Zhuge Liang
Zhuge Liang Park Chen Shou's "Three Kingdoms": Zhuge Liang was the prime minister of the country, caring for the people, showing rituals, appointing officials, obeying the authority, being sincere, imparting justice, and being loyal. Those who benefit from time will be rewarded even if they are angry; those who break the law and neglect will be punished even if they are close; those who admit guilt and lose love will be released even if they are serious; those who use rhetoric and clever words will be killed even if they are light; good deeds will not be rewarded if they are insignificant; evil will not be degraded if they are not trivial; concubine Things should be refined, physical principles should be followed, names and responsibilities should be followed, and hypocrisy should be disdainful; in the end, within the realm of the state, one would be fearful but loving, and those who have no complaints despite severe punishments and administrations would be able to exhort and warn because of their calm intentions. It can be said that he is a talented person who knows how to govern, and Guan and Xiao are inferior to each other. However, he has been trying to mobilize the masses for many years without success, so he must adapt to the general strategy and it is not his strength!
"Yuan Zi": If the law is strictly enforced, the people of the country will be satisfied with it, and if the people do their best, they will not complain. His soldiers come in and out like guests, and they are not invaders. Those who eat grass and grass do not hunt, just like in the country. The way he uses his troops is to stop like a mountain and advance and retreat like the wind. When the troops are sent out, the world is shaken, but the people's hearts are not worried. In the decades since Liang's death, the people of the country have been thinking about it, just like the Zhou people thought about summoning the duke. Confucius said, "Yong can also make him go to the south." Zhuge Liang had this in mind.
Liu Bei: "There is a hole in a solitary person, just like a fish in water. I hope you will not say anything more." "Your talent is ten times that of Cao Pi, and you will surely be able to secure the country and resolve major events. If your heir can assist you, If he is not talented, you can take it yourself."
Sima Hui: "How do Confucian scholars know the current affairs? Those who know the current affairs are the heroes."
p>Meng Huo: "My lord, God is so powerful that the southerners will never rebel."
Jia Xu: "Zhuge Liang is good at governing the country."
Liu Ye: " Zhuge Liang is wise in governing and is the prime minister."
Xu Shu said: "This person can be seen, but he should not be ignored." "Zhuge Kongming is also a lying dragon."
Zhang Yi: "Rewards should not be far away, punishment should not be close, no title should be obtained without merit, and punishment should not be avoided by high power. This is why the wise and foolish people forget their own bodies."
Yang Hong: "The Western soil has served Zhuge Liang to the best of his ability."
Ma Liang: "My dear brother, I should praise the world as expected, and your career will bring glory to the country, and your fortune will be far-reaching. I will use Yalu." , review the importance of the wise, and use simple talents to suit the time. If it is harmonious and joyful, and the virtue is heaven and earth, it makes the time close to the listener, and the world obeys the Tao, and the noble and wonderful voices are harmonious, and the voices of Zheng and Wei are harmonious. It is beneficial to things, and there is no need to compete with others. This is the perfection of the orchestra, the harmony of Ya and Kuang."
Fan Jian: "When you hear evil, you will change it, and you will not be cautious about your mistakes. You should trust the gods in rewards and punishments. "
Zhang Wen: "However, when Zhuge Liangda saw the calculation, he must have known that God was concerned about Qu Shen's advisability, and he would receive the favor of the imperial court. There is no doubt that he would recommend Liang."
Sima Yi: "I am not as good as Zhuge Kongming, he is a genius in the world!"
Yang Xi's "Ode to the Assistant Ministers of the Han Dynasty" praised Prime Minister Zhuge: "He is loyal and brave, he offers advice by the riverside, he climbs Wu, Lianshu, and has power. I am the true man of the world. He inherited Aheng, perfected his martial arts, developed his moral education, and changed his moral principles. The virtuous and foolish competed with each other in his mind. He was born in a quiet country, and his four descendants were Sui. He repeatedly appeared in the enemy's court and showed his power. I have learned a lot about the great country, but I hate it.” How can we help ourselves if we have this person?"
Fu Qian: "Zhuge Liang knows how to manage changes, and he is righteous and strategic."
