Tang jinglong Guanzhong
Tang Jinglong watches the clock
Jinglong Taoist clock in Tang Dynasty is a famous ancient clock in China. It was cast in the second year of Tang Jingyun, also known as Jing Yun Bell. It was originally hung on the Jinglongguan Bell Tower in Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty. Now in Shaanxi Provincial Museum.
The clock is 247 cm high, 486 cm in circumference, 165 cm in diameter and weighs about 6 tons. The bell is pointed at the top and small at the bottom, and its mouth is a hexagonal arc. The bell button is "bran" shaped, and decorative patterns are cast around the bell body. The decorative pattern is divided into three layers from top to bottom, each layer is divided into six squares, with creeping weed stripes, *** 18 squares. There are Tian Fei, Shoukaku, Walking Lion, Longteng, Suzaku and One-horned Cow in the grid, and there are four auspicious clouds on each corner, which are vivid and unique. There is an inscription on the front of the clock, 18 lines, each line is 17 words, the space is 14 words, and * * 292 words. Tang Ruizong Li Dan wrote and wrote. The article is a parallel prose, the content of which is to preach Taoism, explain the origin of Jinglong view, and the process of making chimes, and praise them. The font is regular script, a little reference to seal script. Tang Ruizong's calligraphy is rare, so the inscription is cherished by those who study the history of calligraphy.
This clock is made of copper-tin alloy. When casting, it is divided into 5 sections ***26 molds. Now, you can still see traces of mold. Skilled casting skills, exquisite carving, ringing bells and beautiful sound quality show the superb level of smelting and casting technology in the Tang Dynasty.
Song Xuan and Gu Fang Tongqi
Song Xuan and Gu Fang Tongqi
Antique bronzes in Xuanhe period
Song dynasty
The earliest imitation of Chinese bronzes began in the Northern Song Dynasty. Imitation is to show respect and admiration for ancient culture, which is strictly different from intentional forgery in later generations. After the Song Emperor, more and more Shang and Zhou ritual vessels were unearthed, and the literati deeply felt that the pictures in the Three Rites were inaccurate, so since Huizong, ritual vessels were cast according to the ancient system. At that time, the bronze-like ritual vessels included bell, tripod, reed, □, Zun, □, pot, square □, bean, washing and so on. Mostly musical instruments. The Sheng Da chime, which was cast in Song Huizong, is modeled after the Song Gong Wei Bell unearthed in the late Spring and Autumn Period. Today, there are Sheng Da Huang Zhongqing, Sheng Da Yan Bin, Sheng Da Guzhong Sheng and Sheng Da Nanlu Zhongsheng. Besides, there are chimes in Taihe, including Zhong Qing of Taihe Yellow Crane, Zhong Qing of Taihe Lee Tae, Zhong Qing of Taihe Family, Yi Ze of Taihe and Five Societies of Taihe, all of which were cast in the Song Dynasty. The imitation of these chimes is quite successful, but due to deliberate imitation, the ornamentation is quite stagnant and lacks vitality.
Lingtai Chunqiu Iron Sword
Lingtai Chunqiu Iron Sword
Lingtai Chunqiu Iron Sword
Iron sword with copper handle unearthed from Qin tomb in Jingjiazhuang, Lingtai County, Gansu Province in the early Spring and Autumn Period.
The handles are connected together, all made of bronze, with symmetrical patterns on both sides. There are four long carved holes in the middle of the handle, the handle is 8.5 cm long, the grid is 4 cm long and the thickness is 0.4 cm. The flag leaf is made of iron, with a residual length of 9 cm, a width of 3 cm, a thickness of 0.3 cm and a total length of 37 cm. It is welded on the copper net. It can be clearly seen from the rust that it was wrapped in silk when it was buried. The iron sword leaves are rusted. This is the earliest artificial iron smelting product excavated in China so far.
