Pei Wenzhong, a famous paleoanthropologist, once predicted: "We call Peking Man our ancestor now, but where is the ancestor of Peking Man? I think we should explore the Three Gorges area of the Yangtze River. " Now, archaeologists have found out the general outline of human activities in the Three Gorges in a large number of ruins. In the Paleolithic site of Wushan Longgupo, ancient human fossils were found more than 2 million years ago, which proves that "Wushan Man" is the earliest human being discovered in the world so far. Daxi culture, a Neolithic site, shows the intelligence of the Three Gorges people. The ruins and cemeteries of the ancient Ba people in the Three Gorges area reflect that the Three Gorges is the political, economic and cultural center of the Ba people and the main area to solve the mystery of the ancient Ba people's history. The civilization of the Yangtze River is comparable to that of the Yellow River.
The Three Gorges is also one of the important cradles of ancient culture in China, and another cradle and important passage of Chinese civilization. In the course of history, the Yangtze River connects the Wuyue culture in the lower reaches, the Jingchu culture in the middle reaches and the Bashu culture in the upper reaches. The Three Gorges, like a huge knot, connected Jianghan Plain and Chengdu Plain, connected Bashu civilization with Jingchu civilization, and created a complete Yangtze River civilization. The ruins of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the plank road in Qin Dynasty, the balcony of Chu State, the ghost town of Fengdu, Shi Baozhai in Zhongxian County, Baidi City in Fengjie, the ancient battlefields of Yunyang Zhangfei Temple and Yiling (Yichang, Hubei Province), the ancient buildings and cultural relics such as Qu Yuan's hometown, Zhaojun's hometown, Eight Arrays Map, Yong 'an Palace, Fuling Baiheliang and Huangling Temple, etc., are integrated with the magnificent natural landscape, and have launched a book of cultural history for thousands of years. It can be said that the Three Gorges of Baili is an umbilical cord that feeds China's 5,-year civilization. Without this passage, the cultural history of the Chinese nation would be incomplete.
The Three Gorges is the most memorable landscape in China. The Song of the Yangtze River, which was included in primary school textbooks, made many people know the heroic of the Yangtze River for the first time. Middle school textbook Li Bai's famous poem "Farewell to the White Emperor's colorful clouds, a thousand miles away in Jiangling, the apes on both sides of the strait can't stop crying, and the canoe has passed Chung Shan Man" and Liu Baiyu's "Three Gorges of the Yangtze River" let us further appreciate the grandeur and magnificence of the Three Gorges; Mr. Yu Qiuyu vividly portrayed the unique scenic spots and artistic conception of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River in the article "Cultural Journey Three Gorges", which deepened our impression of the Three Gorges again and again.
The Three Gorges of the Yangtze River starts from Baidicheng in Fengjie, Chongqing, and ends at Nanjinguan in Yichang, Hubei, with a total length of 193 kilometers. We usually refer to the scenery of the Three Gorges, which is 6 kilometers from Chongqing to Yichang. The whole Three Gorges is located in the mountains, with high mountains and deep valleys on both sides, steep cliffs and beautiful peaks. The Three Gorges "landscape gorge forest spring cave, all-encompassing; The majestic show is steep and secluded, and there is no wonder. " Its spectacular scenery and vast meteorology occupy all the natural scenery in the world. It is called the Natural Museum, and it is a world-famous tourist hotline, ranking first among the top ten scenic spots in China.
Qutang Gorge is the shortest gorge in the Three Gorges and is famous for its magnificent beauty. Qutang Gorge is majestic, and the mountains on both sides are cut like axes, among which Kuimen Mountain is particularly majestic, which is the representative landscape of Qutang Gorge and the most obvious landscape of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River. The ancient poem called Kuimen: "Many waters will prosper, and Qutang will strive for one gate". People often call it "Emei is beautiful in the world, Qingcheng is quiet in the world, the sword gate is dangerous in the world, and Kuimen is the hero in the world".