Guo Chong: "Jincheng Guo Chong thought that he had great power, wisdom and strategy, but he had more achievements than Guan and Yan, and his achievements were not achieved. The commentators are confused. If the five things of Liang are hidden from the world, the treasures will not be restored. King Fufeng is generous and kind. "Chong."
Liu Chan issued an edict: "The battle of Jieting was caused by Ma Su, but the king made him feel guilty, deeply devalued himself, and obeyed the command of the emperor. The year before last, he killed the king. Shuang; this year Yuanzheng, Guo Huai fled; he surrendered the Di and Qiang, revived the two counties, the power of the town was ferocious, and his achievements were obvious. Fang was harassing the people today, but Yuan evil was still in power. The loss is not the result of glory and greatness. Now that I have returned to you as Prime Minister, I will not resign you. ""But you are talented in civil and military affairs, wise and sincere. You have been entrusted by me to help me, and you will continue to prosper and maintain peace. Chaos; the six divisions of the Yuan Dynasty have been conquering for many years, and their martial prowess is impressive. They have great power in the eight wastelands. They will make great achievements in Jihan and participate in the great achievements of Yi and Zhou. I mourn with sorrow, and my heart is as broken. The husband respects virtue and prefaces his merits, and records his posthumous honors, so that the future will be bright and immortal.
Today, I envoy Chijie Zuozhonglang General Du Qiong to present you with the seal ribbon of the Marquis of Wuxiang, the Prime Minister, and posthumously title you the Marquis of Zhongwu. The soul has spirit, Jiazi favors it. Alas! Alas! ”
Later generations greatly praised Zhuge Liang’s loyalty and deeds, such as:
Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty: “Zhuge Liang said: I will devote my whole life to death.” As a minister, only Zhuge Liang can do this. ”
Sun Qiao of the Tang Dynasty: “Five hundred years have passed since the death of Marquis Wu, and the people of the Liang and Han Dynasties have continued to sing eloquently and offer sacrifices in temples as if they were still there. They have loved the people for so long.” ”
Tao Kan, a poet from Mei Tao of the Western Jin Dynasty, said: “The spirit of intelligence is like Wei Wu, and the loyalty and obedience are like Kong Ming.” ”
Chang Xu of the Eastern Jin Dynasty: “If you govern the country with courtesy and the people will have no complaints, if you don’t abuse lynching, there will be no tears left.” "
Wang Tong of the Sui Dynasty said: "If Zhuge Liang had not died, rituals and music would have flourished. "
"Tang Wencui" records what Shang Chi said in the "Preface to the Inscription on the Zhuge Wuhou Temple Stele": "When the official wrote about the temple food, it became an unpublished canon. Within a mountain, every move and movement , the shape is majestic. If there is a severe drought in the country, if the country prays for it, it can become clouds and rain. This means that everyone is benefiting, and life and death are the same in ancient and modern times. Death and immortality are more valuable than life. Another article written by Lu Wen, "The Temple of Zhuge Wuhou", said: "If the great honor is not collected, God will seize it." Sincerity is unforgettable, shining in the sun and moon, and the fierce energy never dissipates. Long as a thunderstorm. ”
Du Fu, a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty, once admired Zhuge Liang’s deeds and wrote several poems about Zhuge Liang, including "The Prime Minister of Shu" (two of them have the same name) and "Ode to Ancient Relics No. 4" , "Zhuge Kongming", "Eight Formations", "Gubaihang", "Wuhou Temple", "Zhuge Temple", "Geye". Among them, "Three visits to the world" in "The Prime Minister of Shu", the two dynasties opened. Help the old minister's heart. "Died before he left the army and made the hero burst into tears" has also become a famous saying about Zhuge Liang's life in the future.
Other poets have also written many poems to praise Zhuge Liang, such as the great poet Li Bai of the Tang Dynasty "Reading the Biography of Zhuge Wuhou, Presenting it to Uncle Cui Shaofu of Chang'an and Feng Kunji", "Zhuge Wuhou" by Song Dynasty statesman and writer Wang Anshi, "Wuhou Temple" by Ming Dynasty writer Yang Shen, and modern historian Guo Moruo's "Shu Daoqi", as well as modern politicians Dong Biwu, Lu Dingyi, etc.