Yanxiadu Tiebing Banner
The Iron Weapons of Xia Capital of Yan State
Iron weapons from Lower Yan State.
Iron wares unearthed from Yanxiadu site in the middle and late Warring States Period. A large number. 1965 Tomb No.44 is a burial pit, and the unearthed iron weapons are representative, including five kinds of swords, spears, halberds, knives and daggers.
The weapons used by these warriors were not recovered from the funerary objects, indicating that iron weapons were widely used in the middle of the 3rd century BC. Among them, long-handled combat weapons are mainly spears and halberds. There are 12 halberds, which are well preserved and advanced in shape. There are 15 swords, and there are 8 complete or basically complete * * *. There is no significant difference in shape and length, ranging from 73.2 to 100.4 cm. 12 sword is the longest, with a length of100.4cm; No.59 sword is the best-preserved sword except that the front is slightly damaged. It is 99.5 cm long, with a bronze head, a square shape, a head diameter of 4.2 cm and a square width of 5.5 cm.
The five weapons identified show that they are pure iron or pure steel products made by block melting method.
Block refining was popular at that time. The sponge iron obtained by this method was carburized and made into high carbon steel swords, halberds and other weapons. After quenching technology widely used at that time, the blades of these weapons were harder and sharper. They are the earliest quenching weapons discovered in China so far, providing the earliest evidence for the ancient metallurgical history of China that massive carburized steel was repeatedly forged and folded to improve its properties.
Mancheng Han Mu discus banner
Iron weapons in Han tombs
Iron weapons unearthed from Han tombs in Mancheng, China, and Wang Jing's tomb in Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Mancheng, Hebei.
*** 14 kinds of 490 yuan. There are swords, staves, daggers, knives, halberds, spears, collars, bows, arrows, armor and so on. On the right side of Liu Sheng Jinlv Jade Clothes are two swords, the lengths of which are 104.8cm and11.3cm respectively, in which the surface of No.5105 steel sword is carburized and the blade is quenched. Some swords, knives and halberds are still made of massive carburized steel, but the size and quantity of inclusions are reduced, the difference between high and low carbon content is reduced, the structure is more uniform, the number of high and low carbon layers is increased, and the interlayer thickness is reduced. It shows that these weapons in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty have been repeatedly heated and forged, and the carbon diffusion is sufficient, which improves the uniformity and obviously improves the quality of steel. During the quenching process, a new technology of local quenching appeared, which made the blades of knives and swords locally quenched and obtained high hardness, while the back and ridge of knives still maintained high toughness, making them both rigid and flexible, and maintaining the necessary toughness of knives, swords and other integral weapons. All these indicate the progress of steelmaking and heat treatment technology in the mid-Western Han Dynasty.
Changsha tieding
Changsha tieding
Changsha tieding
1976 Iron Ding Unearthed from Chu Tomb at No.65 Yangjiashan, Changsha, Hunan. Open mouth, vertical ears, a raised chord on the lower part of the mouth edge, a round abdomen, a flat bottom, and short hooves. The residual height is 6.9 cm and the foot length is 1.2 cm. It was identified as white cast iron, which is the earliest cast iron container found in China so far.
Mancheng Han Mu Tiejian
Iron mace of Han tomb in Mancheng
Iron mace unearthed from Han Tomb in Mancheng, Hebei, China. Shaped like an iron ring, one end is slightly thicker than the other. No.2045 iron mace unearthed from tomb 1 has a diameter of10cm, a diameter of 9.7cm, a height of 3.7cm and a thickness of 0.5cm.. The surface of the iron mace is rusted, and the shaft deadwood sticks to the inner diameter wall. Each car in the tomb has 1 pair of hammers, which are placed on the inside of the car and tied on wooden shafts to prevent wear. "Ming Jie Che Jie" says: "The scepter, space and space axis do not rub against each other." 1 The metallographic structure of the No.2046 car mace in Tomb No.2046 is gray cast iron, which has high wear resistance and low friction resistance and is suitable for making maces. This shows that the production technology and performance of different pig iron varieties have been mastered at that time. The iron mace in Mancheng is one of the earliest known gray cast iron castings in ancient China.
