In addition, Zhouyi and Tao Te Ching are both difficulties in ancient Chinese, but today there are translated and annotated versions.
2. How to learn to understand an article? Help me to answer the "eight theories" about reading in all aspects. One said to concentrate on reading the best books for a period of time. You must find out the reason of a word, a word, a person, a place and a thing. From beginning to end, repeated comparisons. Two points say that the books you read can be divided into two categories: intensive reading and browsing; Intensive reading is divided into two categories: valuable literary works and celebrity proverbs that are beneficial to the body and mind. Read a book at least three times: the first bird's eye view, that is, read through; Second intensive reading, that is, chewing; The third digestion, that is, getting through. Read it four times more: read more, write more, ask more questions and think more. Fifth, read it five times: mouth, eyes, heart, hands and brain. Five times is a good way to read! Six-character theory French philosopher Rousseau summed up reading as "six characters": storage, comparison and criticism. Seven records said that every time you read a famous book, you should copy it. After recording, you will watch it silently and burn it. Copy it again and read it silently. Repeat it seven times and you will never forget it. In eight aspects, Su Dongpo, a writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, claimed to be "attacked from all sides". After reading a book several times, every time you explore one aspect, you can master all aspects, so you can associate from multiple angles and write freely. Do you feel a little complicated after reading this book? Some methods seem beyond our power, such as the Ming Dynasty. Read it silently for seven times. Don't worry, Mr. Jiang refined and summarized this "reading secret" and created the "three musts" of reading. How's it going? You must really want to see it. People babble at birth and ask, "Mom, what is this and what is that?" Yes, there must be many questions hidden in your little head: "Why does the moon always follow us?" ..... "How did the leaves turn yellow?" "What will happen if I go to live on Mars?" ..... "Why do people die? If I die, will I go to heaven? Is it a beautiful and happy place? " ...... Human beings have been accompanied by questions since birth. Learning to ask questions, to some extent, is learning to learn. Trick 1: Learn to ask questions When we finish reading a new article, many questions that we don't know or understand will be placed in front of us, and people who can learn will try their best to find the answers to these questions. However, after solving these problems they don't know or understand, they will also ask themselves some questions on their own initiative. These problems make their "skills" in Chinese learning constantly increase. Today, Teacher Jiang listed a few for your reference. You must try them: 1. This article can arouse my * * *? What inspiration did this article give me? 2. What content and language do I like in the article? Can you talk about your understanding of these contents and languages in combination with your own life experience? 3. What would I do if I were also provided with relevant materials and asked to write an article? 4. Where did the work arouse my association and imagination? Why does it trigger my association? 5. Mark the sentences I don't understand in the article. May I question all aspects of the article? -comment on the article and express opinions; I dare to doubt some statements in the article and put forward my own views and opinions. 6. Can I revise the article for the author? And tell me my own reasons. 7. If I want to recommend this article to my good friend, how should I introduce it? 8. What words and expressions in this article particularly attract me? I should remember it. You must have seen the map. The city traffic map can help us find the best route to our destination. The topographic map of China can let us know the distribution of mountains, lakes and plains at a glance ... but you may not know that "maps" can also help us learn Chinese and read an article better, right? But when I say "map" here, I mean "mental map". So, what is a "thinking map"? It's really hard to make it clear in a few words, so come with me and have a look! Trick 2: Draw the articles "Thinking Map" and "Battle of Red Cliffs" on paper. You must be familiar with it. When a classmate taught himself this article, he drew the following two "maps of thinking". The first "thinking map" is mainly to help him sort out the structure of the article and retell the ins and outs of Battle of Red Cliffs. The second "thinking map" is mainly used to help him summarize the reasons why Zhou Yu defeated Cao's 800,000 troops with his own 30,000 troops. How about drawing a "mind map"? It is very interesting and useful. If you are interested, try it yourself. Loudness is a loud voice, a bold action and an innovative idea beyond tradition. Trick 3: Read and think loudly. Some students may ask, we are a senior, so we should do this. Why does Teacher Jiang want us to read aloud? In fact, there is no contradiction between silent reading and loud reading. In the third year of high school, we should really advocate silent reading, but when we meet wonderful articles and wonderful paragraphs, we should still read aloud. Note that reading aloud is not just reading aloud. When reading aloud, we should try our best to read every sound, every word and every sentence correctly, and we should have emotional input and imagine while reading. When reading aloud, you will feel that the arrangement of three words and five words in this passage is really easy to read, so it has a sense of rhythm. When reading it, you will feel that you are playing on that green grass. How fun it is! Reading aloud will make you feel a lot of unspeakable beauty. Besides, I have an interesting news for you. According to Japanese experts, reading aloud for 20 minutes can increase the calories consumed by the body by 65,438+00%, and you can lose weight by persistence. "The grass crept out of the soil, tender and green. In the garden, in the field, you see, a large area is full. " "Think aloud" means telling yourself what you think aloud when reading an article. You may not be familiar with "talking to yourself". When you try it for the first time, you may find it a little funny. However, as long as you persist in doing it, you will gradually realize a process of deepening and perfecting your thinking. By chance, when I read this text, I will read a classmate's soliloquy.
