At the age of 24, he taught in Jingshi (now Tazuo, Kaifeng, Henan Province). Song Shenzong Xining for five years (1072) taught in Songyang with his younger brother. In the first year of Yuanfeng (1078), Fugou County was famous for "establishing a state of emergency, and the sons of Juyi should teach it". In the fifth year of Yuanfeng, Wen Yanbo presented the manor of the town (now Yichuan County, Luoyang, Henan Province) to Cheng, who built his own academy and gave lectures for nearly 20 years. Like Cheng Hao, he advocated that the purpose of education is to cultivate saints. "The sage's ambition is only for the elderly, friends believe, and a few are pregnant." The sage takes heaven and earth as his heart. "Everything is repeated, but it is appropriate." Therefore, education must take cultivating saints as its professional ambition. In terms of educational content, it advocates taking ethics as the foundation, and "a scholar must be a prophet." Benevolence is the same thing, and righteousness, wisdom and faith are all benevolent. "History of Song Dynasty" said that he "learned from the scriptures in good faith, took the university, the Analects of Confucius, Mencius and the golden mean as the key link, and reached the Six Classics".
Besides, give it to your relatives.
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Cheng Hao (1032 ~ 1085) was a philosopher and educator in the Song Dynasty.
The word Bochun,no. Ming Dow, was born in Luoyang, Henan (now). Cheng Yi and his brothers are called "Cheng Er" in the world. His family has been an official for generations, and his great-grandfather Cheng Xizhen was appointed as a member of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Shangshu Province. His grandfather Cheng Hao presented the third secretary of history to Kaifu instrument, and his father Cheng Jun was an official and a doctor in Taizhong. Influenced by family studies since childhood, especially by his father Cheng Jun, he is famous for his non-Wang Anshi's new law. After the promotion of Jinshi, the calendar officials were the master book of Jingzhao House, the master book of Shangyuan County of Jiangning House and the order of Zezhou Jincheng. At the beginning of God's reign, he served as an imperial adviser. Because of his disagreement with Wang Anshi's political views, he was not reused, so he devoted himself to academics. Song Shiyuan said: "I have the ambition to seek Tao. It has flooded many schools, and it has been in and out for decades, and it has been returned to the' Six Classics'. " Initiating "Luo Xue" with his younger brother Cheng Yi laid the foundation of Neo-Confucianism. In education, he set up schools in Songyang and Fugou successively, and devoted himself to educational research. He wrote a lot of books and formed a set of educational ideology. Cheng Hao pointed out that the purpose of education is to cultivate saints. "The gentleman's learning, must first learn the sage. Not saints but their own people have been abandoned. " The filial piety is filial piety, and the younger brother's is the younger brother. It's just a saint. "That is to say, the highest purpose of education is to make the educated follow the laws of nature, be kind to the people, love things, and abide by feudal ethics. Learning the Analects of Confucius and Mencius is "knowledge". " What is ridicule when you read The Analects of Confucius and Mencius without knowing it? "The University and the Doctrine of the Mean are also indispensable." The way of a university lies in its virtue and understanding. "And the doctrine of the mean" heaven also, not very clever, not the doctrine of the mean ". In short, education must take Confucian classics as teaching materials and Confucian ethics as the basic content of education. Cheng Hao also suggested that reading should aim at "explaining meaning and principle" and pay attention to reading methods. It is a great misfortune for scholars to "study on the premise of being poor and practical" and not "get stuck at the end of the chapter and sentence". Cheng Hao's educational thought, like his Neo-Confucianism, has a far-reaching influence on later generations. Later generations set up shrines or academies where he gave lectures to commemorate the origin of studying. In the first year of Jiayou in Song Renzong (1056), Ercheng Temple was built in the place where Shi Jing taught the Book of Changes (now on the left side of the Wanfo Pagoda in Kaifeng, Henan). In the 20th year of Chenghua in Ming Dynasty (1489), Li Yan, the governor of Henan Province, built the Daliang Academy in Ercheng Temple and dedicated Ercheng in the lecture hall. In addition, Songyang Academy was established to commemorate Cheng Er. "Preface to the Records of Songyang Academy" said: "Songyang Academy, the place where books were collected in the Song Dynasty, had a free time and gave lectures with a group of disciples".
Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi are brothers, known internationally as "Cheng Er". When Cheng Cheng was fifteen or sixteen, he studied under Zhou Dunyi, the founder of Neo-Confucianism. Song Shenzong established his own system of Neo-Confucianism during the Zhao Zhuan period. Although Cheng's theory is different in some aspects, the basic content is the same. They all take "reason" or "Tao" as the basis of all theories, and think that "reason" is the heavenly principle that precedes all things, "everything is only heavenly principle", "everything originates from reason" and "reason leads to anger". The current social order is natural and logical, otherwise it will go against the sky. Put forward the simple dialectical thought that things are human beings. Emphasize that human nature is good and "human nature is rational". Because of different temperaments, human nature is good and evil. Therefore, turbidity and malignancy are actually human desires. People's desires blind their own hearts and will damage justice. Nobody wants to be natural. Therefore, it teaches people to "save righteousness and destroy human desires." To "uphold justice", we must first "manage tomorrow". If you want to "manage tomorrow", you must understand the truth of things day by day, and if you accumulate more, you can suddenly get through it. Advocate the cultivation method of "self-cultivation needs respect, learning depends on knowledge" Cheng advocated feudal ethics and advocated the formation of the relationship between monarch and minister in the family. Cheng Yi also opposes women's remarriage, claiming that "starvation is minimal and dishonour is great", which is quite pernicious. Cheng Cheng's works include Suicide Letter from Cheng Family School in Henan Province, Foreign Letters from Cheng Family School in Henan Province, Collected Works of Mr. Ming Dow, Collected Works of Mr. Yichuan, Essence of Cheng Cheng's Speech, Jing Shuo and so on. And Cheng Yi has another book, The Book of Changes. Cheng's theory was later inherited and developed by Zhu and other philosophers in the Southern Song Dynasty and became the "Cheng-Zhu" school.
Cheng Hao and his brother Cheng Yi are the main founders of Neo-Confucianism in Song Dynasty, and they are called "the second generation of Cheng" in the world. Because Cheng Er brothers had been giving lectures in Luoyang for a long time, they were called "Luo Xue" by the world. Cheng Er gave full play to the theory of mind and numerology from Mencius to Zhou Dunyi in philosophy. Established an idealistic neo-Confucianism system with "Tian Li" as the core. The most important proposition put forward by Cheng Er in academic circles is "Everything is just Tian Li". They think that Yin-Yang, Qi and Five Elements are just the materials for "Li" or "Tian Li" to create everything. Since Cheng Er, "reason" or ""has been regarded as the highest category of philosophy, that is, as the ontology of the world. In addition, human itself is also the concrete embodiment of "natural justice" in human society. "The monarch and his son, the theorem of the world, can't escape from heaven and earth." ("Henan Cheng's suicide note" V)
Cheng Cheng's theory of human nature originated from Meng Si School's theory of good nature. Cheng Cheng's theory of human nature is further deepened on the basis of the theory of good nature, and answers a series of questions such as why sex is the best and why it produces evil factors. Cheng Cheng thinks that human nature is different from "the nature of destiny" and "the nature of temperament". The former is the embodiment of justice in human nature, without any damage or distortion, so it is the best and flawless. The latter is born of gasification, which is inevitably eroded by "qi" and produces disadvantages, so there are evil factors ... Cheng believes that the natural state of sex is perfect because it is the embodiment of human "justice". Good in human nature is the essential feature of "justice", while evil is manifested in people's unreasonable desires and emotions, which is what Cheng called "justice", and the two are incompatible. The prosperity of justice leads to the extinction of human desire, and the prosperity of human desire leads to the decline of justice. This shows that the proposition of "preserving righteousness and destroying human desires" put forward by Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty is actually of certain positive significance and cannot be completely denied.
