one
At the end of the forty-nine chapters of Biography of Ruan Ji and others in the Book of Jin, Mitchell reported: "Ruan Ji and communication, Liu and Zun are friends, galloping through the Zhuangmen and boarding the Li room ... As for Ji Kang's Biography of Mr. Ruan Shichuang and Juyuan, how can he be a celebrity in the world?" In other words, Ji and Ruan took the lead in the rise of the wind of making love a life.
Ji Kang is actually different from the later Ren Shi Sheng. He is unwilling to be bound by etiquette and law, mainly because he is unwilling to be an official politically. Of course, there are seven unbearable things in life, such as "breaking up with the mountain gathering source", among which there is a saying, "When you sit in danger for a moment, you can't shake the joint pain, and there are many lice after sex, so you scratch yourself." But on the whole, Ji Kang is willful and frank, not arbitrary. In addition, his personality is sober, which also shows the other side of the literati's personality at that time.
Ruan Ji is a more important person. The twenty-third chapter of Shi Shuo Xin Yu De Ge quoted the Book of Jin as saying: "Ruan was addicted to alcohol at the end of Wei Dynasty and was naked." There are many stories in his life that are informal and don't care about details.
Eleven chapters of "The World Tells Ren Xinyu's Birthday": "Ruan Infantry lost his mother, hung it up, got drunk, sat on the bed and didn't cry." This means that he is in mourning, "sit on the bed, sit on your back, and don't cry." There are similar records in other places, which may be different in some details, but it is true that Ruan Ji mourned and did not hold a ceremony.
Article 7 of "On the Birthday of Ren Xinyu": "Ruan Ji's sister-in-law tried to go back to China so that she could see the difference. Or laugh at it and say,' Is the ceremony for our generation?' "
Article 8 of Shi Shuo and Sheng: "Ruan Gong's neighbor's wife is beautiful, so treat her with wine. Ruan and Wang Anfeng often drink their wives' wine and sleep with their wives when they are drunk. At first, they were suspicious and waited for them, but they had no intention. He quoted Wang Yin's Book of Jin as saying, "I was born with a talented girl next door, but I died before I got married. I was born with no relatives and I don't know them. I cried to death. "
Ruan Ji's eclecticism is strongly world-weary. His "Dongping Fu", "Kangfu" and "Monkey Fu" are all about the filth of local customs and customs, and the filth of the secular world. His "Da Zhuang Lun" and "Biography of Mr. Adult" openly vent their dislike of people with etiquette. On his birthday, he showed his extreme contempt for secular etiquette with his own behavior. As he said, "Is etiquette our generation?"
His appointment is also the result of his personality being suppressed by real politics, unable to stretch, and finding another expression. He lived in a complicated political situation all his life, and was cautious, and he was able to be self-sufficient without caring about right and wrong and entering a land with nothing. His birthday is actually a strong expression of repressed personality.
However, Ruan Ji has both a birthday side and a frank side. Although he was in mourning, he was really sad. He mourned for the soldier's daughter and lay beside his neighbor's wife, but he had no intention at all. Therefore, Shi Shuo Xin Yu said that he was "sincere outside."
After Ruan Ji, Liu Ling, Ruan Xian, Xie Kun, Ruan Fu, Ruan Yu, Hu Wu Shu, Wang You, Guang Yi, etc. all followed this path. Liu Ling and Ruan Xian belong to the Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest. The behavior of these literati is really unrestrained: Ruan Xian, Zhu Ruan and a group of pigs are drinking in a big basin; Liu Ling often rides a deer cart with a pot of wine, and people follow him and say, "bury me when you die."
In fact, the birthdays of these literati are far from Ruan Ji's. Behind Ruan Ji's informality is his aversion to secularism, frankness and truthfulness. Later, the actions of these literati, the meaning of the truth of temperament has been very weak, and some behaviors seem to be different from vulgarity, but in fact they are vulgar and filthy. Ren's birthday begins with vulgarity. But in these literati, from the other extreme, they have turned vulgarity into vulgarity. Critics of all previous dynasties have linked these literati's birthday celebrations with Ruan Ji, which is actually related, but the value evaluation is no longer the same.