Mao Zedong commented: "It started by mistake in Longzhong, and the troops were divided into two parts thousands of miles away. In the end, Guan Yu, Liu Bei, and Zhuge Liang had three separate forces and were undefeated. "The first sentence means that Zhuge Liang's strategy is inappropriate. Jingzhou is thousands of miles away from Yizhou. The division of troops between the two places will inevitably cause the Shu Han to lose its advantage in military strength. The latter sentence "three-thirds of troops" refers to Guan Yu's guarding Jingzhou and Liu Bei. In the attack on Soochow and Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition to the Central Plains, the historical fact of the "three-quarter force" ultimately caused the Shu Han's vitality to be severely damaged and the foundation for unifying China to be lost. However, some people disagree with Mao Zedong's analysis. Longzhong originally hoped to "make the most of the situation." All of Jingzhou in the "South China Sea" supported the Jingzhou Army's Northern Expedition, and Yizhou carried out a pincer strategy. However, Liu Bei failed to achieve it later, and because of the loss of Nanjun, Guan Yu lost his advantage in the Battle of Xiangfan, instead of dividing it into two. The results of military strength. On the other hand, regarding the historical events of losing Jieting and beheading Ma Su, Mao Zedong once commented: "In the first battle, it is better to face the battle first. "It is believed that Zhuge Liang should personally lead the army to advance and make arrangements before the battle, and should not disperse the troops and assign responsibilities to others.
The attack and heart couplet hanging in the Zhuge Liang Hall of Wuhou Temple in Chengdu was written by Zhao Fan, a scholar of the Qing Dynasty. This couplet It has attracted the attention of Mao Zedong and others. Its content is:
"If you can attack the heart, you will be defeated by the side. It has been known from ancient times that soldiers are not warlike;
If you fail to assess the situation, both leniency and severity will be wrong. Later, when governing Shu, we had to think deeply. "
Sun Yat-sen, the founding father of the Republic of China, praised Zhuge Liang in the Three People's Principles of Civil Rights: "Zhuge Liang is very capable, so he was able to establish a very good government in Xishu, and he was able to leave Qishan for the Northern Expedition and fight with Wu and Wei Three tripods. ".
[Edit this paragraph] Achievements in governing the country
"Three Kingdoms": Zhuge Liang was the prime minister of the country, caring for the people, showing rituals, appointing officials, obeying the authority, being sincere, and imparting justice. ; Those who are loyal and beneficial will be rewarded even if they are cheated; those who break the law and neglect will be punished even if they are close to each other; those who admit guilt and lose love will be released even if they are serious; those who use rhetoric and clever words will be killed even if they are light; good deeds will not be rewarded even if they are insignificant; evil will not be devalued if they are not trivial. ; The common people are refined, physical and basic, follow the name and fulfill the responsibilities, and despise hypocrisy; finally within the territory of the country, they are fearful but love them; although the punishment and administration are harsh, they have no resentment, because their intentions are calm and they are enlightened in admonishment. It can be said that he is a talented person who knows how to govern, and Guan and Xiao are inferior to each other.
"Three Kingdoms": In preparation for death, the heir is young and weak, and he is dedicated to everything, no matter how big or small. Therefore, we connected with Soochow outside and pacified South Vietnam internally. We implemented legislation, organized the army, and used engineering and machinery skills to the utmost. Science and education were strict, rewards and punishments must be trusted, no evil should be punished, and no good should be shown. As for officials, they should not tolerate rape. Be self-reliant, do not pick up lost things, the strong does not invade the weak, and the demeanor is awe-inspiring. "Three Kingdoms": Li Shu thought about it and thought it was true. To this day, the people of Liang and Yi still hear the words in their ears. Although Gantang sings about Zhao Gong and Zheng people sing about Zichan, they are incomparable. Mencius once said: "If you use the way of leisure to make people work, you will not complain even if you work; if you use the way of life to kill people, you will not be angry even if you die." Believe it! Commentators may blame Liang for not being brilliant in his writing, but being too thorough and thorough by Ding Ning. I foolishly thought that Jiu Yao was a great virtuous person and the Duke of Zhou was a sage. After examining the ministers, I found that Jiu Yao was brief and elegant, and that the Duke of Zhou's edicts were troublesome and thorough. Why? Jiu Yao talked with Shun and Yu, and Duke Zhou swore an oath with his subordinates. Liang's words are all ordinary people, so his writings cannot reach far. However, the last words of his teachings are all based on historical facts, and his sincerity and sincerity are reflected in his writings, which are enough to understand the person's thoughts and principles, and they can be useful to the current world.
