1. Celebrities with the surname Zhang in history
Turning over the long scroll of history, the celebrities of the Zhang family appear vividly on the page, including Zhang Liang who strategized, Zhang Qian who carved out the Western Regions; Zhang Fei of the three armies, Zhang Xun who shed blood in Suiyang; Zhang Jun, the famous anti-Jin general, Zhang Jing, the anti-Japanese hero; Zhang Zizhong, the general of the Japanese army who died for his country in the Anti-Japanese War, and many others who stood up repeatedly in the War of Liberation. Zhang Yunyi, a famous general with great military exploits. These civil servants and generals are all outstanding for thousands of years and are admired by future generations. Celebrities of the Zhang family also made outstanding contributions in the field of science. The scientific sage Zhang Heng and the medical sage Zhang Zhongjing have long been famous. The monk surnamed Zhang and his party were the first to measure the earth's meridian. Zhang Yuzhe, the first Chinese astronomer to discover an asteroid, are all leaders in the Zhang clan. The Zhang clan also made outstanding achievements in the field of social sciences. Zhang Zai, the founder of "Guan Xue" in the Northern Song Dynasty, and "Guan Xue" in the Southern Song Dynasty. Zhang Shi, a Neo-Confucian who is known as the "Sage of the Southeast", Zhang Junmai, a representative of modern Neo-Confucianism, and Zhang Dongxun, the founder of China's first philosophy magazine, are also famous figures with the Zhang surname. In the world of literature and art, people with the Zhang surname have also made great achievements. Remarkable. There are Zhang Zhi and Zhang Xu who are known as "Grass Saints", Zhang Sengyao, one of the "four ancestors of painters" in the Southern Dynasty, Zhang Zeduan, the author of the famous Song Dynasty painting "Along the River During the Qingming Festival", and the author of "Ten Odes". Zhang Yao, as well as the modern Chinese painting master Zhang Daqian, their works have become national treasures. Writers surnamed Zhang are even more famous at home and abroad, including Zhang Ji, the author of "Mooring at the Maple Bridge", Zhang Ruoxu, the author of "Moonlight Night on the Spring River". There are the Song Dynasty writers Zhang Lei, one of the "Four Scholars", Zhang Guang, a famous poet, Zhang Dai, a master of prose, and Zhang Pu, a famous writer in the late Ming Dynasty and the founder of "Fushe". Their works are all popular and famous in the literary world. Among Zhang's celebrities There are also famous educator Zhang Boling, publishing giant Zhang Yuanji, Zhang Jian who first won the top prize and then entered the industry, Zhang Zhenxun, leader of overseas Chinese in Nanyang, etc. 2. Historical celebrities named Zhang
Historical celebrities named Zhang Zhang Yi: A famous political activist, strategist and diplomat of the Wei State during the Warring States Period. Zhang Yi's alliance strategy strengthened Qin's power and accelerated the development of the Qin Dynasty. China's unification process.
Zhang Liang: Advisor of the Western Han Dynasty. (BC? - 186 BC), a minister in the early Han Dynasty, a native of Chengfu (now Bo County, Anhui Province), and an important counselor of Liu Bang.
Together with Xiao He, Han Xin and others, he assisted Liu Bang in establishing the Western Han Dynasty and granted him the title of Marquis. Liu Bang said that he "managed the strategy and won the battle thousands of miles away."
Zhang Qian: a diplomat of the Western Han Dynasty and a native of Chenggu, Shaanxi. Two missions to the Western Regions established friendly exchanges between our country and Central Asian countries.
In 139 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Dayuezhi Kingdom (in today's Amu Darya River Basin in Central Asia). His mission was to help the people of the district rise up against the invaders.
Zhang Qian was captured by the Xiongnu and imprisoned for 11 years, but after his release, he once again went to explore west of China. His travel route passed through Afghanistan and reached Samarkand in what is now the Republic of Uzbekistan.