3. How to learn classical Chinese 2 is B, 1. Short answer: The starting point lies in the difference between plane understanding and three-dimensional understanding: comprehensive understanding of all kinds of words, words have various meanings in different environments. Usage: 1 Read different contents of classical Chinese, so as to know various meanings. Recite three layers of classical Chinese at a time and accumulate continuously.
3 sense of language in classical Chinese. Language sense: I think it is the pronunciation and tone characteristics of a language. Sense of language in classical Chinese: the pronunciation characteristics of function words and content words inherent in classical Chinese.
This is an open question. If you can, you can answer in a way that helps you understand. If not, you can start with the meaning of the text.
4. How to understand that flexible use of parts of speech in classical Chinese is a very obvious phenomenon in ancient Chinese?
In ancient Chinese, when a word temporarily changed its basic function (that is, the original part of speech) in a specific language environment and possessed the grammatical function of another word, the phenomenon of flexible use of part of speech appeared. Below, the author makes a simple arrangement on the flexible use of parts of speech in junior high school Chinese textbooks.
I. Flexible Use of Nouns (I. Flexible Use of Nouns as Verbs In modern Chinese, nouns do not take objects directly, while in classical Chinese, nouns often take objects directly. Nouns are in the position of predicate verbs, and nouns take objects or complements. At this time, nouns are used flexibly as verbs. After flexible use, nouns become relative verbs.
(1) Tu Da You, afraid of being attacked by enemies before and after: attack a wolf's den and make a hole in it; Make a hole; If there is a fairy, there is a name; Famous without vines; Planting vines; Branches: long branches (5) bleed in five steps, and the world is white. Essence: Wearing mourning clothes ⑥ Great Chu Xing, King Chen: King ⑥ Dan Ri, stroke is often said, all referring to Chen Sheng.
Refers to: use your fingers; Objective: use your eyes. If there is no object, it depends on whether there are adverbials such as "Yes, Will, No, Yes" before the noun. Nouns can be used flexibly as verbs if there are adverbials.
The public will advertise it. He said, "Impossible.
"People three drums. He said, "Yes.
"Qi teacher defeat. Drumming: Drumming (9) Liu Ziji, Nanyang and Gaoshangshi heard about it and gladly followed it.
If you fail, you will find the disease. Results: Realization.
If a noun appears after a verb or adverb, it can be used flexibly as a verb. Such as: ⑩ Tu Naiben leans on it with a knife on his shoulder.
Wolves are afraid to go forward, eyeing each other. Forward: Forward, Forward (2) Nouns as adverbials generally do not directly modify verbs, but once nouns appear in front of verbs in classical Chinese without being the subject, they can modify the verbs, which is called adverbials in classical Chinese grammar.
Once a noun is used as an adverbial, it means that it has the nature of an adverb. A dog sits in front of a dog: like a dog.
(2) A pavilion wing stands on the upper wing of the spring: like a bird spreading its wings; (3) A gentleman is knowledgeable, but a Japanese ginseng saves his day; (4) Rejecting Han Mian in the north and helping foreigners in the south every day; (5) In the north, he wants to walk in the south, and after turning to the salary, a wolf cave intends to attack the rear through the tunnel. The way to open a tunnel or make a hole is to use verbs flexibly (verbs are used as nouns). The flexible use of verbs is mainly to use verbs as nouns.
In a certain context, verbs are in the position of subject or object, and sometimes they are limited by the modification of words such as "qi" and "zhi", which makes them have the characteristics of nouns. This verb is used flexibly as a noun.
For example: ① Go out of the land and try your best to get in and out of the house: products and income can't get home, and there is no foreign invasion when they go out. In: at home, out: abroad.
(3) Husband is a big country, unpredictable and fearful. Five: Ambush ④ Going to the countryside to miss home, worrying but ignoring, ignoring: framing sarcastic words; ⑤ Afraid that the entrustment is invalid; Entrust things.
