Calligraphy: Yang Ningshi's "Xinbu Function Ci", excellent calligraphy calligraphy. The style of the calligraphy is elegant and graceful, like flowing clouds and flowing water. The writing style is clever and full of twists and turns.
What are function words in Chinese?
The trial particle "kan" in modern Chinese evolved from the verb "kan", and its grammaticalization process also started from the blurring of the meaning of the word.
The verb "look" originally means "to look at": distant view dǐ
What is the function of function words?
Analysis: "Yi" in "Fang Yizhi" and "Mao Yisheng" is a function word, and its role is very subtle. Without this function word, the two content words before and after may form the verb-object, One of the four relationships of subject-predicate, union, and partial. "Yi" makes the former a "subject" and the latter a "hope". What the name expresses is to make the "subject" practice or realize a certain "hope". The meaning is indirect, euphemistic, step-by-step, and easy to be accepted. The "zhi" in "Wang Zhixi" and "Bian Zhilin" is a function word, which moves the "center" of the name back and becomes a positive structure. The former mainly indicates the ownership relationship with the latter, and phonetically, the word "zhi" is Function words, which indicate the direction or ownership relationship for the following content words. "Qichang" and "Qichen" both explain the preceding content words. The word "qi" here should be both forward-looking and backward-looking. It is the link connecting the two content words, and its role is very important. The "Nai" in "Feng Naichao" and "Zhang Naiqi" ??is a function word, which means "therefore" and "that is", indicating that there is a cause and effect in the past. The role of the word "Nai" here cannot be achieved by any content word. alternative. The "Yi" in "Luo Yinong" and "Zheng Yiqiu" is a function word, which serves as a link between the past and the future. It means "you are like this, and I am like this", which is very cordial.
The 18 function words in classical Chinese?
The 18 function words in classical Chinese and, he, almost, nai, its, and, if, so, for, yan, ye, with, because , in, and, then, who, it. And 1. Used as a conjunction. Can connect words, phrases and clauses to express various relationships
Indicates parallel relationships. Generally not translated, sometimes it can be translated as "you". For example: a crab kneels six times and has two claws. Represents a progressive relationship. Can be translated as "and" or "and". For example: A gentleman is knowledgeable and considers himself every day. Indicates an undertaking relationship. It can be translated as "Jiu" or "Continue", or it may not be translated. For example: Yu Fang was eager to return the favor and shouted loudly on the water. Represents a turning relationship. Can be translated as "but" and "but"
For example: green, taken from blue, and green from blue. Represents a hypothetical relationship. Can be translated as "if" or "if". For example: If you are interested, you can look at the horse's head. Indicates a modifying relationship, that is, a connecting adverbial. Can't be translated. For example: I think about it all day long, and I get up in despair. 2. Used as a pronoun. It is only used as the second person. It is usually used as an attributive and is translated as "your"; occasionally it is used as a subject and is translated as "you". For example: If Weng Changquan moves to the capital, you will serve your mother day and night. 3． The polysyllabic function word "just" is placed at the end of the sentence to express a restrictive modal particle, which is equivalent to "just". For example: one person, one table, one chair, one door, one foot. There is a sequence of learning the Tao, and there is a specialization in the arts, that's all. Take 1. Used as a preposition. There are mainly the following situations: It expresses the tools, methods and others used or relied on for actions and behaviors. It can be translated into "use", "take", "rely on", "based on", "according to", "with what identity", etc. depending on the situation. For example: taking the old law as the country is the same as this. I would like to invite Yi Bi with fifteen cities. Then come see. Asked: "Why fight?" Yu Chuan followed suit. At that time, the person who used the Dazhong Prime Minister to govern Wu played the role of a guest for Wei's private affairs, which can be translated as "Ba". For example: Qin also refused to give the city to Zhao, and Zhao finally refused to give Qin Bi. Indicates the cause of actions and behaviors, and can be translated as "cause" and "due to". For example: It is not possible to use a jade to oppose the joy of Qin. At that time, Cao's army suffered from famine and epidemic, and most of them died. To introduce the time and place where an action or behavior occurs, the usage is the same as "yu", which can be translated as "in" or "from". For example: In December of the 39th year of Qianlong's reign, Yu Yi rode the wind and snow from the capital to Tai'an. Today, heading to Changsha and Yuzhang, there are many waterways and it is difficult to travel. Indicates the object of action and behavior. The usage is the same as "with", which can be translated as "harmony" and "following"; sometimes it can be translated as "lead" or "lead". For example: There was a change in the world, and the king cut off Hanzhong and made peace with Chu. If you want to go to the Qin army as a guest, you will die together with Zhao. 2. Used as a conjunction.