At that time, no one had ever been so far west of China. Therefore, Zhang Qian brought to the emperor the news about India, the Middle East, and European countries that he had heard for the first time in China.
Later, Chinese merchants brought silk and jade along the route Zhang Qian took, crossing mountains and ridges to northwest China and crossing the Gobi Desert. This route later became known as the "Silk Road".
Zhang Jiao: An outstanding leader of the peasant uprising in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The peasant war he organized and launched dealt a heavy blow to the Han regime. Zhang Heng: Eastern Han Dynasty scientist and writer, native of Nanyang, Henan.
He changed the "covering the sky theory" in astronomy and proposed the "Huntian theory", drew star charts, invented the "armillary sphere", "seismograph" and so on. Zhang Fei: named Jide, a native of Yan, a famous general during the Three Kingdoms period.
He was one of the Five Tiger Generals of the Shu Kingdom, and his reputation in Zhan Changban was well-known at that time. It is said that he formed a sworn alliance with Liu Bei and Guan Yu in Taoyuan, and was known as the Three Sworn Brothers in Taoyuan, which was passed down by later generations.
Zhang Sui: an astronomer of the Tang Dynasty, a native of Nanle, Henan Province, and the grandson of Zhang Gongjin, the founding hero of the early Tang Dynasty. He was young and smart, well-read in classics and history, and was especially good at the study of calendar, yin and yang, and the five elements. In order to avoid Wu Sansi, Wu Zetian's nephew, he became a monk and became a monk, with the Buddhist name Yixing.
After Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty came to the throne, he appointed the "Taishi Ling" to be in charge of the investigation and statistics of astronomy, calendar, meteorology, and earthquakes, and supported the "Huntian Theory". Later generations only know his good algorithm, and his books on algorithms have long been lost. He was the first person in the world to measure the meridian.
Zhang Xu: a great calligrapher of the Tang Dynasty, a native of Suzhou, Jiangsu. He was addicted to alcohol, and every time he got drunk, he would run wildly shouting, and then start writing, which was so extraordinary and continuous that he was known as the "Grass Saint".
Zhang Jian: a native of Nantong, Jiangsu Province, a famous industrialist and political activist in the Qing Dynasty. The Dasheng Cotton Mill founded by Zhang Jian effectively promoted the development of China's national capitalism and created a new trend for the Shihlin generation.
Zhang Lan, a patriotic democrat. (1872-1955), a native of Nanchong, Sichuan.
He is the main founder and leader of the China Democratic League, a famous patriot and educator. In September 1949, he was elected vice chairman of the People's Republic of China and the Central People's Communist Party of China.
In 1954, he served as Vice Chairman of the National People's Congress and Vice Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. Zhang Zeduan, courtesy name Zhengdao, was a painter of the Northern Song Dynasty and a native of Dongwu (now Zhucheng, Shandong Province).
He once worked in the Hanlin Painting Academy during the reign of Emperor Huizong of the Northern Song Dynasty, specializing in painting. Because he lost his official position and family, he made a living by selling paintings. During the Xuanhe period, he was a member of the Imperial Academy and was good at "boundary painting". He was especially good at painting boats and carriages, streets, city outlines and bridges, all of which were unique in style.
His representative works include "Along the River During the Qingming Festival", "Smoke, Rain, Wind and Snow" and "West Lake Competition", etc. The most famous work is "Along the River During the Qingming Festival". It is said that it took ten years to complete. After many twists and turns, it was later acquired by Ming Jia Sidao and was collected by the royal families of the Ming and Qing dynasties.
It was once taken outside the customs by Puyi. It is the best among ancient Chinese paintings and is stored in the Forbidden City in Beijing. Zhang Daoling: His original name was Zhang Ling, and his courtesy name was Fu Han.