Some behaviors of Ren Sheng, such as nudity, may be related to taking medicine. Taking medicine was another trend at that time. After eating cold food powder, drink hot wine and then take a cold bath naked. When you are full of alcohol and excited, you will also take off your clothes. But this is more likely to be related to the personality of literati. Taoist medical skills and drinking were not unique to Wei and Jin Dynasties, and nudity prevailed in Wei and Jin Dynasties. Moreover, there was a trend of public exposure at that time, and scholars were not ashamed of it, but took pleasure in it. Of course, the personality of literati may also be related to taking medicine. Taking medicine can cause physical and psychological changes. For example, some scholars become irritable because of taking medicine. The reason for the change of literati's personality is more likely to lie in social thoughts. In the social ideological trend, the natural influence of metaphysics may be the main reason, among which bamboo forest is the main body of the change of writing style.
two
Scholars in Wei and Jin Dynasties took vulgarity as detachment, which was another characteristic of people under Feng Xuan. The Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest also reflected this important change in writing style.
This function began with Ruan Ji.
Ruan Ji and Ji Kang have different attitudes towards life. Ji Kang hates the world and career, and avoids things. Although Ruan Ji hated the secular world, he failed to abandon his official position. He entered the official career to seek detachment and space in the sinister political situation, so he was extremely cautious about being an official. Being an official is bound to get involved in political disputes, especially in the sinister political situation at that time, which is easy to lead to fatal disaster; Not being an official at all will make people feel that you don't cooperate with them, and on the other hand, you will be easily killed. Ji Kang was killed because he was too sober. On this issue, Ruan Ji is simply cautious. Everything goes down, and you can hide it. If you can't hide, follow first, and then try to hide. Officials who can't do it try not to do it, and officials who have to do it try to stay away from the center of political disputes. In short, it is necessary to be an official and avoid disasters. This is how he searched for a tiny survival gap in the complicated political structure all his life. He had never been an official before he was 30. After the age of 30, Jiang Ji, who became a captain, wanted him to be an official. He didn't refuse angrily, but did it and wrote a letter. Although he refused, he said it euphemistically and flattered Jiang Ji, which made Jiang Ji feel very comfortable and even thought he agreed. Of course, Jiang Ji finally knew that she had left, but she was still furious. At this time, the villagers advised him to be an official, but he did it, not flatly refused, but let us do it as promised and then resign. At the age of 38, Cao Shuang assisted the imperial court and called him to join the army. He had seen the signs of Cao Shuang's downfall, so he got well and stayed in other places, but he didn't make a phone call. Soon, Cao Shuang was defeated and he had to avoid disaster. Sima Shi was in power and asked him to be an official, but he dared not do it. He became a middle-ranking official and a regular rider. He has never publicly refused once, but he is trying to stay away from the center of political disputes. He invited himself to Dongping to be an official and said, I have been to Dongping and I think the local conditions and customs there are very good. Can you make me an official there? In fact, he doesn't like Dongping at all. He wrote "Dongping Fu", which said that Dongping's customs were extremely filthy and people's feelings were extremely treacherous. His real intention is that Dongping is remote and far away from the political disputes in Beijing. Later, he invited himself as the captain of the infantry, on the grounds that the people in the infantry kitchen camp were good at making wine, and the purpose of his going there was to drink; In fact, his aim is to avoid disaster. Si Mazhao proposed to his daughter for the sake of Emperor Wu of Jin. He hated Sima Group from the bottom of his heart, but he didn't dare to refuse or promise, so he got drunk for 60 days, making Sima speechless, and the matter went away.
Being an official is to associate with people who teach etiquette, and be careful everywhere. He sincerely despises those people who are famous for their manners and customs, which can be seen from his calling them lice hidden in open-backed pants and his blue and white eyes. Among the people he despised, including Sima. He always kept a certain distance from Sima Shi, which can be seen from his rejection of Si Mazhao's proposal. But he dare not be accused of teaching manners, especially the dignitaries of Sima Group. He gave Ji a dirty look, but he still wanted to receive the bell. He hates Sima from the heart, but he is very close to Sima. Being called by the Sima family to be an official is a kind of communication. Even if he resigned from his official position for various reasons, he still "traveled around the world and banquets were inevitable." His painstaking efforts are to show people that he has no objection or dissatisfaction with Sima.
