second, read carefully.
"Read carefully and think carefully" means reading and thinking. It is about the relationship between reading and thinking, learning and understanding. "Step by step" requires a reasonable reading order, while "close reading" requires understanding on the basis of memory and in-depth understanding of the views of the books read. Zhu said: "Learn from it, and think about it if you are unfamiliar." "The method of reading, read it again, think again; Think it over and read it again. Therefore, readers help him think and often teach his heart to flow on it. If you only read it in your mouth, you don't think about it in your heart and you can't remember it carefully. " It can be seen that "familiar reading" means "making a book thoroughly familiar, with nowhere to remember", "making it all in your mouth", and "thinking carefully" means "seeing what is right and saying what is wrong, and pondering over it repeatedly" and "making its meaning all in your heart".
Third, swim with an open mind
Refers to reading carefully, polishing repeatedly and experiencing repeatedly; Don't look at the flowers and they will pass. Zhu said: "Reading should be open-minded, calm and reasonable." . Although it is a saying, it is not abolished if it is desirable. If in doubt, even if it is said by a saint, be more careful. Nature means peace, the truth is very clear and practical, and there is no danger of self-deception. "In short, this reading method needs no preconceptions, no complacency, no bigotry and no carelessness.
Fourth, it has been observed.
It means that reading depends on your own efforts, you should pay attention to the kung fu outside the book, that is, you should combine your own thoughts and experiences to observe the taste of the book from outside the book. Zhu said: "Reading should be based not only on paper, but also on your own body." . Before I met him, the sage said where he was. I just borrowed his words, so I got it from him. "He also said:" Reading must be experienced, not just for words. "In short, this reading method requires self-examination, self-satisfaction and self-confidence. Otherwise, what others say is not insightful.
V. Tightness
It means that reading should be full of energy, great effort and hard work. Reading is not a game, let alone a dinner party. Reading should be "mixed with doubts, eating and sleeping is a waste", "as long as you work hard, you can't stop if you don't understand." Reading is like sailing on water. If you don't work hard, you may lose all your efforts. Zhu believes that reading is a laborious and arduous task, and only hard work can yield something.
Sixth, there should be doubts about teaching.
Refers to reading to be good at asking questions and solving problems. Zhu said: "When you start reading, you have doubts about the unknown. Secondly, there is a growing suspicion. In the middle, it is doubtful.