A native of Pei Guofeng (now Feng County, Jiangsu Province) of the Eastern Han Dynasty, he was the ninth grandson of Zhang Liang and was born in Tianmu Mountain of Wu. He was proficient in the Five Classics and once entered the Imperial Academy. He was appointed as the magistrate of Jiangzhou, Bajun (now Chongqing), as a "virtuous man who speaks uprightly and with great admonishment".
Later, he abandoned his official position and lived in seclusion in Beimang Mountain (now north of Luoyang). Emperor Zhang of Han and Emperor Han He failed to conquer the marsh.
He entered the Huaihe River with his disciple Wang Changzhang, passed through Poyang (today's Boyang), and went upstream to Yunjin Mountain (today's Longhu Mountain in Guixi) to refine elixirs and cultivate the way to immortality. He completed the elixir in three years. Hearing that Bashu diagnosed qi as harmful, he went to Heming Mountain in Sichuan with his disciples to preach.
He founded the "Five Pecks of Rice" (Taoist) religion in Guan County, Sichuan, and was known as Zhang Tianshi. Zhang Zhongjing: Medical scientist of the Eastern Han Dynasty, a native of Zhenping, Henan.
He diligently studied ancient teachings and learned from many methods, and wrote "Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases" to benefit the people and be respected as a medical sage by future generations. Zhang Sengyao: a native of Wuzhong (now Suzhou, Jiangsu Province) in the Liang Dynasty of the Southern Dynasty, a famous calligrapher and painter.
He created the "concave-convex method" painting technique, and together with Gu Kaizhi and Lu Tanwei, he was known as the three great painters of the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Zhang Jingyue: a theorist of traditional Chinese medicine in the Ming Dynasty, a native of Shaoxing, Zhejiang.
He expounded the theory of traditional Chinese medicine that is interoperable with medicine, and played a major role in the development of traditional Chinese medicine theory. Zhang Juzheng: A famous politician in the late Ming Dynasty.
Zhuda (1525-1582), named Taiyue, was born in Jiangling, Huguang (now part of Hubei Province). When Emperor Mu Zong entered the cabinet, he was the chief assistant during the period of Emperor Shenzong. He comprehensively checked the names and facts, punished those who believed in rewards, rectified disciplines, implemented a whip method, and became the prime minister (the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang, no longer had a prime minister, but he had the real power of the prime minister). In the year, it was called rule in China.
His posthumous title was Wenzhong. He is the author of "Taiyue Collection", "Illustrations of the Imperial Supervisor", etc.
Zhang Decheng: Leader of Yiheguan in the late Qing Dynasty. A native of Baigouhe, Xincheng, Zhili (now Gaobeidian, Hebei Province).
Born as a boatman. In April 1900 (the twenty-sixth year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), a boxing arena was established in Duliu Town, Jinghai (now part of Tianjin City), and the members of the regiment called it "the best arena in the world."
In late June, five to six thousand people from the seclusion camp were sent to Tianjin to fight against the Eight-Power Allied Forces in Zizhulin and other places. After the fall of Tianjin, he returned to Duliu Town to prepare for a comeback. Soon after, he was killed by the landlord in front of Wang's family in Jinghai.
Zhang Daqian: Mingai (1899-1983), also known as Xiu, Ji Ling, courtesy name Daqian, alias Daqian Jushi, or "signed by Zhang Daqian", is a famous contemporary painter. A native of Neijiang, Sichuan Province, he was influenced and guided by his mother who was good at painting and his second brother Zhang Shan who was famous for painting tigers and called himself "tiger crazy" when he was young. He also learned poetry, calligraphy and painting from famous teachers Zeng Nongbeard and Li Meiyi.
In addition to copying the famous relics of the past dynasties, he also traveled to famous mountains and rivers, taking nature as his teacher, and after painstaking study, he achieved outstanding achievements. He painted countless paintings throughout his life and left behind many works. Together with Qi Baishi, he was known as "Southern Zhang and Northern Qi".
Zhang Zizhong: a famous patriotic general.