Politically, he is very cautious. He will never comment on political gains and losses or current events. This is a habit he has developed since he was a child, and it is also a criterion he will follow all his life.
Ruan Ji was famous for his caution at that time. Shi Shuo Xin Yu De quoted Li Bing's family training and talked about some problems discussed by Li Bing and Si Mazhao. Among them, Li Bing said, "Honesty, prudence, diligence and cultivation, why don't they die?" Si Mazhao agrees with Li Bing very much: "Caution is necessary." He also said: "However, the most cautious person in the world is Ruan Sizong! Every time I talk to him, I am profound, but I never comment on current events and ignore people. It can be said that it is extremely cautious! "
Of course, he knows everything in his heart. There are many things he doesn't want to do, but he is obedient. Including at the age of 54, he wrote an admonition for Zheng Chong to persuade Si Mazhao to accept Cao Wei's abdication. In fact, this is to persuade Sima Shi to usurp the throne, which is a matter of political right and wrong and the last thing he wants to do. But there is no way to refuse. He wants to get drunk and get rid of it. He was fast asleep on the table when the officials called him. The messenger told him that he couldn't refuse, so he wrote anyway. Not only that, but he didn't change a word in front of the messenger, and his words were clear and powerful, which won everyone's praise. It can be said that he participated in Sima's usurpation. It can be seen from writing the persuasion form that even if it involves political right and wrong, he has to do it against his will as long as it is harmful to his own survival.
It can be said that there is actually no view of right and wrong in his mind. It makes no difference whether it is right or wrong, whether it is a Dapeng flying for nine days or a bird flying between Artemisia. Everything in the world is right and wrong, and things are different. He can ignore and surpass them. It is with this attitude that he can save himself in the sinister political situation.
This way of life is not an invention of Ruan Ji, but has been discussed for a long time in Zhuangzi. Zhuangzi said, "You don't want to go in, and you don't want to go out", but don't be too involved when you are close, and don't show too much when you are smooth. To be tactful, "he is a baby, and he is also a baby; He is also a town without a town, and he is also a town without a town; There is no cliff, and there is no cliff. " He is as naive as a baby, and you are as naive as a baby; He has no restrictions, and neither do you. It is necessary to "take advantage of the situation to swim the heart, relying on necessity to support the middle", and the heart will follow the changes of external things without imposing any subjective role. Live in harmony with everything. Since everything is the same, why care about what is right and wrong? There is no contradiction, no gain or loss, you can swim infinitely, swim in the boundless land, swim in the vast wilderness, be integrated with heaven and earth, swim freely and become the supreme person.
Zhuangzi has a proud side, but also a side that walks with the world. Ruan Ji mainly took the road of traveling with the world. In other words, he is proud of the world at heart, but in fact he walks with the world. He has entered what Zhuangzi called a land where there is no right and wrong, and foreign things are not tired.
Zhuangzi's carefree realm, or "land without land", is just a philosophical realm. Ruan Ji turned it into a real realm of life, thus finding a way to survive in a sinister political situation. Many later scholars, such as Su Shi, have been freed from Zhuangzi's thought that things are different and things are wrong, and have actually become a literati character. Ruan Ji is a typical representative of this character.
three
Indifference to official feelings and ignorance of nature is another important aspect of metaphysics' influence on scholars' character. The seven sages of the bamboo forest highlight this character.
Ji Kang is a typical representative. Ji Kang hates official career. When Cao Zhi was in power, he served as a doctor first and then worshipped the doctor. Dr. Zhong San is a consultant and has no real power. Later, he never held any official position. In the second year of Jingyuan (26 1), Dan Tao wanted to elect an official, and Ji Kang was elected as his own generation. Ji Kang wrote "Breaking Up with Shan Juyuan" and angrily refused.