The theory of "Tian Li" founded by Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi plays an important role in the history of China's ancient thoughts, which has had an important and far-reaching influence on ancient Chinese political thoughts and philosophical thoughts, and was highly praised by later feudal dynasties, so that it gradually evolved into the dominant thought in China's late feudal society for nearly a thousand years. For example, in the 13th year of Jiading, Song Ningzong (1220), Cheng Hao was named "pure male". Cheng Yi is an official. In the first year of Li Zongchun's reign (124 1), Cheng Hao was later named "Henan Bo" and Cheng Yi was named "Yiyang Bo" and "Worship Confucius Temple". One year from Yuan Mingzong to Shunyi (1330). Two-way temple edicts, taking Yanzi (Yan Yuan) as an example, stipulate that there are more than 60 temples in Queli, front and back halls and so on. The eulogy praised Bidong Temple for "clarifying orthodoxy, improving academic level and educating our future generations". In the twenty-fifth year of Emperor Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, the two-way temple morality ranked above Confucius and his disciples and all Confucianism in Han and Tang Dynasties. The following year, Emperor Kangxi came again.
Zhou Dunyi (10 17~ 1073) was called "Yuan Gong, a thinker, philosopher and philosopher in the Song Dynasty (Northern Song Dynasty) in China. Formerly known as Dunshi, he avoided the old British Sect and changed to Dunyi. Mao Shu, whose real name is Lianxi, is from Yingdao County, Daozhou (now Daoxian County, Hunan Province). In his later years, he settled under the Lotus Peak in Lushan Mountain, and named the stream and study in front of the hall after the water in his hometown, so he was named Mr. Lianxi, Yuan Gong, posthumous title. He, together with Shao Yong, Zhang Zai, Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi, is called the "Five Sons of the Northern Song Dynasty". Zheng Xiang, a bachelor of Longtuge, was the master of Ren Fen Ning (Xiushui), transferred Nan 'an Army Manager to join the army, moved to Guiyang and Nanchang, and was sentenced by Hezhou Judge and Ganzhou. When Ning first learned about Chenzhou, he was transferred to Guangdong as a judge and was sentenced to jail. Wherever I go, I have made great achievements. "In Hezhou County for four years, the people are convinced that the official has no husband's hand and dares not be the master." In his later years, he learned about Nankang Army, where he ruled today's Xing Zi County. I have been to Lushan Mountain and was attracted by its scenery. In his poem, I said, "I have loved Lushan Mountain for a long time, and I bought Tian Shanyin." Because the house is built under the Lotus Peak of Lushan Mountain, there is a stream in front of it, which joins the Ganjiang River. It was named after Lianxi, the former residence of Yingdao, and later settled here. The tomb of Zheng, the mother who was originally in her hometown, was moved and buried in Sanqi Mountain, Qingquanshe, Lushan Mountain. Dunyi died and was buried next to his mother's grave. Later, the descendants lived in Jiangzhou and the descendants continued.
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Zhou Dunyi is the founder of China's Neo-Confucianism, and his Neo-Confucianism plays a connecting role in the history of China's philosophy. Huang Zongxi, a scholar in the Qing Dynasty, said in the case of Confucianism in the Song Dynasty: "Since Confucius, Chinese Confucianism has only learned to pass on the classics, and it has been a long time since then. The rise of Cheng Cheng's successor Yuan Gong ... If we discuss the subtleties of mind, nature and justice, we will break the darkness of several Yuan Gong. " He inherited the Book of Changes and some thoughts of Taoism, and put forward a simple and systematic theory of the composition of the universe, saying that "infinite and Tai Chi" and "Tai Chi" move without moving, resulting in everything of yin and yang. "Everything is born with endless changes, but people have to show their beauty, which is the most spiritual ("Tai Chi Map ")." The sage also imitated "Tai Chi" to establish "human pole". "The extreme of human beings" means "sincerity", which is "the wood of the five permanent members, the source of all kinds of actions, and the highest state of morality". Only through the main static, no desire, can we achieve this state. In the following 700 years, it has produced a wide range of academic influence. His philosophical categories, such as infinity, Tai Chi, Yin and Yang, five elements, movement, life, good and evil, have become the research topics of later Neo-Confucianism.