Zi Chen (1890-1940), born in Tangyuan Village, Linqing City, Shandong Province. 3. Who are the famous Zhangs in history?
The founding master of Chinese Taoism (Zhang Tianshi) Zhang Daoling
The most famous martial arts master in Chinese history, Zhang Sanfeng
The most famous martial arts master in the Three Kingdoms period The famous general Zhang Fei, Zhang Liao, Zhang Jiao, Zhang Ren
The most famous poet in Chinese history, Zhang Shuo, Zhang Jiuling
One of the most famous doctors in Chinese history, Zhang Zhongjing
Zhang Zhong, one of the most famous scholars in Chinese history
Zhang Yi, one of the most famous debaters in Chinese history
Zhang Liang, one of the most famous counselors in Chinese history< /p>
Zhang Lihua, one of the most famous beauties in Chinese history
Zhang Juzheng, one of the most famous prime ministers in Chinese history
One of the most famous conspirators in Chinese history Zhang Jiao
Zhang Heng, one of the greatest scientists in Chinese history
Zhang Qian, one of the greatest diplomats in Chinese history
The most famous man in Chinese history One of the calligraphers Zhang Xu (Cao Sheng)
One of the most famous warlords in Chinese history Zhang Zuolin
One of the most famous generals in Chinese history Zhang Zizhong 4. Zhang Xin in history What kind of person is he?
The number one scholar during the reign of Ming Taizu: Zhang Xin (1373-1397), a native of Dinghai, Zhejiang. The courtesy name is Yanshi and the name is Chengfu. In the twenty-seventh year of Hongwu's reign (1394), Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty, he became the number one scholar in Jiaxu subjects. He was awarded the title of Compiler and Compiler by the Hanlin Academy, and he studied as a bachelor until he became an official. He often directly advises on the pros and cons of government affairs. At that time, Taizu sent an order to each of the princes to copy a poem for imperial reading. Zhang Xin gave it to King Han to write an untitled poem by Du Mu, "The bamboo shoots pierce the wall under the house, the vines thorn the eaves in the courtyard, the ground is clear and the silk is growing, the river is white and the grass is slender." After Taizu read it, He was displeased and hated Zhang Xin. In the February 30th General Examination, Liu Sanwu, a bachelor, was the chief examiner. All the candidates were scholars from Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian and other southern provinces. There were widespread slanders from the candidates in the Central Plains and Northwest China and their backgrounds. Taizu ordered Zhang Xin and other six or seven Hanlin and ministers to review the examination papers. When reviewing the papers, some colleagues advocated changing several of them to cater to Zhu Yuanzhang's will. After reviewing the papers, Zhang Xin believed that Sanwu's decision was selfless and insisted on maintaining the original decision impartially. Taizu became angry and ordered Liu Sanwu to guard the border, while Zhang Xin and others abandoned the market and were executed. Zhang Xin was intelligent since he was a child and was well-read, especially Shangshu and Mao Shi. A small number of poems have been handed down from generation to generation. After he was abandoned in the market, his relatives and friends buried his body in his hometown and inscribed it as "Tomb of the Number One Scholar Zhang Xin".