Why does Ji Kang hate his official career? From the relationship between Cao Wei and Sima Shi, Ji Kang is a member of Cao Wei Group, and he only wants to work for Cao Wei, not be used by Sima Shi. There are two reasons: first, Ji Kang is Cao Shi's in-laws, so he has a heart for Wei Shi; Second, Ji Kang participated in Qiu Jian's struggle against Sima. There are many doubts about these two reasons. The sixteenth note of Shi Shuo Xin Yu De Ge quoted the narrative of the article: "Kang Yi, the husband of Wei Changle Ge, moved to the doctor and worshipped the doctor in China." On this basis, Ji Kang is the son-in-law of Cao Cao's Sun Peimu and Cao Lin, but Ji Kang is only a seven-product official, not an important member of Cao Shi Group, and there is no basis to say that he has a good impression on Cao Wei Group. Scholars at that time didn't like Cao Wei very much. When Cao Wei was in Cao Cao and even Cao Pi, the literati had a good impression on them and had a strong political cohesion. But later, people in Cao Wei Group were corrupt and incompetent, such as Cao Shuang and Yanhe. At that time, scholars including Ji Kang were very disappointed with them.
According to a material in the Biography of the Three Kingdoms and Wang Can, he said that he participated in the uprising against the Sima family in Wu. This material says: "If you don't oppose Qiu Jian, you will be healthy and strong, and you will want to go out and react. If you ask, Tao said' no' and frugality failed. But there are many questions about the reliability of this material. Ji Kang has no real power. He has no power in the army. How can he fight in Luoyang? There are still some doubts. For example, the biography of Ji Kang, quoted in Wei's Spring and Autumn Annals, said that "the general wants to establish Kang, but Kang has peerless words, and he is not obedient, avoiding the East River, or avoiding the clouds in the world". General means Sima Shi. Sima Shi wanted to establish Ji Kang, shortly before and after the Wu Rebellion. For example, before this, Ji Kang had "avoided Hedong", so why should he participate? If Ji Kang later participated in the rebellion, he was obviously a rebel in the eyes of Sima Shi. Why did Sima Shi recruit him as an official?
There may be considerations of avoiding disasters and surviving. Ji Kang's poem "Five Words Scholar" said: "If birds try their best to hide their bows and seek extreme life, they will be in danger. Although it is good or bad, the world is full of danger. " The second part of "Answering Two Poems and Three Poems by Guo" said: "Kan Lin is interested in teaching the world and is often afraid of being snared by babies." Third, he said, "If you look at the world carefully, you will worry about its dangers. Newspapers are more in line with the market and the road is uncomfortable. Louis deserves a stab. You'll be safe. If you lose your strength and wisdom, your name will not live. " This is a personal feeling from the sinister real political situation. In Ji Kang's view, the people killed by Sima Jia had such a result because they were pursuing fame and fortune.
However, there should be deeper reasons. At that time, the situation was that Cao Wei's general situation was gone, and the overall situation of Sima's power was set. If you really want to avoid disaster, the best way is to invest in Sima and cooperate with them. Ruan Ji, Wang Rong and Dan Tao all took this road. Not only can these people live a lifetime in the end, but some of their careers are quite smooth. Ji Kang, on the other hand, did not cooperate with those in power, and as a result, he was recruited by himself and was eventually hurt by Sima Jia. Ji Kang could not have been unaware of it. In that case, why choose this road?
The credible explanation is that Ji Kang hates the secular emotionally, and he has his life pursuit. In his pursuit of life, there is no content of fame and fortune.
He is incompatible with Sima Group in thought and character. Sima's group prides itself on the ritual of famous religion, but usurps reality in the name of defending famous religion. Moreover, it is extremely extravagant and extremely hypocritical.
Ji Kang is extremely disgusted with all this. He wrote "The Debate of the Taishi", which is nominally about history, but in fact he writes about reality everywhere, and everyone has seen it. "It's a pity that JiShiLing came late. Go with you, rely on respect and rely on the situation. No friends, no teachers. Slaughter the world to serve its private interests. Therefore, the position of the monarch is beneficial, and the road of the minister is warm. Try your best to seek the country and do not hesitate to sink. Although rewards and punishments exist, don't persuade them not to ban them. If you are arrogant, it will hinder soldiers from gaining power. Pity and abuse hurt Qiu Mengshan. Punishment is based on punishing violence, and now it threatens good people. Yesterday was the world, and now it is a world. When you are ill, you guess your minister. " Which sentence is not an attack on reality?