Zhou Dunyi was not respected before his death and his academic status was not high. People only know that he is "outstanding in political affairs" and "outstanding in official career", especially "ambitious in the mountains", with a free and easy mind and a sage like style. However, no one knows his Neo-Confucianism. Only Cheng Taizhong, a judge in Nan 'an, knew that his Neo-Confucianism attainments were profound and sent his two sons, Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi, to his door. The latter two are famous neo-Confucianists. Hu Hong, a scholar in the Southern Song Dynasty, highly praised the study of Dunyi, while Zhu, a master of Neo-Confucianism, highly praised him, stood up for him and commented on Taiji Shuo and Yi Tong. Zhang Qian called him "the founder of Taoism", and his reputation gradually increased. Jiujiang, Daozhou, Nan 'an and other places built Lianxi Temple to commemorate him. Ning Zongci called posthumous title "Yuan", so Dunyi was also called "". When he was in charge of the school, he established Zhou Dunyi's position as a pioneer of Neo-Confucianism by worshipping Confucius Temple.
(1011~1077) philosopher of the northern song dynasty. Shao Yong, whose real name is Fu Yao, was born in Kangjie, posthumous title. He was born in North Song Zhenzong for four years, namely 10 1 1, and died in Zongshen for ten years, namely 1077, at the age of 67. Born in Fanyang, Hebei Province, he moved to * * with his father and lived in seclusion in Luoyang in his later years. Although Shao Yong is not as famous as Zhu Gekongming in the Three Kingdoms, he is no less talented and moral than Zhuge Liang. However, due to long-term seclusion, his name is unknown to future generations. Cheng Hao, one of the founders of Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty, once praised after discussing with Shao Yong: "Fu Yao, he learned to be a saint inside and a king outside!"
As a teenager, Shao Yong was ambitious and eager to study hard and read everything. According to the Biography of Shao Yong in the History of Song Dynasty, Shao Yong "began to learn, that is, he was diligent, did not cook without fear for several years, did not fan in summer, and did not sit outside at night." "Later, in order to increase his knowledge, he also traveled around, crossing the Yellow River, Fenhe River, Huaihe River, Hanshui River, Qi, Lu, Song and Zheng. When he came back, he said, "Tao is right." So he stopped traveling. At that time, there was an expert Li Tingzhi. Seeing that he never tires of learning, he taught him the secrets of easy learning such as river map, Luo Shu and Fuxi gossip. With Shao Yong's intelligence, he mastered everything, became a master of Yi-ology and became a popular scholar. He formed his own complete and unique view of the universe, and knew the laws of the transformation of heaven and earth and the rise and fall of yin and yang like the back of his hand. "History of Song Dynasty" records that he can "study deeply and learn freely" about the temperament of "ancient times changing recently", and he is not confused, and he is "wise and considerate, and can know what happened in advance". Cheng Yi, another ancestor of Neo-Confucianism in the Northern Song Dynasty, said, "He knows his conscience. ".So, he wrote a book, and wrote100000 words, such as A Quiet History of Huang Ji and Observing Things Inside and Outside. He believes that history evolves according to a fixed number. He calculated the evolution of heaven and earth and the historical cycle with the concepts of innate easy number and yuan, hui, yun and potential. Shao Yong wrote "The Divine Number of Iron Plate" and "The Heart of Plum Blossom", which had a great influence on later Yi studies. Later generations also honored him as "Shao Zi". After middle age, he was indifferent to fame and fortune, lived in seclusion in Luoyang, wrote books, taught and educated people. Celebrity bachelors at that time, such as Fu Bi, Sima Guang, Lv Gong and others all respected him. Once raised funds to buy him a garden house called "Comfortable Nest", and Shao Yong called himself "Mr. Comfortable". He not only learned from ancient times to modern times, but also had high moral character and treated people sincerely. This made him famous far and near, and wherever he went, literati rushed to retain him. Some people even call the place where Shao Yong stayed his "nest". His prestige in people's hearts can be seen. Nowadays, few people are familiar with Shao Yong and his works. But some of his aphorisms are still popular among the people. For example, people often say that "a year's plan lies in spring, a day's plan lies in the morning, and a lifetime's plan lies in diligence" is from Shao Yong. Shao Yong, the genius of the unexpected prophet, made an amazing and accurate prediction on the historical development of later generations, wrote his masterpiece-plum blossom poem, and predicted the great historical evolution of China after him. Of course, like all predictions, he used very implicit language. It's not easy to understand Some parts are difficult to understand if they are not practitioners who understand Buddhism and Taoism.