Wuxia is the longest gorge in the Three Gorges, and it is famous for its deep and beautiful scenery at home and abroad. The twelve peaks of Wushan Mountain are the most famous in Wuxia. The peaks are unique, just like a string of emerald inlaid on the riverside, among which goddess peak is the most attractive. Because the moisture in Wuxia is not dispersed by transpiration, it is easy to form clouds and fog, and clouds can be seen at any time, winding around the mountainside or floating on the river surface. Therefore, when ancient poets and poets traveled to the Three Gorges, they felt the deepest thing than the clouds and rain of the Three Gorges.
II. Xi 'an Forest of Steles Museum
Museum of Forest of Stone Tables in Xi 'an
Xi 'an Forest of Steles Museum (formerly Shaanxi Provincial Museum) is a courtyard-style building, located in the former site of Confucius Temple in Sanxue Street, Xi 'an, covering an area of 3, square meters. The exhibition contents are divided into two parts: "Xi 'an Forest of Steles" and "Stone Carving Art". It was expanded into a museum in 195.
the forest of steles in Xi' an, founded in 187, is an art treasure house with the earliest and largest collection of ancient steles in China, with more than 1, steles and epitaphs from Han dynasty to Qing dynasty. There are many steles here, hence the name "Forest of Steles".
The forest of steles in Xi 'an was developed on the basis of preserving the stone scriptures of the Tang Dynasty. What people in the Tang Dynasty called the Shijing include the Shitai Jiaojing written by Li Longji, Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty in 745 AD and the Kaicheng Shijing carved in 873 AD. The name "Forest of Steles" was determined in Qing Dynasty. The forest of steles now contains more than 3, steles from Han Dynasty to Qing Dynasty, which are displayed in 7 showrooms, 6 epitaphs and 1 stele pavilion.
The first showroom of the forest of steles mainly displays Kai Cheng Shi Jing, which includes Zhouyi, Shangshu, Shijing, Zhouli, Yili, Book of Rites, Chunqiu Zuoshi Biography, Chunqiu Ram Biography, Chunqiu Grain Biography, Analects of Confucius and Filial Piety. More than 3, words on 17 sides of Mencius, which was engraved in the Qing Dynasty, are well displayed here, collectively called Thirteen Classics. Twelve Confucian classics are required books for intellectuals in feudal society.
The second exhibition room of the Forest of Steles mainly displays steles written by famous calligraphers in the Tang Dynasty, which has always been a model for people to learn calligraphy. Among them, the tablet of Huangfu Birthday written by Ouyang Xun, a calligrapher in the early Tang Dynasty, the tablet of Taoist Master written by Ouyang Tong, the son of Ouyang Xun, who is known as Xiao Ouyang, the tablet of many pagodas and the tablet of Yan's family temple written by Yan Zhenqing and written by Liu Gongquan in the late Tang Dynasty.
The third exhibition room of the forest of steles contains precious steles in various styles from Han Dynasty to Song Dynasty (26 BC-1279 AD), including seal script, official script, regular script, running script and cursive script. Through these tablets, we can understand the evolution of Chinese characters.
The fourth exhibition room of the Forest of Steles preserves the original works of calligraphers' poems and poems from the Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, as well as the steles with precious historical value in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, as well as some line descriptions from the Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty.
The fifth showroom of the Forest of Steles mainly displays the stone tablets that describe the historical facts of repairing temples, recording merits, repairing canals and making up cities in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, and it is a reference material for studying contemporary social and local history. In addition, there are also large-scale inscriptions such as "Tiger", "Shou" and "Fu" written by Ma Dezhao in Qing Dynasty, which are powerful and magnificent, giving visitors beautiful enjoyment.
The steles displayed in the sixth exhibition room of Beilin are mostly poems and steles of Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. Among them, Zhao Meng's Poem Monument to the Mountain of Heaven in Yuan Dynasty, Dong Qichang's Poem Monument to Zhang Sheng in Moling Hostel in Ming Dynasty, Emperor Kangxi's Letter to Wu He in Mi Fei in Qing Dynasty, and Lin Zexu's Poem to the Huashan Mountain are all very precious.