Military general of the Ming Dynasty: Zhang Xin, a native of Linhuai. When his father was prosperous, Yongning Guards commanded Qianshi. He was appointed as the successor officer and moved to Puding and Pingyue. After gaining merit, he entered the capital and commanded the general affairs. When Emperor Hui first came to the throne, his ministers recommended him to be brave and transferred him to the capital of Peiping. After receiving the secret edict, he was ordered to consult with Zhang Bing and Xie Gui, the King of Yan. Believe in fear and don't know what to do. When the mother monster asks, she will tell you. The mother was shocked and said: "No. Your father always said that the king's spirit is in Yan. You have no rash actions to destroy the family." Cheng Zu claimed to be ill, and Xin San built Yan Mansion, but he never saw her. If you trust me, please come and worship under the bed. Mi Yiqing lost to Chengzu. Chengzu stood up solemnly, summoned the generals to make a plan, raised troops, and captured the nine gates. Chengzu entered the capital, competed with other generals in terms of merit, and became the governor to supervise military affairs. He was granted the title of Marquis Longping, was granted a salary of thousands of stones, and was associated with Shibo. Cheng Zu had great faith and called him "En Zhang". If you want to accept a trustworthy girl as your concubine, trust her firmly and say goodbye, so as to gain recognition. Anyone who observes the vassal king's movements and secrets must be trusted. I believe that my father is very arrogant. In the winter of the eighth year of Yongle, Chen Ying, the censor of the capital, said in a letter: "I have no sweat, I am a marquis, I am greedy and wantonly, I have seized more than 80 miles of Lianhu Lake in Danyang and more than 70 hectares of official land in Jiangyin. I would like to ask your subordinates to check and control." The emperor said: "That's what Ying said. In the past, the King of Zhongshan had a sandbank area, which was passed by the waterway for farming. The children of the family blocked it for profit. When the king heard about it, he immediately returned the land to the officials. How dare you believe it now!" He ordered the law department to deal with it. Don't ask for old merits. In the 20th year, he marched from the north and supervised the transportation of wages. After a great review in Xining, he was dismissed and relegated to the position of service officer. Has been reinstated. Renzong ascended the throne, added a minor division, paid two salaries, and gave the Shihou Coupon. In the first year of Xuande's reign, he conquered Le'an. In the third year, the emperor patrolled the border, conquered Wuliangha, and ordered him to stay and guard it. Next year, the governor will have 5,000 troops dredging the Xiwu River channel. He died in Nanjing in May of the seventh year of Zhengtong. Presented to Duke Yun, posthumous title Gongxi. Ziyong, who established himself as a commanding officer, took the lead. His son, Chun Si, was passed down to the throne until the death of the Ming Dynasty. There is Tang Yun, who is the guard and commander of Yanshan Mountain and does not know where to start. After Chengzu killed Zhang Bing, Xie Gui and others, the soldiers still occupied the nine gates, closed the Wengcheng, and turned their swords and halberds inwards. Zhang Yu and others attacked at night and defeated eight of them, except Xizhimen. Chengzu ordered Yun to disarm his troops and lead them on horseback as usual. He ordered the guards to say: "The emperor has listened to the king to take control of his own side. If you retreat in a hurry, the latter will kill them."
"Yun Yu is the oldest among the commanders and has always been trustworthy. The soldiers thought that they would not be deceived, so they dispersed. At that time, the people's hearts were not attached, and Yun told the direction of God's will, and the people were determined. Yun has been in the ancestors for a long time, going in and out, and he often relies on them. Ren. They all left to assist the prince. They attacked the city with great strength, but were not defeated. He moved the capital to the throne and became the emperor. Thick. 5. The historical story of the Zhang family
The origin of the Zhang family can be traced back to the ancient legend era
The Yellow Emperor is the common ancestor and wife of all the ethnic groups in the Central Plains. Leizu was the legendary creator of the method of raising silkworms and curing silk. He was worshiped as the God of Silkworms by later generations. They gave birth to a son named Zhi, who was named Shao because he practiced Tai's method. He was the leader of the Dongyi tribe who succeeded the Queen.
The fifth son was named Hui, and his official position was Gongzheng (the official who supervised the manufacture of bows and arrows). He looked at the arc stars at night and saw the nine stars of arc arrows in the southeast of Sirius. They were shaped like a giant bow in the sky, with arrows pointing straight. He was inspired to create bows and arrows, and was given the surname Zhang. The original meaning of the word Zhang is bow string, which is extended to open bow and long bow. It is closely related to the official name Gongzheng and the ancient star name Hu.