In the first year of Injong You (1049), he settled in Luoyang and taught apprentices for a living. In the seventh year of Jiayou (1062), Wang, who stayed in Xijing, visited the Tiangong Temple in Luoyang in the Southern Five Dynasties and the Qi House in West Tianjin Bridge, and built 30 infrastructure houses, which were named Yong Xinju and Mr. An Le. Injong Jiayou and Zongshen Xining were recommended twice, and both said they were ill. When Fu Bi, Sima Guang, Lv Gongzhu, Cheng Yi, Cheng Hao and Zhang Zai retired to Luoyang, they also followed this unchanging trend. Xining died ten years ago at the age of 67. Zhe Zongyuan paid tribute to the memorial health festival. Twenty volumes of Yichuan Beating the Earth. The History of Song Dynasty has been circulated in 427 volumes.
Shao Yong's poems are based on the Collection of Killing Earths in Yichuan, which was first engraved by Zhang and Shao in Ming Dynasty. In 1975, the school collected nine volumes of Complete Works of Shao (hereinafter referred to as Song Edition), six volumes of Shao Reprinted Collection (hereinafter referred to as Cai Edition), Yuan Edition (hereinafter referred to as Yuan Edition), Huang Jifu Edition in the first year of Ming Dynasty (hereinafter referred to as Yellow Edition) and the manuscripts of Sikuquanshu in Wen Yuan Pavilion in Qing Dynasty (hereinafter referred to as Yellow Edition)
He is the author of Huang Shi, Yi Chuan Ji Tu Ji, Observing Things Inside and Outside, and Asking Cleverly in Words.
Wang Shouren (1472- 1529) Han nationality. Yuyao, Zhejiang. The word Boan, nicknamed Yangming Zi, is called Mr. Yangming, so it is also called Wang Yangming. China was the most famous thinker, philosopher, calligrapher and strategist in Ming Dynasty. As a master of Wang Lu's psychology, he is not only proficient in Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, but also can command an army to fight. He is a rare all-round Confucian in the history of China.
Because he once built a house in Yangming Cave in Yuyao, he was named Yangming Zi, so scholars called him Mr. Yangming. Now he is generally called Wang Yangming, and his theory is called "Yangming Studies" internationally. It has an important and far-reaching influence in China, Japanese, Korean Peninsula and Southeast Asian countries.
Lu Jiuyuan (1139 ~1192), named Xiangshan, is quiet. A famous philosopher and educator in the Southern Song Dynasty. Han nationality, from Jinxi, Fuzhou (now Jiangxi). It was as famous as Zhu, a famous Neo-Confucianist at that time, and was called "Zhu Lu" in history. Lu Jiuyuan is the founder of China's theory of mind. In the Ming Dynasty, Wang Yangming developed his theory and became a famous "Lu Wang School" in the history of China's philosophy, which had a far-reaching influence on modern China's Neo-Confucianism. It was called "Lu Zi" by later generations.
Lu Jiuyuan once built a hut in Longhushan, Guixi, and called his disciples to give lectures. Because of its mountain shape, it is named Xiangshan Weng, known as Mr. Xiangshan and Lu Xiangshan in the world. "I have lived in the mountains for five years and read its books. Thousands of people have come to see it." In the eighth year (1 172), he was admitted to the entrance examination in Dadao. He admitted that Wang Anshi was outstanding and unconventional, but he thought that Wang Anshi had not touched the root academically and disagreed with his political reform. I have a great sense of revenge for the "Jingkang Change", so I visited the brave and tried to recover lost ground. When he was a local official, his achievements were quite remarkable, but he did not forget education and often taught students. After returning to his official residence, he set up a lecture hall in Gong Xue, and all people, old and young, came to attend the lecture. According to Xiangshan Chronicle, "I have never seen anything like this before." Author of The Complete Works of Xiangshan.