Mianchi Tiezhoucheng
Mianchi Tiezhoucheng
mianchi tiezhoucheng
1974 iron bearing unearthed in Mianchi, Henan Province. ***480 yuan. Including 445 hexagonal bearings. Hexagon bearings have different diameters, and every difference of 0.5 cm in diameter and length becomes a specification. From 6.5 to15.5cm, * * * unearthed 17 specifications. There are different degrees of wear marks on the shaft hole. There are 32 round bearings, with worn shaft holes and cylindrical diameter of 6 ~ 12 cm, which are divided into three types: large, medium and small. Three equidistant tenons are cast on the outside of the major scale, and two symmetrical tenons are cast on the outside of the minor scale. 3 concave bearings, height 1 1.5cm, width 12cm. The outer side is cast with tenon, the shaft hole is semicircular, and the inner wall has wear marks. Metallographic examination results of No.32 hexagonal bearing: the outermost layer is white iron, the middle is tinned and the inside is gray iron. The delamination of metallographic structure shows that iron mold can be used for casting. Due to the rapid cooling speed of the surface layer of the casting, white iron with high hardness is formed, and the inner layer is slowly cooled, and flake graphite is precipitated, forming gray cast iron with good wear resistance.
Bearings are commonly used mechanical parts, which are widely used and need to be replaced after wear. Therefore, standardization and serialization of products are needed to improve interchangeability.
The excavation of a large number of iron bearings in Mianchi shows the preliminary standardization and serialization of early iron and steel products in China, which provides important information for studying the history of ancient mechanical engineering in China.
Tongli-Shanliu Jiaotie Office
Tonglushan hexagonal iron hoe
Tongshan hexagonal hoe
Two Western Han hexagonal iron hoes unearthed from Tonglushan ancient copper mine site in Daye, Hubei, China. 1 piece is basically complete, the hoe board is flat, the upper part protrudes from the square bucket, the total length is10.5cm, the upper part is17.5cm, and the two corners are incomplete. It is 4 cm long, 3.5 cm wide and 2 cm deep. In addition to the edge, there is a convex line parallel to the edge on the front of the hoe board. At the lower two corners of the bucket, a rolling Yunyang pattern inclines along the shoulder direction, and a symmetrical rolling Yunyang pattern extends from the middle of the bucket to the blades. The other one is only left in the lower right corner, and the two scrolls are still clear. The upper half is 0.3 cm thick and the blade is 0.22 cm thick. It was identified as * * crystal cast in white iron. Because the hoe board is very thin, in order to improve the brittleness and toughness of white iron, the iron hoe was annealed for a long time at 723 ~ 9 10℃ in an oxidizing atmosphere to gradually remove carbon from the surface to the inside. During decarbonization, ferrite grains grow inward, forming obvious columnar crystal regions perpendicular to the surface. Bending the hoe plate 90 degrees, only the surface is slightly cracked but not broken, forming ledeburite composite cast iron with low-carbon pure iron on the surface and high hardness in the center, which improves the performance of farm tools and makes the hoe cutting edge hard, wear-resistant and tough.
Tieshenggou tiejue
Tieshenggou Iron □
Tieshenggou pickaxe
Iron unearthed from the iron smelting site in Tieshenggou, Gongxian County, Henan Province, China. It is made of double fans, with a rectangular cross section and a rectangular straight needle at the top, which can be pressed by a handle. Its body is wedge-shaped, with a length of 20.6 cm, a width of 6.8 cm and a depth of 6.5 cm. It was identified as white-core nodular cast iron, but the graphite in it was all spheroidized, with a diameter of less than 50 microns, uneven distribution and complete structure. Spherical graphite is formed by annealing in white cast iron.