The seventh showroom of Beilin is a newly-built showroom in 1982, dedicated to the preservation of the Song Dynasty's "Chunhua Secret Pavilion Sticker". Epitaphs of different generations from Wei to Qing dynasty are displayed on a long corridor in the forest of steles.
The Stone Carving Art Room was built in 1963. It collected more than 7 stone carvings scattered in Shaanxi from the Western Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, which were divided into two categories: mausoleum stone carvings and religious stone carvings, and displayed here in chronological order.
Tickets: 3 yuan
Business hours: 8: -18:
Shaanxi History Museum
Shaanxi History Museum has a collection of 113, pieces (groups) of cultural relics unearthed in Shaanxi, with an exhibition area of 1,1 square meters. It is divided into three parts: Shaanxi ancient history exhibition, special exhibition and temporary exhibition.
Shaanxi ancient history exhibition shows more than 3, treasures discovered and unearthed in Shaanxi, which are divided into seven parts: prehistoric, Zhou, Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, and are displayed in three exhibition rooms. The exhibition of Shaanxi ancient history is the basic exhibition of Shaanxi History Museum, which vividly and systematically shows the ancient history of Shaanxi from 1.15 million years ago to 184 AD.
Tickets: 35 yuan
Business hours: 8: -18:
Banpo Site Museum
Banpo Site is a typical matriarchal clan commune village site and belongs to Yangshao culture. More than 4 such remains have been found in Guanzhong area of the Yellow River Basin, so the Yellow River Basin is known as the cradle of ancient culture in China.
Yangshao culture is a Neolithic culture in China, which is distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. It was first discovered in Yangshao Village, Mianchi, Henan Province in 1921, hence its name. Yangshao culture belongs to the prosperous period of matriarchal clan commune system. Because a large number of painted pottery are often found in Yangshao cultural sites, it is also called painted pottery culture. According to the carbon-14 method, Yangshao culture in the whole Central Plains is about 5-3 BC.
Banpo site was discovered by accident during the construction in the spring of 1953, with an existing area of about 5, square meters, which is divided into three parts: residential area, pottery-making area and burial area. Five excavations were carried out from autumn 1954 to summer 1957. The excavation area is 1, square meters, and * * * found 46 house sites, 2 pens, more than 2 cellars for storing articles, 174 adult tombs, 73 children's urn coffins, 6 pottery kiln sites, and a large number of production tools and household appliances. It vividly shows us the production and life scenes of Banpo ancestors who were in the prosperous period of matriarchal clan society more than 6 years ago.
The first exhibition room mainly displays the production tools found in Banpo site, including stone tools, fishing gear, grooved wheels, bone needles, fishhooks, harpoons, etc., from which we can understand various scenes of Banpo people's production activities.
The cultural relics exhibited in the second exhibition room reflect the social life, culture and art, and various inventions and creations of Banpo people.
Tickets: 2 yuan
Business hours: 8: 3-17:
Terra Cotta Warriors & Horses
In March, 1974, when the villagers of Xiyang Village, Yanzhai Township, Lintong District were digging a well 1.5 kilometers east of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Dynasty, they accidentally found many broken pottery figures. After being detected by archaeologists, it was a rectangular pit of terracotta warriors and horses in the Qin Dynasty. In 1976, two terracotta warriors and horses pits were discovered 2 and 25 meters north of the pit through drilling. According to the time of their discovery, they were named pits 1, 2 and 3 of Terracotta Warriors and Horses. The total area of the three pits is 22,78 square meters.