Ying heard that Ji's father was killed. 3． The polysyllabic function word "so". "Suo" and "Yi" are often used together in classical Chinese. There are two main usages: one to express the reason, and the other to express the means and ends. Expressing reasons, such as: being close to virtuous ministers and staying away from villains is why the early Han Dynasty prospered; being close to villains and being distant from virtuous ministers is why the later Han Dynasty declined. The reason why I do this is to put national urgent matters first and then personal vendettas. Expressing means or means, such as: I am ready for those who are born in the future, and I am a teacher, so I can preach, receive karma and solve doubts. There are two main ways to use the particle particle. One is attached to other words or phrases to form a noun phrase. For example: Keep it at home so that people who come can read it, and feel sad for it
The one who uses the leaves takes the leaves when they first grow, the one who uses the buds takes the flowers from the beginning, and the one who uses the flowers takes the flowers when they first spread. Those who use reality will become real-time adopters. Another way to use "Zhe" is to put it after a word or a group of words to act as a punctuation: first use "Zhe" to put forward the thing to be explained, pause for a moment, and then explain or make a conclusion. For example: During the Great Eunuch Rebellion, how many people in the world could resist the gentry who could not change their ambitions? In ancient times, those who gave way to the heavens were to go to the prison gate to support themselves and to leave the labor of the ministers and captives. "Zhe" is sometimes placed after the time word to serve as a language aid and does not need to be translated. For example: Today Xiangzhuang draws his sword and dances, the meaning is always in Peigong. "Zhe" is sometimes placed after the numeral and can be translated as "ge", "like", etc. For example: These are the dangers of using troops, and they are all done recklessly. Ho 1. Used as an interrogative pronoun
As a predicate alone, asking for reasons, it is often followed by the modal particles "zai" and "ye", which can be translated as "why" and "what reason"
Which one? Yan The power of a great country comes from cultivating respect. I have tried to seek the heart of ancient benevolent people, or it is different from the two. Why? As an object, it mainly refers to places and things, and can be translated as "where" and "what". When translating, "what" should be placed after
Where does Yuzhou want to go now? What is the king doing? As an attributive, it can be translated as "what" and "where"
But when will we be happy? Yes? What did you hear at dawn and dusk? The cuckoo crows and the blood ape cries. 2. Used as an adverb
Used at the beginning of a sentence or before a verb, it often expresses a rhetorical question, which can be translated as "why" or "how"
Why don't you bundle up your armor and go to the north? Xu Gonghe Can you be as good as you? Used before an adjective to express a deep degree, it can be translated as "how", "how much", "how so"
As for swearing to the sky and breaking your hair, weeping and staining your lapel, how bad is it! 3 ． The polysyllabic function words "Hey Ru" and "He Yi"
"He Ru" is often used in interrogative sentences to express questions or interrogations, equivalent to "how" or "what kind". For example: Fan Kuai said: "How are things going today?" How about a bicycle instead? Why do you think Yuan is so human? "Why" means "Yi He", an introductory phrase, used as an adverbial in interrogative sentences, According to the different uses of "yi", it is equivalent to "what to take", "for what reason", etc.
When honor and wealth meet with a single step, how can we treat it? Why fight? It is also a modal particle. Often used at the end of a sentence to express various moods
1. Expressing a judgment tone, such as: life and death, day and night matters. ) My master’s lungs and liver are all made of iron and stone. 2. Expressing an affirmative tone, such as: The ancients said: "There will be something to do." That is, a sentence with negative words is still an affirmation expressing negation. For example: The crowd said: "If you do something sincerely and quickly, it will be of no use if your injustice is not redressed." 3. Expressing a questioning tone, such as: My king has almost no disease, how can he play music? The young master is afraid of death? Why should he weep? 4. It expresses an exclamatory tone, such as: My king is so good at hunting and hunting, why have I reached such an extreme level? You are so beautiful, how can Mr. Xu be as good as you! "Ye" expresses interrogative and exclamatory moods, and interrogative pronouns are generally used in sentences
5． Used in a sentence to express a pause and to soothe the tone. For example: When I was a disciple, I carried my bag and dragged my girdle, walking in deep mountains and huge valleys, and it has been a long time since I passed on the teachings of the master. Almost 1． Used as a modal particle
to express interrogative mood. Can be translated as "what" and "what"
Is your child cold? Do you want to eat? Is your husband going out to see guests at this time? Do you want to return home in peace? It expresses a measuring tone and can be translated as "ba"
If the king is very happy, he will almost equal his concubines. Used in exclamatory sentences, it can be translated as "ah", "ah", etc.
Wow! Anyone who knows the poison of Fu Lian is a snake! Used at the pause in the sentence
What else can be done about it? 2. Used as a preposition.
It is equivalent to "yu"
born in front of me. In addition, it can be used as the end of the word
There must be room for ease in it! Yan ① mood particle. It is often used at the end of a sentence and generally does not need to be translated
So I sighed. Sometimes used in a rhetorical tone, it can be translated as "what"
How can I be more generous! ② Pronoun. Equivalent to "of". For example: The appearance is very majestic, but the people of the time are so different
③Interrogative pronouns. How, where. For example: If you don't enter the tiger's den, how can you get tiger cubs? ④Interrogative pronouns. What. For example: Why should we know someone with a beautiful face? ⑤ Why, where is it? For example: Where can we put earth and rocks? ⑥Here, here, there. For example: The accumulation of soil creates mountains, and the wind and rain bring prosperity
⑦Adjective and adverb endings. look like. Such as: I feel sorry for you
Give and grant with ①
Make friends with Doujiu ②
Be with Ying but not help the five countries ③ Harmony, Tong, Hei
Shuzi lacks and seeks ④ to participate
Uncle Jian’s son and teacher ⑤approval
Change day by day, gentleman helps him
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You don’t fight with the victor, but with the invincible
⑥Modal particles at the end of the sentence. Express a question or exclamation. Later it was written as "欤".