As possessive attributive, it can be translated into "his" and "its" (including plural). I followed his plan and the king was lucky enough to forgive me.
(Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) 2. The third person pronoun. As a small subject in the subject-predicate phrase, it can be translated as "he" and "it".
The king of Qin is afraid of breaking the wall. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) 3. Flexible use of the first person or the second person, translated into "mine", "myself" or "yours" and "you".
Now that the Soviet Union is welcoming Cao Cao, Cao Cao should return the Soviet Union to the Hunan Party and enjoy his fame without losing his post. (Battle of Red Cliffs) 4. Demonstrative pronouns, indicating far fingers, can be translated as "na", "na", "those" and "there".
If it gets out, it will be blamed for it. (Tour of Baochan Mountain) 5. Demonstrative pronouns, indicating near reference, are equivalent to "this", "this" and "these".
Those who owned the Chiang family all died for the benefit of III. (Snake Catcher) 6. Demonstrative pronouns mean "among them", followed by numerals.
Choose one or two of the rocks. (The Story of Shi Zhongshan) 7. Rhetoric tone.
Are you sure you don't need a horse? 8. The tone of speculation. I really don't know anything about horses.
2. Usage of function words in classical Chinese * *18 The function words in classical Chinese [He, He, Hu, Nai, He, He, Ruo, Suo, Wei, Yan, Ye, Yi, Cause, Yu, He, Then, Zhe, Zhi] are words that have no practical meaning in Chinese, and there are still some words.
Function words can't form sentences independently, but can only cooperate with content words to complete grammatical structure. Function words are helpful to content words, which include introduction, connection, help, exclamation, vice and image sound.
Function words play an important role in conjunctions, and some conjunctions are far from true because of the difference of a function word. Clever use of function words can make conjunctions more colorful and interesting.
Please see the next link: your kindness is like the sea; Ministers are like mountains. It turns out that this couplet was written by Hong Chengchou, governor of Shaanxi Province in the late Ming Dynasty. It turns out that there are no two empty word at the end of the couplet, which is called "Your kindness is like the sea, and my festival is like a mountain". It is a couplet to express oneself and praise the kindness of the emperor.
Hong Chengchou later defected to the enemy and betrayed the country, and was spurned by others, so someone added the words "Yi" and "Hu" at the end of the original couplet, which had quite different meanings and became a wonderful satirical couplet. Look at such a couplet: the people are still the same, the country is still the same, how can it be divided into north and south; In a word, it is not a thing.
This pair of couplets was written by Wang Xiangqi to satirize Yuan Shikai and is called Ming Lian by modern people. The couplet is embedded with the word "President of the Republic of China", and the word "not a thing" is pointed out at the end of the couplet. The word "Ye" in couplets and the word "Zhi" in couplets are well used. If the function words are removed, it is hard to call it a masterpiece.
Empty word is mostly used in ancestral temples of the ancients to collect words and make sentences. For example, the Lutz clan association in Jining, Shandong Province: those who allow the saints, those who smell them, and those who smell them are happy; The master's courage is great, he will be saved when he sees danger, and he will do what he sees righteousness.
Function: Used to form a sentence with neat meaning. For example, the words "ears" and "eyes" are content words. If they are combined with the words "son" and "ambition", they will have the meaning of agility and activity. Liu Zhiji in the Tang Dynasty said: "When the cardinal's wife is rich, there must be a sentence of Xu Yinzu, which is the beginning and the end.
It is based on Iraq, Wei, Fu, Beggar, and eventually as a language; How, zai, yi, and the help of broken sentences. If you go, there will be a shortage of words, and if you go, you will have a whole chapter. "
("Shi Tong" Volume 6 "Floating Words") Therefore, ancient books use function words to form a sentence, which is neat and you can see it. For example, using the word "Wei", "Zuo Zhuan Xiang Gong Seventeen Years": "And why Tian Wei?" Twenty-two years of Zuo Zhuan's "xianggong": "Why is it sacred?" Mandarin Today: "What would you do?" Xun Zi Yibing ... Why do soldiers do this? "Because at the end of the sentence, you can't make a sentence without adding words.
There is also the word "Wei", Hume's book, "Time-oriented" and "Boundless, Interest-only" in Zhao Gu. Only "time" and "interest" are not sentences, and "for" is added to achieve it. Coupled with the word "or", "The Book of Songs Xiaoya Tianbao": "If pine and cypress are lush, there is no exception."