Third, the flexible use of adjectives (1) adjectives are used flexibly as nouns. In classical Chinese, when adjectives are used as subjects or objects, they no longer represent the nature or characteristics of things, but people or things with certain properties or characteristics. Such as: ① the general's body is strong and sharp: solid armor; Sharp weapon.
(2) Look at the red and wet place: safflower; (3) Know whether it is green, fat, red, thin or green and red: green leaves and red flowers. (4) All kinds of things are prosperous and wasted: an abandoned cause.
⑤ Falling in love is not heartless: flowers. ⑥ Review the past and learn something new: old knowledge.
New: A new experience or discovery. ⑦ This is kindness, loyalty and purity.
Good: kind people; Reality: An honest man. ⑧ Emperor feels his sincerity: sincerity.
Pet-name ruby: traitors and thieves. (2) Adjectives are used flexibly as verbs. In classical Chinese, when adjectives directly take objects, they no longer indicate the nature of things, but the corresponding actions or changes, so they are used flexibly as verbs.
For example: ① But you walked up a flight of stairs and broadened your horizons by 300 miles, which is very bad: you saw everything; ② Beijing is good at ventriloquism: good at it. (3) If you want to be poor in the forest, seek the end.
4 cows are hungry, the sky is high: 5 why not suffer: worry, fear. 6. The beauty of my wife is my own, and I am also private.
Private: preference 4. Causative usage Causative usage uses verbs or adjectives to produce the meaning of making the object take some action. The object becomes the theme of the action. This verb or adjective has causative meaning and can be used flexibly as a causative verb. For example, (1) Verb causative usage In classical Chinese, some verbs indicate actions, and the initiator of the actions is the person or thing indicated by the following object, which is the causative usage of verbs.
Generally speaking, verbs used flexibly as causative verbs are mostly intransitive verbs. An intransitive verb originally has no object. When it is used as a verb, it is followed by an object.
For example: ① unrecorded work: making ... tired; Hungry; Hungry; Hungry; Get together; Get together; But we drink to the guests who come back from camping; Make ... drink; Create ... shock; For example: (1) Therefore, heaven will drop a great post, so people must first suffer their minds, work their bones and muscles, and starve their bodies and skins, and then
Bitterness: Making ... Pain ② The spring breeze in Jiang Nanan is green. Green: make ... turn green ... the bright moon surprises the magpie ... make ... wake up ... the eventful autumn of life ... make ... rescue ... take out ... The so-called conative usage means that the predicate verb has the meaning of "what do you think (or think) the object is".
Confident usage is limited to the flexible use of adjectives and nouns, and verbs themselves have no intentional usage. Causative usage means that the subject objectively causes the object to produce some action, while intentional usage means that the subject subjectively thinks (or thinks) that the object has the content expressed by the predicate, which is an idea or opinion existing in the mind, which is not necessarily the case objectively.
(1) The usage of a noun as a verb refers to treating the person or thing represented by the object behind it as the person or thing represented by this noun. It's strange that people in the city have a little more guests than their father.
("injury.
5. How to make students understand the outline of classical Chinese points out that they can understand the meaning of common words in simple classical Chinese and translate sentences in simple classical Chinese.
This shows the importance of basic teaching such as understanding the meaning of words and translating sentences in ancient Chinese teaching. However, when students are doing classical Chinese, they can still do some multiple-choice questions, but the translation questions are difficult to grasp. Is it really difficult to translate classical Chinese? In fact, as long as you master the method, you can certainly do better.
As teachers, we can guide students to start from the following aspects: First, through reading, we can perceive that the ancients paid attention to rhythm and rhyme when writing articles, so most of the parallel prose in classical Chinese is mixed with prose, and long and short sentences are staggered, so many articles read smoothly and are very suitable for reading and reciting. The first task of learning classical Chinese is to be familiar with the text.
Only in this way can we effectively accumulate language materials and form a sense of language. "Read it a hundred times, and the meaning is self-evident." Read more books, be familiar with it, and appreciate it repeatedly in the process of reading, so as to understand it.
Moreover, classical Chinese is relatively divorced from real life, and its pronunciation, sentence reading and grammatical structure are different from those of modern times, so it is even more necessary to read it repeatedly, that is, to read it aloud over and over again. But when reading, we should pay attention to the pronunciation of words, especially words with different pronunciations and loanwords.
