The development of ancient jade has gone through the following stages:
First, the incubation period-Neolithic Age (5000-2000 BC);
Second, the growth period-Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties (2 100 BC-770 BC);
3. Tan Period-Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period (770 BC-22 BC1year);
Fourth, the development period-Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (22 BC1year-589 AD);
5. Prosperity period-Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties (AD 58 1- 1279);
Sixth, the heyday-Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties (A.D.1279-1911year);
The main features of jade modeling in different periods are:
First, jade articles in primitive society were mostly flat bodies, cylindrical weapons, ritual vessels, beads and pieces. It has the characteristics of symmetry, balance, neatness, fluency and practicality. The shapes of musical instruments are very simple, and occasionally very simple intaglio lines appear.
2. The main features of jade modeling in slave society in Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties are: concise modeling, strong symbolism and decoration, abstract decorative patterns, geometric texturing and flattening, consistent with bronze wares, rich, smooth, vivid and natural lines, and exquisite relief patterns can be cut on some surfaces by hook method.
Thirdly, the modeling of jade articles in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period basically broke through the modeling of ritual vessels, creating superb artistic attainments and exquisite and dexterous styles. By consciously applying the laws of symmetry, balance, arrangement and compactness, jade evolved from plane to concealment, from simplicity to complexity, and adopted the carving technology of hiding empty lines and negative lines, and one side became double-sided. The typical jade articles in the Spring and Autumn Period are jade plates, and the representative works in the Warring States Period are: multi-section jade.
4. The main characteristics of jade modeling in the Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties are: bold and broad customs in Han Dynasty, great development in modeling, pondering and inlaying, widespread use of slender techniques, breaking the symmetrical pattern in composition, successful application of balance law and ingenious change effect. Boldly apply S-shaped structure (especially in Sewing Tiger, which is widely used and successful, giving people endless dynamic beauty). In terms of carving techniques, as the wise man Gao Lian said, China people's thinking lies in the double hooks, the grinding method flows freely, the autumn is fine, there is no uneven density, the handover is intermittent, strict and rough, and there is no trace of stagnation. In fact, the lettering on the rigid base is fine, and the size and polishing method of the book are also enjoyable.
5. The main characteristics of jade modeling in Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties are: the jade modeling in Sui and Tang Dynasties is exaggerated and the charm is vivid. He made bold innovations in cutting techniques, which was consistent with the style and development of paintings, murals and sculptures (stone carvings and clay sculptures) at that time. In modeling, figures and animals focus on revealing the mental outlook of the object, exaggerating the prominent key hearsay of its shape, which is quite romantic without losing its statutes. In grinding and cutting, we make good use of dense negative lines to decorate details, similar to iron line drawing in painting, and some pay attention to ups and downs without any carving, which is rich in nature and vivid. Gold inlaid with jade appeared, and gold and jade set each other off.
6. The main characteristics of jade modeling in Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties are that jade in Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties focuses on expressing the inner world of the object, which can accurately depict it in detail, delicate and refined, and true and natural, so it is more appropriate to use "both form and spirit" to summarize the characteristics of jade in this period. In the Song Dynasty, jade was influenced by painting and looked terrible. Especially under the influence of realistic flower-and-bird painting, the decorative theme of jade has taken on a brand-new look, and the ray carving technique adapted to realistic techniques further shows its vitality. For example, in this period, "jade flower ornaments, flower locks, double cranes and grass ornaments" all achieved a high degree of unity of life and art, and the rise of epigraphy promoted the germination of ancient jade collection and textual research, and the Tang Dynasty was innovative and the Song Dynasty was ancient. This is an overall evaluation of different artistic trends of thought in Tang and Song Dynasties.
7. The main characteristics of jade modeling in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties are closely related to painting, calligraphy and craft carving at that time, and comprehensively inherited various polishing techniques and skills of the previous generation jade. And there is a significant development and improvement, grinding method, highlighting the sense of volume, and pursuing meticulous skills. Its jade beauty, variety and wide application are unparalleled. In the Qing Dynasty, the grinding method was strict and the rule was Fiona Fang. The line is like a ruler, the circle is like a full moon, and the attitude angle is round and smooth. Whether it's the inner chamber, side walls or traces, feet and other tiny parts. , is also meticulous, both inside and outside have made great efforts, work is very exquisite, but pay lip service to the vernacular is very exquisite. It is enough to confuse the real with the fake, and the beautiful jade of various colors is combined seamlessly.