If this sentence omits the word "or" and only has "no inheritance", the meaning of that sentence will be hasty, and the word "or" is added to ease the tone. If you add the word "knowledge", it can be divided into three types: 1. Add the word "zhi" to enhance the tone.
Chen Shufang, a poet in the Song Dynasty, said, "Laozi said:' ... Taoism, moral education, growth, education, acquisition, maturity, education, and cover ...' Zhi' is of infinite use because it is used to help the middle ear. "("Yingchuan Xiaoyu ") 2. For the end of the sentence, there is nothing, and the words are combined to see the meaning.
The Book of Songs: "Left is left, gentleman is right, right is right, gentleman has it, dimension has it, so it is similar." Obviously, six sentences use eight words of "zhi", but without the word "zhi", the meaning is incomplete.
3. Use the word "zhi" in the sentence to make the sentence neat, which can be seen everywhere in the Book of Songs. For example, The Book of Songs Xiaoya in the First Month: "Whose home is it?" Use the word "zhi" to make the sentence neat.
There are many words "zhi" in The Book of Songs. According to Mr. li jinxi's statistics, there are *** 1039 words in The Book of Songs, including 4 verbs, 52 adjectives, 400 pronouns and 583 auxiliary words, among which the auxiliary words are the most. (Essay on Chinese Explanatory Words by Jinxi, Li See) In addition to words used as language aids in writing, words used in printed titles are also used.
For example, Zhao Kuangyin, Song Taizu, saw a "Zhuquemen" at the gate of Kaifeng, and asked Zhao Pu why he didn't write Zhuquemen and why he used this word. Zhao help replied. The word ""was added to the seal.
For example, people in the Han dynasty like to use five characters as seals. If they are in the position of prime minister, the seal is the seal of prime minister. In later generations, printed words were uniform, fair and versatile. If a single name is less than four words, it is "the seal of word of mouth".
(See the article "Shoe Mending Show" (volume 12) "There are words with quantity on the printed list") which is still useful today. Another useful word and other words are often used in sentences.
For example, in the Book of Songs, the wind is strong, the cloud of Tao is far away, occupying the sound, and the cloud of man dies. Only the words "the road is long, but it's Xiu Yuan" and "the death of a person" can't be used to make sentences, but they can be added to make sentences. There are many such words in poetry and prose. An article can only be written with function words.
Liu Qi's "A Brief Introduction to Zhuzi" in the Qing Dynasty said: "The only way to write is the two ends of a notional word, which is its body and bones, and the temperament of a notional word. Gavin spoke on behalf of Li. When he resisted falling, his mood was very strange. When I was a good girl, I was very happy, and Liu Liuzhou (Liu Zongyuan) was guilty of doing evil by himself! " (See the later part of Du Fu's Story) When we talk about ancient classical Chinese, we must use content words and function words, and "function words are awarded a pleasant title" fully demonstrates the importance of function words.
Originally, the meanings of "reality" and "emptiness" are opposite, but the opposite is enough to complement each other. It seems that the opposite of truth, goodness and beauty is false, evil and ugly. Without falsehood, ugliness, there is no truth, goodness and beauty. Function words are derived from content words (detailed later). They are all foreign words, such as Ye, Zhe, Yi, Er, Hu, Evil, Yan, Zhi, Yi and Yu, which have no original meaning today.
Qing Hao Yixing said: "Every word (virtual auxiliary word) is not the original, take its sound." Therefore, function words have indefinite meaning of "see", which is fixed as "see" in the sentence, and also "see" at the beginning (such as pronunciation words and turning words) and the end (such as Xie Yu's words) of the sentence.
Whether it is "zhong", "first room" or "tail room", it is not its original meaning, but has undergone a qualitative change. A changed word cannot be explained from its original meaning, but only from its position and pronunciation.
For example, the word "suo" used to be the sound of logging or lifting wood, which originally meant a verb. Under the guise of "suo", which has become a noun, such as police station and health center, it has been extended from place to function words, such as "to the person who refuses" and "if", the meaning has changed qualitatively, which has nothing to do with the original meaning. The Book of Songs Xiaoya Tingliao: "What about that night? .
3. Is the word "Qi" a function word in classical Chinese?
1, used as a pronoun, can be divided into several situations:
(1) the third person pronoun. It can be used for people and things, and can be translated into "his" and "its" (including plural) before nouns.