There is another branch of the Zhang family that takes the name of their ancestors as their surname. In the Spring and Autumn Period of Jin Dynasty, there was Jie Zhang, whose surname was Zhang Hou. Later, he took his grandfather's surname as his surname. From then on, in 403 BC, the Jin Dynasty had the surname of Zhang. After the three families of Han and Wei divided the Jin Kingdom, the population of the Zhang surname was also dispersed among the three vassal states.
Both of these theories contributed to the origin and reproduction of the Zhang surname and its emergence as the third largest surname today. Explanation. First, the surname Zhang has a long history and is one of the earliest surnames in China. In primitive clan society, hunting is an extremely important way for people to make a living. The status and role of bows and arrows can be imagined. At that time, the small Dongyi tribe flourished and spread throughout the vast area between today's Shandong Peninsula, northern Jiangsu and Jianghuai; it is said that the Shang Dynasty tribe was its direct descendant.
Secondly, the Zhang surname is widely distributed. Guang, this surname existed in the Jin Dynasty. As the three families were divided into Jin, it spread throughout the three countries of Zhao, Han and Wei, which is now the vast area of ??North China and the Central Plains.
There are many people who were given the surname and changed their surname to Zhang; for example, Zhuge Liang during the Three Kingdoms period. Long Youna was given the surname Zhang; Cao Wei general Zhang Liao was originally named Nie, and many non-Han people changed their surname to Zhang. Since they lived in Zhanghuang Fort for generations, many non-Han people took the surname Zhang. Many Mongolian and Semu people in the Mongol Dynasty who changed their surnames to Han surnames often chose the surname Zhang, which also expanded the population.
According to records, in the Jin Dynasty, the Zhang family from the Central Plains moved to Fujian; in the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Gaozong During the Zongzhang period, Chen Zheng, Chen Yuanguang and his son were ordered to enter Fujian, accompanied by the military academy surnamed Zhang from the Central Plains; later Wang Chao and Wang Shenzhi entered Fujian, and were accompanied by Zhang Mu from Gushi, Henan. They lived in Meixi, Gutian, and were later named Liang Guogong. The Zhang family in Fujian is roughly divided into Jianhu, Jinpo, Banjie and other sects based on their residence. Some of them later moved to Guangdong, and they all said that their ancestors came from Gushi, Guangzhou, Henan. From the early Qing Dynasty, Fujian and Guangdong Zhang. Some people immigrated to Taiwan one after another, and many people went to make a living overseas. 6. Historical evolution of the Huai River
Historically, the Huai River was a river that flowed alone into the sea.
The word "Huai" appears in the oracle bone inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty and the Zhongding inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Historically, the Huaihe River, together with the Yangtze River, Yellow River, and Jishui, was called the Sidu, and it was one of the four major rivers that flowed into the sea alone. . The geographical work "Yu Gong" of the Spring and Autumn Period records: "The Huai River leads from Tongbai, meets Si and Yi in the east, and enters the sea in the east."
The ancient Huaihe River to the west of Xuyi was roughly similar to the present-day Huaihe River. After reaching Xuyi, it turned northeast, passed through Huaiyin and eastward, and entered the sea at Yuntiguan in today's Lianshui County. At that time, there was no Hongze Lake in the Huaihe River, and the main stream channel was also wide and deep, with no embankments along the Huaihe River.
In the second year of Jianyan of the Southern Song Dynasty (1128), in order to prevent the Jin soldiers from going south, Du Chong, the defender of Tokyo (now Kaifeng), artificially broke the embankment between Ji County and Hua County in Henan Province, causing the Yellow River to change its course. Most of the yellow water flows from the Si River to the Huaihe River. In the fifth year of Shaoxi in the Southern Song Dynasty (1194), the Yellow River ran south and diverted the Huaihe River to the sea for a long time. A large amount of sand and silt blocked the Huaihe River's outlet into the sea. The depression between Xuyi and Huai'an gradually formed today's Hongze Lake, and the overflow dam of the Huainan Embankment, along the three rivers into Baoying Lake and Gaoyou Lake, pass through Shaobo Lake and enter the Yangtze River from Jiajiang River in Sanjiangying. Before the 1290s, the main stream west of Hongze Lake of the Huai River was roughly similar to today's Huai River. The downstream flowed through Xuyi County, Jiangsu Province, then turned northeast, passing through Huai'an City and entering the sea at Yunti Pass in the south of Xiangshui County.