"Three Kingdoms": "Huangsha Tun was opened by Zhuge Liang."
Sima Yan: That's great. If I had this person to help myself, how could I have done so much today!
"Three Kingdoms": Prime Minister Zhuge was brave and loyal, forgetting himself and worrying about the country.
Jia Xu: Zhuge Liang is good at governing the country.
Liu Bei: The king is ten times more talented than Cao Pi. He will surely be able to secure the country and finalize major events. There is a hole in it alone, just like a fish has water.
"Shui Jing Zhu Jiang Shui": "Zhuge Liang marched to the north, using the weir as a source of agriculture and a capital of the country. He recruited 1,200 men to protect it, and there were weir officials."
"Pu'er Prefecture Chronicles. Historic Sites": "Marquis Wu traveled across the six mountains, leaving bronze gongs in Youle, copper trowels in the wild branches, iron bricks in the wild bricks, wooden bangs in Yibang, and horse pedals in the mountains. "Gedeng, put a sack in Manshu, and it was named after the mountain."
When Zhuge Liang was in Hanzhong for rest, he made full use of Hanzhong's favorable economic conditions and adopted a series of measures to develop production according to local conditions. With the effective measures, the military resources of the Northern Expedition were basically solved on the spot. After Zhuge Liang's death, the Shu army retreated, and the Wei army also "obtained a lot of books, grain and cereals from him" in the Shu camp. This just shows that the effect of Zhuge Liang's dismissal of soldiers and farmers and the implementation of military garrison farming warfare is remarkable. When the local people live a better life, they can attract more people, allowing the vast and sparsely populated Hanzhong to develop again, and gradually achieve a virtuous cycle of more people and more food, so that the people can "live in peace and enjoy their jobs." Only by enriching the country and strengthening the military can the long-term peace and order of the ruling class be maintained.
The "Shanhe Weir" and other water conservancy projects that Zhuge Liang "continued to build" are still the water conservancy projects with the largest irrigation area in Hanzhong. According to Mr. Li Yizhi’s investigation, “Shanhe Weir still irrigates more than 8,000 acres of farmland in Baocheng, more than 30,600 acres of farmland in Nanzheng County, more than 7,000 acres in Jiu County, and more than 46,000 acres in Nanzheng County. "The six famous pools in Hanzhong City are still used today. According to archaeological survey statistics, there are still more than 70 ancient weirs from the Han Dynasty in the area. Some weirs and canals have been used and repaired for generations and are still in use today. At the same time, various regions have continued to build a large number of ponds, reservoirs, ponds and other water conservancy facilities on the basis of inheriting and learning from ancient experiences in developing and utilizing water conservancy resources. Mian County alone has built 37 additional reservoirs capable of storing 100,000 cubic meters of water; more than 300 ponds and ponds; and winter paddy fields still exceed 50,000 acres. Comparing the unearthed ponds and paddy field models with today's models, it is enough to show that since the Han Dynasty, in terms of extensive development and utilization of water conservancy resources and development of agricultural production, this region has been building weirs, canals and ponds in a mainly small form according to local conditions. Convert hilly areas into fertile farmland.
The above facts show that the actual effectiveness and continuous improvement and utilization of the ancient farmland water conservancy facilities in the Hanzhong Basin to this day are inseparable from Zhuge Liang's great achievements in opening up farmland, building water conservancy, and developing production when he was on vacation in Hanzhong to encourage farmers.
Calligraphy:
Yuan She Tie Zhuge Liang lived in an era when Chinese calligraphy art tended to mature. Four years before his birth, in the sixth year of Xiping (AD 177), Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty, he first called calligraphy "calligraphy". This marks the official distance between "writing" as a communication tool and "calligraphy" as a unity of aesthetic appreciation and practicality, and enables the latter to gradually develop into a unique art - the art of calligraphy. At this time, Han Li has become the leading font with a unique style. At the same time, cursive script, running script and regular script were created, so that the five styles of seal script, official script, cursive script, running script and regular script were basically complete.