His "Every time it's not Tang Wu, it's about Kong Bo", but in reality he attacked Sima's usurpation. Wei Chunqiu was quoted as saying in The Story of the Three Kingdoms: "(Kang) was angry because he called himself vulgar, not thin Tang Wu." It can be seen that these words reached the ears of Sima. This sentence was publicly said in the book "Breaking Up with Mountain Juyuan". He said "every" is not Tang Wu but thin Kong Zhou, which shows that he often does this. Maybe he doesn't want to hide it, or he wants to publicly declare his contempt for Sima's attitude.
"Biography of the Three Kingdoms and Ji Kang" Pei quoted Wei Chunqiu as saying: "Zhong will be a general because of his name. General, a famous son, is lucky, and he is like a cloud with a fat coat. Kang Fang forged on his back and came without ceremony. Kang asked the participants, "What did you hear, what did you come, what did you see and what did you leave?" The meeting said,' I heard something and left with something.' Will be deeply titled. "The clock will be close to the general, which Ji Kang should be very clear, or just because he knows that the clock will be the right person for Sima's family, so he deliberately snubbed him. Not only are you welcome, but asking a few questions is tantamount to mocking him in public. Mocking Zhong Hui is tantamount to mocking Sima Shi.
All this shows that Ji Kang hates Sima's attitude. Such an attitude, of course, can't be an official, and can't be involved in Sima's family.
He has his pursuit and the life he wants.
In the book Breaking Up with Shan Juyuan, it is said that he has "seven unbearable feelings": "I am happy when I get up late, one is called Hugh, and the other is unbearable. Singing and fishing in the wild with musical instruments, guarded by officials and soldiers, are not allowed to move or be disturbed. If you sit in danger for a while, you can't shake your numbness and you will be tickled. When wrapping the chapter, you can worship Shangguan, which is unbearable. It's not convenient to write, and I don't like to write. But there are many things in the world, and if you don't pay each other, then sin will hurt your righteousness. If you push yourself, it won't last long, and it will be miserable. I don't like mourning, but humanitarianism attaches great importance to it and has been complained by people who have never seen forgiveness. If I want to see the injured person, although I feel guilty, I can't change my nature. If I want to calm my heart and conform to the customs, I will be mysterious and ungrateful, and I will not be able to get rid of grievances and fame. So, this is unbearable. I don't like laity, but when it comes to things, or guests sit, sing and scream, everything changes. At present, six people are unbearable. The heart is impatient, but the official business is in the palm, the locomotive is entangled in its heart, and the world is complicated and unbearable. " To put it simply, he hates secularism and likes freedom and nature.
The book "Breaking Up with Shan Juyuan" also said: "I am willing to keep the humble alley, educate my children and grandchildren, and often talk to my relatives and friends. Chen said that I would drink a glass of wine and play the piano all my life, and I volunteered to finish it. " Plain and affectionate, frugal and carefree. This is the life he yearns for.
He wrote his pursuit repeatedly in his poems. The second poem of "Four Words Giving Brother a Scholar to Join the Army" says: "A couple of mandarin ducks flew in and a couple whistled. Travel to the plateau and live in Suzhou. Winging across the neck, bearing a clear stream. Chew orchids and pitch. " "Four-character Poems": "Light running water is defeated in sorrow. General white boat, floating load and stagnation. Whispering in the breeze, drums everywhere. Let go of the pole and you're dead. " "The folding of the string scattered thoughts, fishing nine deep. A thousand miles later, the bait is still hanging. Yi and Zhuang Lao have lived for a long time. " This may be a portrayal of Ji Kang's real life, but it is more likely to be idealistic. He wrote about the life he longed for. From his emotional description, we can know that he yearns for being hidden in nature, quiet and calm, and free.
Ji Kang is also famous for teaching and letting nature take its course, but his letting nature take its course is not for birth, nor for indulgence, but for vulgarity. He returned to nature in order to maintain his noble personality. In the words of "Buyi", it is "not worthy of heart inside, not vulgar outside". But in fact, he did it, failed to do it, and could not do it.