At that time, the Yi River, Shu River, and Si River were all downstream tributaries of the Huai River.
Because the Yellow River is "good at silting, good at settling, and good at migrating", it not only breaks out from the north bank many times, silting up the Haihe River Plain, and the river course moves northeast, but it also breaks out from the south bank many times, silting up the Huaihe River Plain, and the river course moves southeastward, taking the Huaihe River into the Yellow Sea. .
After the Yellow River captured the Huaihe River, the downstream delta extended about 50km eastward; after the old channel of the Huaihe River was silted up, the Huaihe River flowed into the Yangtze River from its inflow channel, turning part of the Yangtze River basin area into the Huaihe River basin area. In the fifth year of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty (1855), the Yellow River moved north again and changed its course from the Daqing River in Shandong to the Bohai Sea. However, the old route of the Huaihe River into the sea has silted up into an abandoned Yellow River that is higher than the ground. This above-ground river divides the Huaihe River basin into the Huaihe River system and the Yi River system. Shusi River water system.
In 1855, the Yellow River burst northward in Lankao County, Henan Province, and entered the Bohai Sea through Lijin, Shandong Province. During the Yellow River's capture of the Huaihe River from 1194 to 1855, the Yellow River also broke through its southern bank many times. The Yellow River entered the main stream of the Huaihe River from the tributaries Guohe River and Yinghe River on the north bank of the Huaihe River. It was not until the Ming and Qing Dynasties that a more stable river course was formed.
During the Anti-Japanese War in 1938, in order to prevent the Japanese army from advancing westward, the Japanese government blew up the southern embankment of the Yellow River at Huayuankou near Zhengzhou. The Yellow River flooded again for nine years, and the tributaries on the north bank of the Huaihe River were once again generally damaged. Affected by the Yellow River's long-term invasion of the Huaihe River, the terrain and water system have undergone great changes. The Guji River, Junyeze and Liangshanbo have disappeared; the riverbed is generally silted up, and the abandoned Yellow River bed is left; new lakes such as floods are formed. Ze Lake, Nansi Lake and Luoma Lake.
Therefore, before the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Huaihe River system was disordered, with poor drainage or no outlet for water, resulting in a situation of "little disasters with light rain, major disasters with heavy rain, and drought without rain". The water in the middle reaches cannot flow down, and the water in the lower reaches cannot flow out. It is a difficult river to control.
The Huaihe River Basin is located in eastern China, between the Yangtze River and the Yellow River basins. It is located at 111°55'~121°25' east longitude and 30°55'~36°36' north latitude. The basin starts from the west Tongbai Mountain and Funiu Mountain are bounded by the Yellow Sea in the east, bounded by the Dabie Mountains, Jianghuai Hills, Tongyang Canal and the South Embankment of the Rutai Canal to the Yangtze River in the south, and bounded by the South Embankment of the Yellow River and Mount Tai in the north and adjacent to the Yellow River Basin. The basin area is 274,657 square kilometers.
The main stream of the Huaihe River originates from the Laoya Fork in Tongbai Mountain, Tongbai County, Henan Province. It flows eastward through the four provinces of Henan, Hubei, Anhui, and Jiangsu, and has three water routes in the lower reaches of the Huaihe River. The main stream passes through the Sanhe Gate, exits Sanhe, and enters the Yangtze River at Sanjiang via Baoying Lake and Gaoyou Lake. It is the waterway into the Yangtze River, with a total length of about 1,000 kilometers. The other road exits the Gaoliangjian Gate on the east bank of Hongze Lake and passes through the Northern Jiangsu Irrigation Center. The canal enters the Yellow Sea at Biandang Port, with a total length of 168 kilometers; the third road leaves the Erhe Gate on the northeastern shore of Hongze Lake, passes through the Huaishu River to the north of Lianyungang City, and flows into Haizhou Bay through Linhongkou.