② Third person pronoun. Generally speaking, when used in front of verbs or adjectives, as a small subject in a subject-predicate phrase (the whole subject-predicate phrase is used as a subject or object modifier in a sentence), it should be translated into "he" and "it".
③ Flexible use as the first person. It can be used as an attribute or a small subject, and the sentence can be translated into "mine" or "I (myself)".
(4) demonstrative pronoun, indicating far. It can be translated as "that", "that", "those" and "there"
(5) demonstrative pronoun, which means "among them", followed by numerals.
2. Used as an adverb. Put it at the beginning of a sentence or in a sentence to express the tone of measurement, rhetorical question, negotiation and expectation. Often collocated with modal particles at the end of sentences, they can be translated as "probably", "really" and "possibly" or omitted.
4. As a pronoun, the common function word "qi" in classical Chinese can be divided into several situations: 1. Third person pronouns can be translated into "his" and "its" (including plural) as possessive attributives. If the minister followed his plan, the king was lucky enough to forgive him. (Biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) 2. The third person pronoun. It should be translated into "he" and "it" (including plural). The king of Qin was afraid that his walls would be broken. (Biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) 3. You should use the first person or the second person. It should be translated as "mine", "I (myself)" or "yours" or "yours". Still blame those who come up with it. If you get Jingzhou today, you will get a place to vote. ("Battle of Red Cliffs") 5. Demonstrative pronouns indicate near reference, which is equivalent to "this", "this" and "these". If you have the Chiang family, you will only benefit from the third generation. (Snake Catcher) 5. The demonstrative pronoun means (this is desirable) 2. Strengthening the tone of speculation is equivalent to "I am afraid", "possible", "probably" and "possible". What makes saints holy and fools stupid? Wang is very happy, so Qi is almost the same? (Bao Zhuang meets Mencius) 3. Strengthening rhetorical tone is equivalent to "don't" and "how". (1) with the spare capacity of the old days, you can't destroy a hair on the mountain, just like earth and stone. (Yu Gong Yi Shan) ③ Used as a conjunction. 1. stands for the selected relationship, which is equivalent to "yes or no". I really don't know anything about horses? (Ma Shuo) 2. Hypothetical relationship, equivalent to "if". If a person's industry is not refined, if a person's morality is not excellent, then if a person's nature is inferior, then his heart is not specialized. (4) Auxiliary words can adjust syllables without translation. (1) Ruman Manqi Xiu Yuan Xi, I will search up and down ("Li Sao").
5. Classical Chinese function words ~ ~ 72 (translation) and two pronouns.
Send "er" to you, which means to call the second person. It can be translated as "you" and "you".
Such as "Xuanzhi of the Ridge": "Somewhere, but my mother is here." Your mother used to stand here.
The triple conjunction ⒈ indicates a coordinate relationship, in which two connected items are not primary or secondary, but parallel and equally important, and can be translated as "he", "he", "you" and "he" or not.
For example, Two Children Debate Day: "This is not small for people who are far away, but big for people who are near" [translation]: "Isn't this big for people who are far away?" 1. indicates the undertaking relationship, and the two items are undertaken in time, action or matter, which can be translated as "Jiu", "Then", "Lai", "Convenience" or "Inconvenience". For example, the Analects of Confucius for politics "review the old and learn the new" [translation]: "review the old and learn the new".
3. Represents a progressive relationship. The meaning of the latter item is closer to that of the former item, which can be translated as "harmony" and "and so on. For example, the Analects of Confucius "Learn while learning" [translation]: "Learn knowledge and review it at a certain time".
4. Represents the modifying relationship, and the modified item in the preceding paragraph connects the adverbial and the head language, without translation. For example, Yugong moved mountains: Hequ wise men laugh [translation]: Hequ wise men laugh to stop Yugong.
⒌ indicates a turning point, and the meanings of two connected items are relative or opposite, which can be translated as "que", "but" and "ke". For example, Wolf: "The wolf behind stopped, and the wolf in front came again" [translation]: "The wolf behind stopped, and the wolf in front caught up again".
⒍ indicates a hypothetical relationship, which often connects the subject and predicate in clauses and can be translated into "if", "if" and "if". For example, Young China said: "Let all the teenagers in the country become teenagers" [translation]: "If the teenagers in the country really become promising teenagers".
Therefore, therefore. For example, Xunzi's exhortation to learn: "Jade is moist in the mountains, pearls are born in the deep, and cliffs are not withered."
Jade is on the mountain, so the vegetation is moist, and pearls grow in deep pools, so the vegetation on the cliff does not wither. ⒏ If.