Ji Kang's ideal life, of course, came from Zhuangzi. Ji Kang mainly accepts Zhuangzi's pride. Zhuangzi had long proposed a life of returning to nature, but Zhuangzi mainly demonstrated it in philosophy. Ji Kang turned it into real life and made some choices. He wanted to maintain a noble personality, so he disappeared into nature, returned to tranquility, and established a noble metaphysical personality, which became the typical character of this kind of literati.
four
Another important point of Feng Xuan people's personality is the pursuit of elegance and detachment, which is mainly manifested in advocating verve and tolerance, loving elegance and elegance, and being happy with nature and art. Some aspects of this personality are more prominent among scholars in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, but the Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest also embody this personality.
There are two aspects to advocating grace, one is the beauty of the external grace and temperament of the characters, and the other is the depth of the internal grace and generosity of the characters.
As far as the charm worship of characters is concerned, the romantic worship of Guo and other celebrities appeared in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the admiration for celebrity charm became stronger and stronger, and Ji Kang, one of the seven sages of bamboo forest, was highly praised by scholars for his beauty. Rong Zhi: "Ji Kang is seven feet eight inches long and has a unique charm. Those who saw it sighed:' Xiao Xiaosu is bright and clear.' Or the cloud says, "Su Su is like a loose wind, high and gentle." Yue:' Uncle Ji is alone at night. If he is alone, he will be alone. If he is drunk and Russia is like Yushan, he will collapse. "Biography of Kang Bie" notes: "Kang is seven feet eight inches, with a majestic face, a skeleton and no decoration, and a natural dragon. "
Also, the Book of Jin said that he was "young and promising" and was full of admiration for Pei Kai.
Generosity means not being afraid in times of crisis, not being chaotic in times of crisis, not being shocked by honor or disgrace, and being emotionally indifferent. As far as advocating elegance is concerned, it also began in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, but it was especially admired by scholars in Wei and Jin Dynasties and became their pursuit.
Shi Shuo Xin Yu Liang Ya is a famous story, which tells that "Ji Zhongsan was sentenced to Dongshi, and her attitude remained unchanged, playing the piano and playing Guangling San".
This is actually an elegant accomplishment. This achievement may be related to Zhuangzi's thought of detachment from things. "A Wandering in Zhuangzi" says: "Immerse yourself in the sky and don't drown. In case of drought, the stone flows and the stone is burnt but not hot. " "The Theory of Everything" also said: "osawa is not hot, rivers are not cold, Thunder Mountain, and the wind vibrates the sea." To "live and die without changing yourself." Zhuangzi used it as a metaphor to live a life that was never tired of things, while scholars in Wei and Jin Dynasties regarded it as a universal attitude towards life and a degree of self-cultivation, so elegant bearing became their psychological character.
Being fond of nature and art is the outstanding performance of literati's pursuit of elegance at this time, especially the seven sages of bamboo forest. The so-called natural feelings are mainly the feelings of mountains and rivers. As early as the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the life in the mountains was yearned for by the literati and was closely related to the life of the literati. Since Wei and Jin Dynasties, landscape has further entered the life of literati. The seven sages of bamboo forest yearn for nature, and Ruan Ji Ji Kang once enjoyed the mountains and rivers. They study Taoism for the purpose of seclusion or seeking immortality. Biography of Ruan Ji in the Book of Jin said that Ruan Ji was not a hermit, but learned Taoism from a hermit in the mountains. Ji Kang has been living in seclusion.
Showing the elegant demeanor of a scholar, he also has hobbies in music, calligraphy, painting and other arts. Ruan Ji and Ji Kang are both good at playing the piano, and Ji Kang's last song "Guangling San" is admired by scholars of all ages. Ruan Xianmiao understands temperament and is good at playing pipa.
Music, calligraphy and painting give people an elegant spiritual satisfaction. Scholars seem to realize that to show their identity, only worldly material enjoyment is not enough, only the special position of politics and economy is not enough, but also their superior position in cultural cultivation. Therefore, the art of pleasing emotions and enjoying the natural landscape has become a life pursuit of literati at this time, and the seven sages of bamboo forest are also typical representatives in this regard.