Zhuge Liang loves calligraphy; he trained hard in his youth and can write in a variety of fonts, including seal script, eight-point script, and cursive script. Liang Tao Hongjing of the Southern Dynasties was a great calligrapher. His "Swords and Swords Record" records: "In Xinchou, the first year of Zhangwu in Shu (AD 221), he quarried iron from Jinniu Mountain and cast eight iron swords, each three feet and six inches long... It is also the cornerstone of Kong Mingshu’s style.” Yu Li's "Ancient Ding Lu" records: "Zhuge Liang killed Wang Shuang, returned Dingjun Mountain, cast a tripod, and buried it in Hanchuan, with the inscription: Dingjun Ding. He also made eight formation tripods, which were sunk in Yong'an water, all with large seal scripts. " "In the second year of the reign of Emperor Zhangwu (AD 222), he cast a tripod in Hanchuan, named Kehan ??tripod, and placed it in Bing cave, with eight points of book... He also cast a tripod in Wudan Mountain, Chengdu, named Shouchan tripod. He also cast a tripod at the entrance of Jianshan Mountain, which was named Jianshan tripod. Both the seal script and the seal script were traced by Marquis Wu. "In the third year of Zhangwu (AD 223), he made two tripods, one for King Lu, and the text says: 'Wealth and prosperity. , King Yihou. , One with the King of Liang, the text said: "Great luck, King Yigong" and the ancient official script, three feet high, are all recorded in "Gujin Fa Shu Yuan" written by Zhou Yue in the Northern Song Dynasty. : "The First Lord of Shu tried to make three tripods, all of which were made in eight parts of the seal script of Marquis Wu, and they were extremely exquisite."
The above records are credible, especially those of Tao Hongjing of the Southern Dynasties, who lived only more than 200 years after Zhuge Liang. His experiences and accounts should be based on facts. Volume 13 of "Xuanhe Shupu" written by Xuanhe Neifu of Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty records that Zhuge Liang "is good at painting and also likes to write cursive calligraphy. Although he is not known as a book, if he finds his relics in the future, he will treasure them." It is also said: "The first cursive script in the imperial palace collection today is: "Yuan She Tie"." This shows that by the end of the Northern Song Dynasty (1119-1125 AD), Zhuge Liang's calligraphy works were still collected in the imperial palace. Chen Si's "Shu Xiaoshi" of the Southern Song Dynasty records: Zhuge Liang "is good at the eight parts of seal script and official script. Today's calligraphy has the words "Xuan Mo Tai Chi, mixed yin and yang", etc., which is a special skill."
Beginning in the Song Dynasty, famous calligraphy works of predecessors were copied and rubbed for the purpose of dissemination, which was called "fa calligraphy". This record shows that in the Song Dynasty, Zhuge Liang's calligraphy works were popular in the world as "fa calligraphy" with exemplary significance. Zhuge Liang never forgot calligraphy amidst his busy government affairs and military activities. "Changde Prefecture Chronicle" records: "Wolong Ink Pool is located in Wolong Temple, thirty miles west of Yuanjiang County. It is said that Zhuge Wuhou of the Han Dynasty used ink in this temple because of its name." We know that the time when Zhuge Liang was active in Changde was during the Battle of Chibi. After that, the war was very tense and frequent, but he still did not forget to use his brushes near the pond.
Unfortunately, it is still not possible to see the original calligraphy. We can only rely on archaeological discoveries.
Painting:
Zhang Yanyuan of the Tang Dynasty wrote in "Records of Famous Paintings of the Past Dynasties": "Both Zhuge Wuhou and his son were good at painting." Zhang Yanyuan also wrote in his book "On Painting" , which records the collection and sales of paintings at that time. He said: "Nowadays, it is divided into three ancient times to determine the high and low. Taking the three kingdoms of Han and Wei as the older ones, Zhao Qi, Liu Yao, Cai Yong, Zhang Heng, Cao Mao, Yang Xiu, Huan Fan, Xu Miao, Cao Buxing, and Zhuge Liang "Liu is also." The painters of the Jin and Song Dynasties are called the middle ancient, the painters of the Qi, Liang, Chen, Later Wei, Later Zhou, and Northern Qi are called the lower ancient, and the painters of the Sui and early Tang are called the modern. The price of works by modern painters is similar to that of works by ancient painters, while the prices of works by ancient painters are the highest.