In 2003, the Huaihe River's entry into the sea was opened, starting from the lower reaches of the Erhe Gate and entering the sea close to the north bank of the Northern Jiangsu Irrigation Main Canal. The Huaihe River generally flows from west to east, passing through southern Henan Province, northern Hubei Province, northern Anhui Province, and northern Jiangsu Province, and flows into the Yangtze River at Sanjiangying, Jiangdu District, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province. The main stream is about 1,000 kilometers long.
The basin is bounded by the Funiu Mountains in western Henan Province to the west, the Yiluo River basin, a tributary of the Yellow River, and the Han River basin, a tributary of the Yangtze River; to the north, it is bounded by the South Bank of the Yellow River from Zhengzhou, Henan Province to Lankao, and from Lankao to Lankao. The southern embankment of the abandoned Yellow River at the mouth of the abandoned Yellow River divides the Yishusi River Basin; to the south is the Tongbai Mountains, the Dabie Mountains and the Tongyang Canal, the Dongchuanchang River, and the Han River, Wan River, Chao Lake, Chu River and other water systems on the north bank of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Boundary; east to the Yellow Sea. Since the Jiangsu Plain east of the Li Canal, south of the Wasted Yellow River, north of the Tongyang Canal and the Dongchuanchang River has a total area of ??22,440 square kilometers, and the water flows eastward directly into the sea, the actual catchment area of ??the main stream of the Huaihe River is 164,560 square kilometers. square kilometers.
The Anhui section of the Huaihe River is located in the middle reaches of the Huaihe River. It starts from the mouth of Honghe River at the junction of Henan and Anhui and ends at the head of Hongshan Mountain at the junction of Anhui and Jiangsu. The length of the river is 430 kilometers. To the north of the Huaihe River is the Huanghuai alluvial plain, which is flat and vast with deep soil. The ground elevation is 45 meters to 13.5 meters. It slopes from northwest to southeast with a ratio of 1/5000 to 1/10000.
In the northern counties of Xiao, Sui, Su, Ling, and Si, there are low mountains and residual hills, with elevations generally ranging from 50 to 100 meters. The highest peak of Guanshan in Xiao County is 408 meters, and the peak of Xiangshan Mountain in Huaibei City 342 meters, Ganshan Mountain in Suxian County is 312 meters, and Pingshan Mountain in Si County is 119 meters. Along both sides of the Huaihe River, there are bays, depressions and lakes, which serve as the flood detention and drainage areas of the Huaihe River.
Main stream flat channel discharge: less than 1,000 cubic meters per second from Honghekou to Zhengyangguan, 2,500 cubic meters per second from Zhengyangguan to Wohekou, and 3,000 cubic meters per second from Wohekou to Hongshantou. Second. There are many tributaries on both sides of the Taiwan Strait.
On the left bank are the Hong River, the Gu River, the Run River, the Ying River, the Xi Fei River, the Qian River, the Guo River, the Taotong River, the Sui River, etc., as well as the large artificial rivers Xin Bian River and Cihuai Xin River. , generally have long origins and have the characteristics of plain rivers; on the right bank there are Shiguan River, Feng River, Ji River, Pihe River, Dongfei River, Yao River, Xiaoxi River, Chi River, Baita River, etc., all originating from the north side of the Jianghuai watershed. The process is short and has the characteristics of mountainous river channels. There are many lakes along the Huaihe River, distributed near the entrances of the tributaries. The lake surface is large but the water is not deep. On the left bank are Bali Lake, Jiaogang Lake, Sifang Lake, Xiangjian Lake, Tuo Lake, Tianjing Lake, etc.; on the right bank.