Pit No.1 is rectangular in plane, with a length of 23m from east to west, a width of 62m and a depth of 5m, with a total area of 14,26m2. It is a tunnel-type civil building structure, with five sloping doorways at the east and west ends, and 1 rammed earth partitions with a width of 2.5m in the tunnel, on which thick beams are placed, and then reed mats, fine mud and earth fill are laid. The bottom is paved with blue bricks. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the No.1 pit are arranged according to the actual battle array. At the eastern end of the pit is a long corridor, with three rows of warriors facing east, 7 in each row and 21 in * * *, armed with crossbows. They are the vanguard troops of the No.1 pit army array. There is a row of warriors facing south in the south of the long corridor, which is the right wing, and a row of warriors facing north in the north, which is the left wing. There is a column of warriors facing west in the west, which is a defender. Armed with long-range weapons such as crossbows, they served as the vigilance task of the whole army. There are 38 east-facing columns in a tunnel in Zhenliang separated by 1 partitions, and there are chariots in the middle of each road. The terracotta figures are all dressed in armor and armed with long weapons. They are the main force of pit one. There are 27 exploration sites in No.1 pit. According to the density of terracotta warriors and horses arranged in each exploration site, more than 6, terracotta warriors and horses can be unearthed after all the excavations, most of which are infantry.
to the north of the eastern end of No.1 pit is No.2 pit, which is square in plan and covers an area of 6, square meters. It is a typical army composed of four different arms in four units. It is estimated that more than 35 terracotta horses for driving, more than 1 pommel horses for cavalry, nearly 1, warrior figures and 89 wooden chariots can be unearthed. It is a square-shaped army array composed of infantry, cavalry, light car and mixed arms. This is composed of a small array of hooks. The first small phalanx is the Chi Bing array, which is the prominent part of the big bucket to the east of the figurine pit. There are 33 Chi Bing. Among them, about 16 armored kneeling figurines are divided into eight columns in the center of the array, and 17 battle robes stand on the periphery as a cover. When getting cold feet, the two postures of standing and kneeling can take turns to shoot, making it difficult for the enemy to get close. The second small array, the southern half of the terracotta warriors pit, includes 1-8 holes, and consists of 64 chariots. Each chariot has one charioteer and two soldiers, and there is no subordinate infantry, so it has high running speed and assault capability. The third small array, the middle part of the terracotta pit, including 9 to 11 holes, is a column made up of chariots, infantry and cavalry. It is mainly composed of 19 chariots, supplemented by more than 26 infantry, producing 8 cavalry and 6 cavalry. The fourth small array, the northern half of the figurine pit, includes 12 and 4 holes. It is a cavalry array composed of 124 chariots, 124 pommel horses and 124 cavalry figurines. The four units are organically connected to form a large array, and can be separately formed into four independent small arrays, which can attack and defend, have strong self-protection ability and reflect quickly. Three of the four units in the No.2 pit are equipped with chariots, and the chariots account for more than half of the whole army array area, which proves that chariots was the main force for man-made operations in the Qin Dynasty.
No.3 pit is 25 meters west of No.2 pit and 25 meters north of No.1 pit. The plane is concave, with an area of 52 square meters. There are only 4 horses, 1 cart and 68 clay figurines. To the east of it is a sloping doorway with a length of 11.2 meters and a width of 3.7. Corresponding to the doorway is a carriage house, and there is an east-west wing on both sides of the carriage house, namely the south wing and the north wing. * * * 64 pottery figurines were unearthed. The arrangement of these terracotta figures is different from that of pits 1 and 2. The terracotta figures in pits 1 and 2 are all arranged in battle formation, while the warrior figures in pit 3 are arranged in opposite ways around the surrounding wall. The weapons held by the warriors in pit 3 are also different from those held by the warriors in pits 1 and 2. The latter is equipped with long-range crossbows, spears, bows, cymbals, swords, etc. in close combat, while only one kind of bladeless weapon, copper oar, was found in the third pit. In Qin dynasty, the iron wall was a weapon specially used for ceremonial purposes. In the north wing room, there is also a piece of residual antlers and a pile of animal bones. It may be a place dedicated to pre-war divination or prayer activities. Looking at the whole layout of No.3 pit, it may be the headquarters of the whole underground army array-the military curtain.
The minimum height of the pottery figurines is 1.78m, and the maximum height is 1.97m, with different weights, ranging from less than 11kg to 3kg. In order to keep the center of gravity of the tall terracotta figures balanced, Qin craftsmen added a pedal at the foot of each terracotta figure to make the standing terracotta figures more stable.
The most striking weapon is a bronze sword, calendar.