Zhang Yanyuan recorded the selling price of paintings by some modern painters such as Yan Liben, Wu Daozi and others at that time: "A screen is worth 20,000 gold, and a screen is worth 15,000 gold." "A screen is worth 10,000 gold." .
" He also said that the works of painters from the Han and Wei Dynasties (that is, ancient times) were already "important treasures of the state and the family" in the Tang Dynasty and "treasures of the ancient times." Zhang Yanyuan (born in 815 AD) was born in a family of prime ministers, and his family had a collection of Dharma paintings. His book "Famous Paintings of the Past" is known as the "ancestor of painting history". His records and discussions have always been credible and rare historical materials in the history of Chinese painting. In it, we can roughly see Zhuge Liang's historical status and artistic achievements in the history of Chinese art. The Eastern Jin Dynasty historian Chang Cu's "Huayang Guozhi" records: "In South China, the customs are to conquer witches and ghosts, to curse alliances, to cast stones to make grass, and to be officials. He wanted to curse the alliance. Zhuge Liang made a map for the barbarians. He first painted the Great Wall Mansion of the Heaven, Earth, Sun and Moon, and then the dragon, the barbarians born from the dragon, and the cows, horses, camels, and sheep. Later, the chief official of the painting department rode on horseback and covered with flags, patrolling to comfort him. He also painted an image of a barbarian morning glory carrying wine and gold to give to barbarians, who were very heavy. "He also recorded: "Yongchang County, the ancient Ailao Kingdom... successively, small kings were divided, often living in towns, scattered in the valleys, the territory was deserted, the mountains and rivers were deep, and since the beginning of the people, there has never been a connection with China. South Central It is the ancestor of Kunming, so Zhuge Liang also has his map. "It can be seen from the above two paragraphs that Zhuge Liang does have extraordinary painting talents. His paintings are both based on real life (such as the life of ethnic minorities in southern China) and have magical and rich imagination (such as Shenlong, etc.), and their compositions are Magnificent, the scene is vast.
Zhuge Liang can not only paint the sky, the earth, the sun, and the moon, but also various buildings, carriages, horses, animals, and figures. The painter who can master such comprehensive painting skills is in the history of Chinese painting. It is also rare. At the same time, we can also see that Zhuge Liang did not paint out of personal leisure. His painting art always served his political and military purposes.
3. Music. Chapter:
Zhuge Liang was proficient in music, liked to play the piano and sing, and had high musical accomplishment.
This aspect is recorded in Chen Shou's "Three Kingdoms? Biography of Zhuge Liang": "Xuan Zu plowed the long acres so that he could sing for Liang's father. "Xi Chi Chi's "Old Records of Xiangyang Elders": "There is Kongming's former residence in Xiangyang... To the west of the house is a mountain and a river. Kongming often climbed up there and played "Liang Fu Yin" on the drums and harp, so the mountain was named Leshan. "Of course there is Wolong Yin, which is truly a masterpiece of the ages. "Zhongxing Bibliography" records: "In the "Qin Jing" volume, Zhuge Liang wrote about the beginning of making the qin and the sound of the seven strings, and the thirteen emblems took the meaning of the image. "Xie Xiyi's "Qin Lun" also records: "Zhuge Liang wrote "Liang Fu Yin". "Yu Di Zhi" records: "There is a stone harp in the Wuhou Temple in Dingjun Mountain. When you play it, the sound is very clear and clear. It is said that it was left by Wuhou." "From the above records, it is enough to see that Zhuge Liang has a very comprehensive cultivation and great artistic achievements in music. He is good at both vocal music - he can sing; he is also good at instrumental music - he is good at playing the piano; at the same time, he also composes music and lyrics. Not only that, he also wrote a musical theory treatise - "Qin Jing".