For example, in Ma Shuo, "horse eaters don't know that they can eat thousands of miles away", and both "food" means "feed". As a verb, it should be pronounced "Si", and "eat all the corn and stones at once" means "rice and rice". As a quantifier, it should be pronounced "shí". It should be emphasized that reading classical Chinese must be read aloud. On the basis of preliminary understanding, the understanding of words, sentences and articles should be gradually deepened through repeated reading until they are thoroughly understood.
There are many ways to read: teachers can give examples to read, and guide them when necessary to help students read correctly and distinguish sentences; Students can read aloud in groups or individually to solve problems in reading. You can read the whole article, a few paragraphs or a paragraph or a few sentences, and deepen your understanding in reading. If the story is strong and there is dialogue between the characters, students can read aloud in different roles, such as "oil seller" and "Dai Zhen is difficult to teach"; Prose with simple words can be boldly released, guiding students to read the correct pronunciation, rhythm, tone and intonation, and then reading the author's feelings, which can be felt through repeated reading, such as Ailian Shuo and Humble Room Ming.
In order to better stimulate students' reading interest, we can also read aloud in the competition to stimulate students' reading interest. Second, by pulling the point and mastering the method, the ancients often said that "it is better to teach people to fish than to teach people to fish."
It is very important for teachers to pay attention to the teaching of classical Chinese in time and let students master the basic methods of learning classical Chinese. Students master the method, just like mastering the "golden key" to learn classical Chinese.
(1) The basic method does not need translated words. In classical Chinese, all country names, place names, personal names, official names, emperor names, year numbers, object names, weights and measures, etc. It can be preserved intact when translated, because these words can't be translated into modern Chinese in general.
For example, in the first sentence of Jin Zhong Yong in the Book of Jin, Jin and Jin were in the Shang Dynasty. Monosyllabic to disyllabic.
Classical Chinese is dominated by monosyllabic words, while modern Chinese is dominated by disyllabic words. When translating classical Chinese, many monosyllabic words in the original text are replaced by suitable disyllabic words in modern Chinese.
For example, the five monosyllabic words in the sentence "take a boat" have been replaced by five disyllabic words "so", "carry", "save" and "as if" in modern Chinese. Words with different meanings in ancient and modern times
Language is developing and changing. Due to social progress and changes in people's understanding, the meanings of many words have gradually changed.
One of the main problems in the translation of classical Chinese is the understanding obstacle caused by the difference of word meanings between ancient and modern times. When translating classical Chinese, we should pay special attention to words with different meanings in ancient and modern times.
For example, the word "tired of learning" in the Six Classics of The Analects of Confucius means "satisfied" here, but now it usually means "disgusted" or "bored". Universal character.
The common words in classical Chinese are because some words have not been specially created for them before, but only a word with the same or similar pronunciation is selected from the existing words to replace them. Later, when they got used to it, the word was used by it, also called "borrowing". It is somewhat similar to our modern homophones or similar words.
Therefore, translation should not be understood as the original word, but as the meaning. For example, in The Analects of Confucius and Six Classics, "Why not learn from Xi?" "Say" means "Yue", which can't be understood as "say", but should be understood as "happy, happy"
Complement the omitted components. Ellipsis is a grammatical phenomenon in ancient and modern Chinese, but it is more common and complicated in ancient Chinese.
When reading classical Chinese, we must contact the context to understand and complete the omitted components. For example, in Take a Boat, the subject "on board" is omitted before this sentence, and it should be completed in translation.
Delete meaningless function words. In classical Chinese, some auxiliary words or function words just indicate pause, make do with syllables, or play the role of mood, which has no practical significance. Although they are indispensable in the original text, they should be deleted in translation because there is no equivalent word to express them.
For example, the word "ye" in the sentence "I have heard for a long time" in Shang is an auxiliary word of mood, which plays a role in calming emotions and has no practical significance, so it should be deleted in translation. Add the appropriate content.
The language of classical Chinese is very concise. Sometimes in translation, in order to make sentences coherent or conform to the habits of modern Chinese, it is necessary to add some content to make them read smoothly and completely.
For example, if the sentence "I am humble, but I am virtuous" in My Humble Room Inscription is translated into "This is a humble room, as long as I am virtuous", it is incomplete fluency, and it is complete fluency to add "I don't feel humble" after it. Flexible use of parts of speech.
The flexible use of parts of speech in ancient Chinese is very common, including noun as verb, noun as predicative word, verb as noun, adjective as verb, numeral as verb and causative, intentional and passive usage. For example, the word "difficult" in Boating refers to the adjective "difficult" and is interpreted as "feeling embarrassed".
Change the word order. In ancient Chinese, inverted sentences are very common, mainly with subjects.