For example, "The Analects of Confucius Eight Books": "Who knows etiquette when you are in charge?" [Translation]: "If Guan Zhong knows etiquette, who doesn't?" Four auxiliary words, which are used with locative words such as "Shang", "Xia", "Lai" and "Wang", indicate time or range and can be translated as "one". For example, "Painting": "Therefore, China's paintings, from portraits to the outside, are mostly based on meaning."
Therefore, China's paintings, except portraits, mostly use imagination to form the content of the picture. 1. is equivalent to "knowledge".
For example, The Analects of Confucius asks, "A gentleman is ashamed of his words and transcends his deeds." A gentleman is ashamed to talk more and do less.
Note: "What you said" means "What you said". 4. Express your tone.
A little closer to "Xi" For example: The Analects of Confucius: It's over! Already! Today's politicians are in danger! " [Translation]: "Forget it, forget it! Now those people in the party and government are extremely dangerous! " Five "Rus", like, like.
For example, The Book of Songs Xiaoya Du Ren: "Du Ren, great efforts have been made. He is a gentleman and a woman with curly hair. "
The clothes of people in Beijing hang down, and the daughters of nobles have hair like the tails and wings of scorpions. .
6. Specific usage of function words in classical Chinese There are two ways to accumulate function words in classical Chinese. First, summarizing the rules and sorting out the understanding of function words in classical Chinese is an essential content in reading classical Chinese. The main objects of investigation are: ambition, qi, meaning, desire, nai, Wei, Ze, Ran, Hu, Ye, Yan and so on. The main content of the investigation is polysemy and multi-use. Summarize the rules, sort them out, simplify the complex, concentrate the scattered, make the difficult easy, strengthen understanding and memory, and break through the difficulties in understanding the function words in classical Chinese. In order to facilitate understanding and memory, we divide them into four groups according to their functions. Second, it plays the role of connection and combination: taking, doing, having, causing, and; The third is related: and, then, and, although, yes, then; Fourth, it plays an important role in strengthening the tone: yes, yes, no, no, no, no. The following are two basic ideas for sorting out function words in classical Chinese. 1, single clue to sort out function words. (1) Collect function words commonly used in classical Chinese. (2) Sort out their meanings and usages. (3) For every meaning and usage. For reference. (4) Read and master the basic knowledge of these function words. (2) Comparative understanding based on a single text. (1) Read a passage of classical Chinese, find out the function words in classical Chinese that may be found in the exam, and try to analyze and understand their meaning and usage. (2) Understand the common usage and significance of these function words. (3) Collect other sentences containing these function words. Different types are divided into another category or categories. (5) Put these function words in paragraphs and review them together. Second, integrate into the context and judge the usage. In fact, the number of common function words in classical Chinese is limited, and the meaning of each function word is very colorful. If you want to master them, you will not forget them. It's definitely not reliable to rely entirely on rote memorization. This depends on our mastery and skillful use of some reliable and effective methods. Here are some for reference: 1, context inference method. Function words have many uses. To determine their specific meaning and usage, we should interpret words in context, such as the pronoun object of "zhi". Only by connecting with the specific context can we clearly determine the object it refers to. 2. Holistic nursing method. To judge the meaning and usage of function words, we should have a global awareness. Many function words are not true in meaning, and they mainly play a grammatical role or emphasize mood in sentences. Therefore, only by analyzing and understanding the whole sentence can we accurately grasp their meaning and usage. For example, the modal particle "ye, yi, Yan and zai" is the interrogative word at the end of the interrogative sentence. At the end of the exclamation mark is an exclamatory modal particle, which is always closely related to the whole sentence. 3. Sentence position analysis. Some modal particles have different positions in sentences and different functions. For example, "Ye" is a modal particle such as statement, question and exclamation at the end of a sentence. In a word, it generally plays a role in calming emotions. For example, the beginning of a sentence is usually a modal particle. In a sentence, it is usually a pronoun after a verb and a modal adverb after a noun. 4. Grammatical analysis. For function words with regular general usage, we can analyze their usage according to their grammatical functions. For example, the usage of the word "one" has certain rules. If the word "one" is followed by a verb, it may be a conjunction, which can be translated into "lai, Yong" and so on. If the leading noun takes an object alone, it may be a verb. When "Wei" understands the substitution test, it is to put the function words in a sentence. If you read in context to feel semantic fluency, then you can explain that understanding is accurate, and vice versa.